Reading Suggestions
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Reading Suggestions Antoni Diller 1 December 2011 Introduction One of the most useful books views are presented in [33]. For Popper's views to look at is Steve Grand's [23]. He touches look at [40] and use the index. upon many philosophical issues while explain- ing how to emulate Frankenstein. These in- Philosophy of Science There are many clude reductionism, the hierarchical organisa- introductions of the philosophy of science. tion of reality, monism and the view that phys- Amongst them are [35], [4], [13] and [36]. The ical objects are really processes. most influential philosopher of science in the twentieth century was Karl Popper. The best Introductions to Philosophy There are introduction to his ideas is his intellectual au- many good introductions to philosophy: [22], tobiography [41]. His book Objective Knowl- [53] and [1] have the advantage of being edge [40] contains his criticism of the bucket short and cheap. There are a few books theory of the mind and several papers about [44, 11, 34] that introduce philosophical ideas World 3. He wrote a book with John Ec- by analysing films which raise philosophical is- cles on the philosophy of mind [43] in which sues. One of the advantages of these books is they defend interactionism. He's also written that they allow you to say that you are doing a shorter book on the philosophy of mind [42]. valuable research for this module while watch- Popper influenced several other philoso- ing one of the films they discuss. Amongst the phers of science, including Lakatos and Feyer- films discussed in these books are: The Ma- abend. A good introduction to their ideas is to trix, Total Recall, Memento, Gattaca, Hilary be found in [25]. That book contains articles and Jackie, The Seventh Seal, Monty Python by them and also by Kuhn and Laudan and is a and the Holy Grail, Frankenstein, Blade Run- good place to start to find out what they said. ner and Lord of the Rings. [25] also has the advantage that it contains a comprehensive bibliography. (Kuhn [31] in- Dictionaries If you are new to philosophy, troduced the word `paradigm' into philosophy then a dictionary of philosophy would be very and the wider culture. He soon realised his useful to you as philosophy contains a lot of mistake and preferred to talk of `disciplinary technical terms. The best dictionary I know matrices' [32].) There is another accessible of is the Cambridge one [2], but it is a bit ex- collection of essays on the philosophy of sci- pensive. It has the advantage of having many ence [37], but the subject has become boring long articles on topics related to AI and cogni- as Kuhn, Feyerabend and Popper are now all tive science. The next best dictionary is [50], dead. which is much cheaper. [51] and [20] look at the ways in which AI and the philosophy of science are influencing Problems As mentioned in the lectures, in- each other. tellectual enquiry is more profitable if it is di- rected at solving specific problems. Not sur- Anti-justificationism Bartley [3] was the prisingly, there are several views about what first to clearly state the main components of problems are. Hattiangadi thinks that prob- an anti-justificationist epistemology, though lems are inconsistencies [27, 28]. Laudan's many of the elements are due to Popper (see, 1 2 Antoni Diller's Reading Suggestions for example, [40]). (Anti-justificationism is [8] looks at the relationship between AI, ratio- closely related to pancritical rationalism.) My nality and ethics. paper \Constructing a Comprehensively Anti- Hofstadter's book Fluid Concepts and Cre- justificationist Position" [10] is a good intro- ative Analogies [29] is a fascinating account of duction and is available online: analogy and creativity and well worth dipping into. In it, amongst other things, he describes www.cs.bham.ac.uk/ the Copycat program which answers questions ∼ard/papers/Diller2.pdf like (p. 238): Anti-justificationism is closely related to Don- Suppose the letter-string abc were ald Campbell's evolutionary epistemology. changed to abd; how would you Some references to his writings can be found change the letter-string mrrjjj in on the following web site (search for `Camp- \the same way"? bell'): Hofstadter's earlier book [30] is also excellent. faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/stb/ Dennett's article \The Practical Require- ments for Making a Conscious Robot" is avail- There are also links from this page to quota- able on the Internet. Its URL is: tions from some of the papers mentioned. www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/ Philosophy of Mind A good introduction Papers/Py104/dennett.rob.html is [24]. This has many good articles by em- inent philosophers. For example, Fodor on Science Fiction Minsky co-wrote a novel himself, Chomsky on himself, Davidson on [26] with Harry Harrison|the creator of the himself, Dennett on himself, Putnam on him- Stainless Steel Rat|incorporating his ideas self, Searle on himself and intentionality, Bech- about the mind. Some of the entries in [7] tel on connectionism and Paul Churchland on are useful and there are pointers to stories and folk psychology. These are fairly brief and up novels that deal with AI and related themes. to date and so are a good place to start from Rucker's series of novels [45], [46] and [47] are in order to orientate yourself about the main thought-provoking|he is also a gifted mathe- issues and key players in the field. matical logician|as is the book [9] on which Penrose's influential views are presented in Blade Runner was based. [38], which has the advantage of being shorter than his other books. Research There are several good books on argumentation and reasoning. Amongst these Cognitive Science and its Philosophy are [19] and [18], but beware of their justifi- This part is quite short, because there is an ex- cationist perspective (as explained in the lec- cellent bibliography on cognitive science, con- tures). The Craft of Research [6] is an excel- sciousness and the philosophy of mind avail- lent book about how to go about writing a re- able at the following URL: search paper (which is what I have asked you to do). The ability to do research is becoming http://consc.net/chalmers/ increasingly important in all kinds of work. Thagard's little book Mind [52] is a good in- troduction to cognitive science which draws attention to philosophical issues. Gardner's book [17] is a comprehensive history of cogni- tive science. Other useful books are [14], [12], [16], [48], [49], [15] and [21]. [5] is a good, up- to-date introduction to cognitive science and [39] is a good, up-to-date introduction to AI. Antoni Diller's Reading Suggestions 3 References [11] Christopher Falzon. Philosophy goes to the Movies: An Introduction to Philoso- [1] Brenda Almond. The Philosophical phy. Routledge, London and New York, Quest. Penguin Books, London, 1988. 2002. [2] Robert Audi, editor. The Cambridge Dic- [12] James H. Fetzer. Artificial Intelli- tionary of Philosophy. Cambridge Univer- gence: Its Scope and Limits, volume 4 sity Press, Cambridge, 1995. of Studies in Cognitive Systems (edi- tor: James H. Fetzer). Kluwer, Dor- [3] William Warren Bartley, III. The Retreat drect/Boston/London, 1990. to Commitment. Open Court Publishing Company, La Salle and London, second [13] James H. Fetzer. Philosophy of Science. edition, 1984. Paragon Issues in Philosophy. Paragon House, New York, 1993. [4] William Bechtel. Philosophy of Science: An Overview for Cognitive Science. Tuto- [14] James H. Fetzer. Philosophy and Cogni- rial Essays in Cognitive Science (advisory tive Science. Paragon Issues in Philoso- editors: Donald A. Norman and Andrew phy. Paragon House, New York, second Ortony). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, edition, 1996. Hillsdale (New Jersey), 1988. [15] Kenneth M. Ford, Clark Glymour, and [5] Jos´eLuis Berm´udez. Cognitive Science. Patrick J. Hayes, editors. Android Epis- Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, temology. The MIT Press, Cambridge 2010. (MA) and London (England), 1995. [6] Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, [16] Stan Franklin. Artificial Minds. The and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) and London Research. Chicago Guides to Writing, (England), 1995. Editing, and Publishing. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, [17] Howard Gardner. The Mind's New Sci- 1995. ence: A History of the Cognitive Revolu- tion. Basic Books, New York, paperback [7] John Clute and Peter Nicholls, editors. edition, 1987. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Or- bit, London, 1993. [18] Peter Thomas Geach. Reason and Argu- ment. Blackwell, Oxford, 1976. [8] Peter Danielson. Artificial Morality: Vir- tuous Robots for Virtual Games. Rout- [19] Michael A. Gilbert. How to Win an Argu- ledge, London and New York, 1992. ment. Wiley, New York, second edition, 1996. [9] Philip K. Dick. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Grafton Books, London, [20] Donald Gillies. Artifical Intelligence and 1972. Scientific Method. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996. [10] Antoni Diller. Constructing a comprehen- sively anti-justificationist position. In Ian [21] Alvin I. Goldman. Philosophical Appli- Jarvie, Karl Milford, and David Miller, cations of Cognitive Science. Westview editors, Karl Popper: A Centenary As- Press, Boulder, 1993. sessment: Volume II: Metaphysics and [22] Laurence Goldstein. The Philosopher's Epistemology, chapter 28, pages 119{129. Habitat: An Introduction to Investiga- Ashgate, Aldershot, 2006. tions in, and Applications of, Modern Philosophy. Routledge, London and New York, 1990. 4 Antoni Diller's Reading Suggestions [23] Steve Grand. Creation: Life and how to [35] John Losee. A Historical Introduction to make it. Phoenix, London, 2001. the Philosophy of Science. Oxford Univer- sity Press, Oxford, third edition, 1993. [24] Samuel Guttenplan, editor.