POLITEIA: Jurnal Ilmu Politik Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 11 (1) (2019): 30-48 ISSN 0216-9290 (Print), ISSN 2549-175X (Online) Available online https://jurnal.usu.ac.id/index.php/politeia

Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a Disaster Political Perspective

Ian Pasaribu1)* & Fernanda Putra Adela2) 1)Master of Political Science Program at Diponegoro University 2) Political Science Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences University of Sumatera Utara,

Accepted December 2018, Approved December 2018, Published January 2019 Abstrak Penelitian ini, menjelaskan dan menganalisa model kerjasama penanggulangan erupsi gunung sinabung dalam perspektif politik bencana. Terletak di Kabupaten Karo, Provinsi Sumatera Utara dalam 6 tahun terakhir dari tahun 2010-2016 secara teratur mengalami erupsi. Masih ada masalah penanggulangan mengingat masih ada kendala yang dihadapi oleh (stakeholders). Perumusan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana kerjasama dan koordinasi pemangku kepentingan dalam penanggulangan erupsi Gunung Sinabung. Apa kebijakan kendala bencana di Sumatera Utara yang belum berhasil menyelesaikan erupsi Gunung Sinabung. Kerangka teori dari penelitian ini menggunakan konsep kerjasama, good governance dalam manajemen bencana, koordinasi dan manajemen bencana konsep kemudian untuk menganalisis peneliti telah memetakan peran pemangku kepentingan yang berbeda seperti pemerintah pusat, pemerintah daerah, pengusaha, LSM dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan paradigma kritis untuk menjelaskan fenomena dan menemukan model baru dengan menempatkan sebuah wawancara sebagai data primer dan buku-buku, jurnal internasional dan jurnal nasional. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa model kerjasama Penangulangan erupsi gunung sinabung adalah mengkoordinasikan stakeholders Gunung Sinabung, manajemen bencana letusan, kendala kebijakan manajemen bencana di Sumatera Utara yang belum berhasil menyelesaikan letusan Sinabung, manajemen bencana rekomendasi kebijakan letusan Gunung Sinabung. Pada akhir hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan skema model kerjasama penanggulangan bencana dan juga menjelaskan pentingnya Sinabung menjadi bencana nasional. Kata Kunci: Kerjasama, Manajemen Bencana dan Politik Bencana Abstract

This research, explained and analyzed the collaboration model of eruption of eruption in a disaster political perspective. Located in Karo District, North Province in the last 6 years from 2010-2016 regularly experienced eruptions. There are still countermeasures problems considering there are still obstacles faced by (stakeholders). The formulation of this research is how the cooperation and coordination of stakeholders in the eruption prevention of Mount Sinabung. What is the policy of disaster disasters in that has not succeeded in completing the eruption of Mount Sinabung. The theoretical framework of this study using the concept of cooperation, good governance in disaster management, coordination and disaster management concepts then to analyze researchers has mapped the role of different stakeholders such as the central government, local government, employers, NGOs and the community. This research is a qualitative research with a critical paradigm to explain phenomena and find new models by placing an interview as primary data and books, international journals and national journals. The results of this study indicate that the collaborative model of Sinabung eruption cooperation is coordinating Mount Sinabung stakeholders, eruption disaster management, disaster management policy constraints in North Sumatra that have not succeeded in completing the Sinabung eruption, disaster management policy recommendations for the Mount Sinabung eruption. At the end of the results of this study, the scheme of the model for collaborative disaster management and also explaining the importance of Sinabung became a national disaster. Keywords: Cooperation, Disaster Management and Disaster Politics How to cite: Pasaribu, I. (2018), Model Kerjasama Penanggulangan Erupsi Gunung Sinabung dalam perspektif Politik Bencana, Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-48 *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a

INTRODUCTION flowing around the surrounding area, supporting the lower agricultural area. The benchmark for regional success has The number of disasters that occur and been to overcome difficulties in tackling cause casualties and property losses, disasters, namely areas prior to has opened our eyes together that disasters, disaster response and post- disaster management in our country is disaster. This success has never been still very far from what we have separated from the patterns of expected. cooperation carried out by various parties that involve the interests So far, disaster management is involved in it. More than that, it is considered not a priority and only common to happen from time to time. comes at any time, even though we live in an area prone to the threat of Mount Sinabung is one of the disaster. Therefore an understanding of active Mount Merapi located in Karo disaster management needs to be District, North Sumatra Province. Since understood and mastered by all circles, 2010 to 2015 Mount Sinabung has both government, society, and the regularly erupted. It has been recorded private sector. Activities in the pre- since 2010 that Mount Sinabung has disaster phase have been forgotten so had four eruptions, 2010, 2013, 2014 and far, even though the activities in the 2015. The Sinabung eruption response pre-disaster stage are very important has not been maximized considering because what has been prepared at this there are still obstacles faced by the stage is capital in facing disasters and central government, regional post-disaster. Very slight governments government, North Sumatra BPBD, with the public and private sector think NGOs, entrepreneurs, especially the about what steps or activities need to be surrounding the Sinabung region which done in dealing with disasters or how has been a major victim in recent years. to minimize the impact of disasters. (Soehatman Ramli, 2011: 65-66) There are two main reasons why this collaborative research on the As a result of the rapid growth eruption management of Mount of the population in Indonesia, part of Sinabung is important that is the the forest on the slopes of the volcano empirical and theoretical background. began to be encroached and converted The empirical background is based on into plantation or agricultural areas. the following considerations: Residents began to settle and villages formed on the slopes of volcanoes, In experience, the area adjacent which were actually areas prone to to the volcano is indeed fertile, suitable volcanic hazards that could come at any for farming and settlement. The volcano time. People who live on the slopes of area was initially covered by dense volcanoes, which are actually disaster- forests so that there were many water prone areas, come with their own sources. Most of this water source is desires, farming, forming groups of used as a source of municipal drinking villages and villages. water or is a source of river water

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The main threat to the impact of two eruptions, first on September 3 and the Volcano is the hot clouds that come September 7. In 2013, Mount Sinabung out of the crater of the mountain. Hot erupted again until 18 September 2013 clouds whose residential areas are there were 4 eruptions. As a result of located on the slopes can be threatened. the eruption, Mount Sinabung was Then volcanic ash and rain which raised to level 3 standby. Entering can cause cold lava floods that can November, there was an increase in sweep the area (Sukandarrumidi, 2010: activity with increasingly strong 177). eruptions till on 3 November 2013 at 03.00 the status was raised again to The number of volcanoes in become Alert. The displacement of Indonesia, both active and inactive, is residents in villages around a distance approximately 400 mountains. From of 5 km was carried out. these, 70 of them are still active. Volcanoes in Indonesia are grouped Eruptions occurred many times into five: the Sunda volcano, the Banda after that, accompanied by glides of hot volcano, the Minahasa and Sangihe clouds up to 1.5 km. On November volcanoes, the Halmahera volcano, the 20th, 2013 there were six eruptions since Sulawesi volcano and Bonthain early morning. Eruptions (eruptions) volcano. occurred again four times on November 23rd, 2013 since the North Sumatra is the fourth afternoon, continued the following largest province in Indonesia after day, five times. West Java, East Java and Central Java. According to the 2010 population An 8000 m high ash column is census, the population in North formed on top of the mountain. As a Sumatra Province is 12,985,075 people result of this series of eruptions, the In North Sumatra along with Mount city of which is 80 km to the Sibayak, Mount Sinabung are two east is exposed to rain of volcanic ash. active mountains with peaks reaching Level 4 status (alert) continues to last 2,451 meters. Mount Sinabung has not until entering 2014. Drops of erupted since 1600 but has suddenly incandescent lava and hot cloud bursts been active again by erupting in 2010 continue to occur until January 3, 2014. until now (BPS North Sumatra Province, 2010). Starting on January 4th, 2014 a series of earthquakes, eruptions and On August 27th, 2010 Mount hot clouds continued until the Sinabung emitted volcanic smoke and following day. This forced additional ash. On August 29th, 2010 at around residents to evacuate, to more than 20 00.15 WIB Mount Sinabung spews lava. thousand people. After this condition Mountain status is raised to be alert. persisted, in the last week of January Twelve thousand residents were 2014 the condition of Mount Sinabung evacuated and accommodated in 8 began to stabilize and it was planned locations, one person was declared that refugees from outside the danger dead at the event. In the same year, radius (5 km) could be returned. September Mount Sinabung erupted However, a day later 14 people were

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found dead and 3 people were injured in the community during the by a hot cloud glide while they were emergency response phase and the visiting Suka Meriah Village, Payung eruption of Mount Sinabung. This District. While on August 5th, 2015 at condition is certainly different from the 11:11 a.m., there was a 2,500-meter heat disaster management model taken in cloud going to the southeast-east sector many countries that have a systematic with a 1,500-meter volcanic ash approach from pre-disaster (Lestari et column. The hot cloud of avalanches al., 2010). occurred at 17.33 WIB which slid 3,000 meters to the southeast-east with a In the fourth paragraph of the height of 2,000 meters of volcanic ash. Preamble of the 1945 Constitution The condition, he said, caused 3,152 clearly states that "the Republic of households or 11,114 people to remain Indonesia is responsible for protecting in 10 refugee camps. In addition, 2,053 the whole people of Indonesia and the households (6,179 people) still have to entire homeland of Indonesia." Thus settle in temporary shelters while the Indonesian Government is obliged waiting for relocation (North Sumatra to provide protection for life and BPBD 2014). livelihoods including protection from disaster threats in order to realize the One of the government's efforts is to general welfare translated into the make refugee posts and replace articles. refugees. Overcoming difficulties to help the victims, but in reality there are Various laws and regulations still irregularities. More than just have been established in an effort to government assistance. Mount provide protection to the people from Sinabung, aside from leaving trauma disasters such as Law Number 6 of and panic, also left several problems in 1974 concerning the Principles of Social the fields of health, education and the Welfare. Law Number 20 of 1982 economy. Hundreds of residents concerning General Provisions for State succeeded in Hospital (Karo Defense and Security. Law No. 4 of District), because they suffered from 1984 concerning Infectious Diseases. Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) due Law Number 32 of 1992 concerning to the eruption. Volcanic disaster Health. Law Number 24 of 1992 management based on existing systems concerning Spatial Planning. Law is improved from the previous to Number 41 of 1999 concerning completion. (Hartini Retnaningsih, Forestry. Law Number 22 of 2001 2013: 10). concerning Oil and Gas. Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defense. Various policies to reduce the Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning risk of an eruption of Mount Sinabung Regional Government. Law Number 7 in mitigation, preparedness, emergency of 2004 concerning Water Resources. response and recovery efforts have been accommodated. However, it was Law Number 24 of 2007 found that there were still various concerning Disaster Management. In obstacles both in the government and accordance with the mandate of the

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Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38 agreement at the national and regional that has the potential to cause damage, level, disaster risk reduction must be loss of human life, damage to the one of the national development environment, and the impact of a priorities. The Regional Government of condition determined by psychology. North Sumatra Province should commit to immediately implement the A vulnerability is a condition agreement by incorporating disaster that is determined by physical, social, risk reduction efforts into the regional economic and social-cultural and development framework. To better environmental factors or processes. deal with the increasing potential and Disasters are a consequence of a complexity of disasters in the future, combination of natural activities (a Indonesia needs a plan that is physical event, such as a volcanic integrated, coordinated and eruption, earthquake, landslide) and comprehensive. human activities. Losses incurred in the financial and structural fields, even to The Republic of Indonesia Law death caused by human helplessness Number 24 of 2007 has changed the due to poor management of paradigm of disaster management in emergencies (UNISDR Terminology on Indonesia from being reactive to being Disaster Risk Reduction 2009). proactive, namely disaster management has begun since potential Activities during disasters that disasters have not been identified in an are carried out immediately at the time area. The Government Regulation of of a disaster, to overcome the impacts, the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 especially in the form of saving victims of 2008 further regulates the obligation and property, evacuation and to prepare disaster management evacuation, will get full attention from planning by the Provincial both the government and the private Government. In this case, North sector and the community. At the time Sumatra Province has made a Disaster of the disaster, there are usually so Management Plan (RPB). Then in 2015, many parties who pay attention and the Karo District Government issued a lend a hand to provide energy, morale Regional Regulation Number: 362/325 and material assistance. / BPBD / 2015 concerning the Determination of the Extension of the The amount of assistance that Status of Upper Emergency Response comes is actually an advantage that to the Mount Sinabung Eruption must be managed properly, so that any Disaster in Karo District in 2015. assistance that enters can be effective, right on target, right for benefits, and Disaster is a serious disruption efficiency occurs. The level of public to the usefulness of a society, causing and local government awareness and widespread harm to human life in understanding is very important at this terms of material, economic or stage to be able to determine the steps environmental and which exceeds the needed to reduce the impact of the ability of the community concerned to disaster. overcome by using their own resources. Disasters then pose a threat In addition, other types of preparation are spatial planning that

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places the location of public facilities According to those reasons this and social facilities outside the disaster research departs from empirical and hazard zone (non-structural theoretical backgrounds. Strengthening mitigation), as well as engineering the role of stakeholders, entrepreneurs efforts to build a structure that is safe and the community is important in from disasters and protects the terms of forming a solid collaboration structure of disasters (mitigation forum. The disaster of Mount Sinabung structures). Meanwhile, efforts to eruption is certainly a problem for the strengthen local government in pre / survival of residents around Mount pre-disaster activities can be done Sinabung so that a disaster through strengthening existing units / management effort is needed that is institutions and training their able to answer the problem of sinabung apparatuses as well as coordinating eruption, besides that it also requires a with institutions between regions and management collaboration between at the national level, given that vendors, entrepreneurs and disasters do not recognize communities in disaster management. administrative areas, so that each region has potential disaster management plans in the region. (Study of Disaster Mapping in North RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Sumatra Province, Research and Development Agency of North This study uses a qualitative Sumatra Province 2011). method. Where researchers collect data from in-depth interviews with various This formulation process is speakers who have capacity and expected to continue to develop so that capability related to disasters, a guideline for threat and vulnerability environmental politics, government, assessment and a standard disaster risk NGOs and the community. In assessment will be obtained. The next determining the resource person, the activity can be carried out through researcher used a Purposive Sampling technical consultations, both from the technique in which the researcher private sector and academics, as has directly determined the resource person been done in many other countries. in accordance with the capacity and Stakeholders including regional competence related to this research. The government associations, non- researcher interviewed the USU FISIP governmental organizations (NGOs), Professor Mr Prof. Hamdani said, entrepreneurs and the private sector, Interview with the Secretary of the the media and the wider public were BPBD Johnson Tarigan, involved in providing input in the Interview with the District Head of preparation of the National Disaster Simpang Empat District Drs. Eddy Management Plan. The implementation Rikwan Ginting MM, Interview with was carried out through planning North Sumatra Alfamart Public workshops, public consultations, and Relations Eris Estrada Sembiring, and input through various public media. Chair of the North Sumatra Environment Forum for Dance and

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Community Funds. The researcher also And ensure that all programs and collected various other forms of activities carried out are in line with qualitative data such as documents that the direction of development policy in are useful for developing a deeper the 2015-2019 RPJMN document. The understanding of this research. eruption of Mount Sinabung is not part of the national disaster for which the CONCLUSION response is in the North Sumatra regional government in collaboration 1. Stakeholder Coordination of with the local government of Karo disaster relief for the eruption of district. (Interview with Secretary of Mount Sinabung. the Karo District BPBD Johnson Tarigan on 2 July 2016) Against this background, the Indonesian people should be strong in If it shows an increasing trend and the facing any danger. People need to be potential danger threat of Mount aware of vulnerabilities around them. Sinabung, a Letter from the Head of the The vulnerability is condition that is Geology Agency will be issued which currently in effect or the contains the results of observations and nature/behaviour of humans or the also recommendations for areas that community. However, the capacity of must be immediately evacuated. The several elements needs to be increased letter from the head of the BPBD was to reduce the vulnerability that exists in the basis for the Karo District Regent to the community. Capacity is the ability issue a Regent Decree regarding the of resources to deal with threats or determination and extension of hazards. The characteristics of people emergency response status. When the who have resilience include that the emergency response status of the community has the ability to anticipate, position of the Regional Disaster protect by avoiding and deflecting, Management Agency (BPBD) of Karo adapting, and recovering. The thoughts Regency became the first line to underlying the strategy towards coordinate the relevant parties in the resilience include: Keep the community ranks of the Regional Government of out of danger, Keep danger from the Karo for the preparation of the community, Living harmony with risk, evacuation of the disaster victims. and Grow local wisdom. Entrepreneurs are an integral part of On the Mount Sinabung disaster disaster management in a region management discourse in Karo anywhere in the world including Regency, North Sumatra was Indonesia. With the limited ability of inseparable from the system that had the North Sumatra government to cope been built before. The national disaster with natural disasters is an event management system in Indonesia has where many actors can then play a improved a lot of developments to role. For companies, a disaster situation date. Meanwhile, disaster management is a condition where corporate social policies are contained in Law Number responsibility (CSR) can be 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster demonstrated. Management. (Interview with Hamdani Harahap on August 8th, 2016)

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The contribution of employers in remind that the benefits come from one disaster issues in the Mount Sinabung specific place and currently the place is Eruption case really depends on how undergoing the Mount Sinabung much the level of awareness, especially Eruption (interview with Alfamart the top management, the owner or Medan Public Relations, Eris Strada shareholder of the company. The Sembiring August 8th, 2016) higher the level of awareness, of course, the hope of giving a greater Improvements strategies and the ways commitment to disaster management in which entrepreneurs contribute to efforts can be realized easily. disaster management in Mount Conversely, if the level of awareness of Sinabung Eruption need to be management, owners and shareholders continuously carried out, starting from of the company is still low, it will be raising awareness, strengthening difficult to ask for more commitment to commitment and increasing tangible disaster management efforts. Even contributions to support face though with a high level of preparation and disaster management. commitment, it is expected that the real Of course, the role of all parties is contribution given by the company will needed to instil awareness in the be even higher. Both contributions are company, especially for top in the form of financial contributions management, shareholders and (cash donations), assistance in the form owners, that contributing to disaster of goods and or services (in-kind management in Indonesia is not a contributions), assistance in the form of burden, but as part of a strategic social certain free skills and assistance in investment. (Interview with Director of other forms. Walhi North Sumatra Dana Tarigan August 9th, 2016). Entrepreneurs have an extractive role in making contributions in the form of Considering that Karo district is a CSR and companies are usually willing region that has a high risk of Eruption to provide proportional amounts of of Mount Sinabung disaster because it grants. Other companies like that is located in a disaster-prone area. This should feel an ethical responsibility to condition can be "utilized" by the remind that the benefits come from one company to carry out the process of specific place and that the place is fostering stakeholder relations through currently experiencing the Mount a variety of strategic initiatives related Sinabung Eruption (interview with to disaster management, such as Alfamart Medan Public Relations, Eris assessing vulnerability and community Strada Sembiring August 8 th, 2016) capacity, increasing community capacity to deal with disasters through Entrepreneurs have an extractive role training and simulation, strengthening in making contributions in the form of community-based communication CSR and companies are usually willing networks, improving countermeasures to provide proportional amounts of disaster, as well as spatial planning grants. Other companies like that oriented to disaster risk reduction. On should feel an ethical responsibility to the one hand, through a continuous

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Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38 awareness process, it is expected that in certainly be done. If a variety of the next few years the conventional employers' social responsibilities group of companies as described above related to disasters are shown will decrease dramatically, shift into a consistently, then companies can progressive company or even make the expect that social permits to operate, leap to become the leading company. namely the support of the surrounding Although changing the mindset is community, stakeholders, and the certainly not an easy job, but through wider community, will continue to be ongoing efforts, the change can obtained. certainly be done. If a variety of employers' social responsibilities "NGOs as supervisors of the Post related to disasters are shown Disaster Reconstruction and Recovery consistently, then companies can Program. Along with the end of the expect that social permits to operate, post-disaster emergency, many namely the support of the surrounding international/local institutions, community, stakeholders, and the individuals and volunteer groups left wider community, will continue to be the location to end their humanitarian obtained. duties. "(Interview with Director of Walhi North Sumatra Dana Tarigan, Considering that Karo district is a August 9th, 2016) region that has a high risk of Eruption of Mount Sinabung disaster because it As stated in the previous section, the is located in a disaster-prone area. This main focus is on the government and condition can be "utilized" by the local NPOs / NGOs who act as company to carry out the process of outsiders in handling the eruption of fostering stakeholder relations through Mount Sinabung. On the other hand a variety of strategic initiatives related NGOs, or local self-help groups (KSM), to disaster management, such as individuals, families and local assessing vulnerability and community community/community groups as capacity, increasing community insiders. In this case, after an capacity to deal with disasters through emergency, the community / local training and simulation, strengthening community has been oriented as the community-based communication subject of development, and not only networks, improving countermeasures treated as an object. Likewise, disaster, as well as spatial planning government and NGO creatives in oriented to disaster risk reduction. On Karo district in tackling the eruption the one hand, through a continuous disaster of Mount Sinabung have had awareness process, it is expected that in to shift to place themselves as the next few years the conventional regulators, facilitators, motivators, group of companies as described above catalysts, educators and dynamists in will decrease dramatically, shift into a the post-disaster reconstruction and progressive company or even make the rehabilitation process. leap to become the leading company. Although changing the mindset is In terms of the physical environment, certainly not an easy job, but through in order to realize the sustainability of ongoing efforts, the change can natural resources, NGOs continue to

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improve, improve and improve urban community played a role. Community facilities/infrastructure as well as Participates in making disaster risk maintain and optimize the maximum analysis, Conducts research related to use for community the disaster, Creates Community members/communities with insightful Action Plans, Active in Disaster management environment. In terms of Management Forum in Sinabung, economic sustainability, it continues to conducts disaster prevention efforts strive for creativity to be able to create "(interview with USU FISIS professor and improve the quantity and quality Hamdani Harahap on 8 August 2016). of products/commodities that have a Society is the most important and competitive advantage based on the central part of disaster management. potential and uniqueness of the local Because the community is the main context in order to increase the level of victim when a disaster occurs. income of the community. Likewise in the social, political and cultural fields, 2. Disaster Management Policies they continue to develop the attitudes Obstacles and behaviours of citizens/communities that are able to So far, the disaster relief eruption of create a harmonious life together, both Mount Sinabung is only limited to relations between human beings and post-disaster. Law No. 24 of 2007 human relations with their concerning Disaster Management has environment in order to realize social been issued in response to the need for sustainability in tackling the eruption a reliable disaster management system of Mount Sinabung disaster. in Indonesia. Since the issuance of this law and continued with the issuance of Associated with efforts to build Government Regulation No. 21 of 2008 preparedness in disaster management concerning the Implementation of based on local communities, in Disaster Management, Government addition to continuing to complete the Regulation No. 22 of 2008 concerning various facilities and infrastructure Aid Funding and Management, needed, they also carried out various Government Regulation No. 23 of 2008 forms of socialization and even concerning the Participation of education and training carried out on International Institutions and Non- an ongoing basis. One of the concrete Government Foreign Institutions in forms of collaboration between the Disaster Management and Presidential government, NGOs and community Regulation No. 8 of 2008 concerning members/grassroots communities in the National Disaster Management building disaster management Agency, preparedness. The hopes of the community in such a In fact, the role of the community was great way will soon be the realization involved in the pre-disaster, during the of established disaster management in disaster, and in the aftermath of the Indonesia so that the new institution is disaster, especially in the disaster of the expected to be able to overcome every Sinabung eruption where the disaster event in Indonesia. Although

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Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38 information and dissemination of disciplinary approach. This is related to information related to the threat of the main factors causing the disaster of disasters in Indonesia through various Mount Sinabung eruption which is a media continue to be voiced, our function of hazards and vulnerability. awareness of threats it's still very minimal. (Maarif, 2012: 75) Hazards or in Indonesian are often interpreted as threats or dangers, The understanding of the Mount which are interpreted as phenomena or Sinabung eruption threat paradigm natural or human events that can cause really came true and will be quickly damage, loss and/or human casualties. forgotten as time goes by and the loss Whereas vulnerability is the inability of of media coverage covering Mt. humans or communities to face threats Sinabung. The Mount Sinabung due to physical, economic, social, disaster event shows that even though cultural and environmental factors. this area has received tremendous Because the natural phenomenon of attention in preparing its citizens to Mount Sinabung eruption is a natural face eruption hazards, during the process of the physical and chemical actual event there was still a long balance of the universe which is often panic. Some of the causes of this panic beyond human ability to control the include the lack of understanding of process, efforts to reduce hazards are the characteristics of the threat so that often ignored and are considered this threat is not well anticipated something that will almost certainly during a disaster. happen.

The condition was severely damaged The general response to the eruption of in the Mount Sinabung area which was Mount Sinabung eruption is still devastated due to volcanic ash considered an incidental activity eruption of Mount Sinabung which during the emergency response. was not previously calculated, for Comprehensive handling at the top of example, which looked not serious. the leadership already exists, but at the level of its implementation, the UU no. 24/2007 has mandated the handling of an eruption of Mount need to understand the characteristics Sinabung is still constrained due to a of threats, disaster risk and the lack of understanding and weak preparation of anticipatory plans for capacity of disaster management the eruption of Mount Sinabung in institutions in North Sumatra and Karo Karo District, however, because this district. regulation is still relatively new, the socialization of regulations and Mount Sinabung eruption supervision, technical guidelines has not yet especially the issuance of building reached the Karo district community at permits, must be true based on large. building technical standards. The application of "building code" is a must An understanding of the Mount for areas threatened by the eruption of Sinabung eruption event can be Mount Sinabung. approached with various fields of science or in other words a multi-

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A vulnerability is a condition of Settlements that are not well-organized people's inability to face the threat of cause access to emergency relief an eruption of Mount Sinabung. This assistance to be disrupted so that early vulnerability is affected by several handling cannot be carried out factors including physical, social, immediately which results in the economic and environmental. A incident developing into a disaster. For physical vulnerability is the most easily example, house fires in densely identified vulnerability because it populated settlements which spread clearly looks like physical disability and spread to burn more than 1 (disability, illness, old age, road Regional Unit (RW). Community damage and so on), while other empowerment by raising or operating vulnerabilities are often rather difficult the potential of existing resources in to clearly identify. the community to help reduce the level of community friendliness. The key The social vulnerability of the Karo factor for its success is understanding district community which when the the characteristics of the threats and disaster is individualistic turns out to risks that exist so that action choices be higher than the vulnerability of can be established that are in rural/rural communities that still have accordance with the threats and high solidarity as social capital. Social resources available in the community capital in the form of high social of Karo district, North Sumatra. solidarity if followed by community empowerment programs at least reduces the impact of the disaster, both casualties and property due to the eruption of Mount Sinabung ”(Interview with Secretary of Karo Regency BPBD Johnson Tarigan on 2 July 2016)

This is evident in several areas affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, always the first responders were the people and they were able to save the victims of the Mount Sinabung eruption from fatalities in the initial period of the incident before outside assistance came. Environmental conditions in Karo Regency are also one of the vulnerability factors of the Karo Regency community. Poor environmental conditions will exacerbate the impact of disasters that arise. Image 1. Mount Sinabung Disaster Management Cooperation Scheme

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Disaster Politics in Government tackling Sinabung oversight Eruption

Government of Entrepreneur Civil society Society Academics North organizations Sumatra/Karo (NGO)

Collaboration under the Evaluation of Disaster control of the Central Management Policies Government

The choice of action was made Even so, the knowledge that based on the policies made in the comes from past experiences inherited disaster management plan for Mt. from our ancestors in the form of local Sinabung Eruption. Therefore the wisdom and noble cultural values, we action taken for Mount Sinabung must continue to consider and Eruption is to avoid risk through the preserve. Changes in natural collaboration of government, phenomena caused mostly by human employers and NGOs. For example, activities often exacerbate the impact relocating victims of Mount Sinabung of disasters due to the eruption of Eruption which is threatened by Mount Sinabung. volcanic ash. This action is often less The dynamics of these changes popular, except if the threat is so real also increase the complexity of or the community is hit by an eruption handling the Mount Sinabung of Mount Sinabung Eruption in North Eruption disaster, so that the timing of Sumatra Karo District traumatized by disasters and their intensity becomes the disaster experienced in the area or increasingly difficult to predict nearby which is close to Karo Regency. accurately. This uncertainty is a Even this trauma is sometimes challenge for disaster management only temporary, if the trauma has actors to be able to carry out the task of recovered, they will return to receive rescuing people living in disaster- the risk that is too high to endanger prone areas through multi-disciplinary the safety due to Mount Sinabung and multi-sector approaches and Eruption. For this reason, increasing preparing disaster anticipation awareness and awareness of risk needs planning with scenarios in the form of to be carried out through various cooperation between interests in Karo media at every opportunity Regency, Sumatra North.

41 Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a

Identification of the risk of Currently, North Sumatra and Mount Sinabung eruption begins with Karo BPBD prioritize data collection the introduction of profiles or on Mt. Sinabung Eruption events and characteristics of hazards (assessment), build a disaster database that we call then learn at-risk elements in the form DiBi (Indonesian Disaster Data and of vulnerability assessment. Disaster- Information) in Karo District, North prone maps as a result of hazards Sumatra. This data is published in the assessment, almost all types of annual book form and displayed on disasters are available in North our website. The final results of this Sumatra Karo Regency even though it risk assessment are risk maps and risk is still on a small scale. In several index maps. The BPBD in districts/cities, disaster-prone maps collaboration with stakeholders in have been prepared on a larger scale. North Sumatra supported by several other stakeholders is currently BNPB continues to push for developing a risk map and risk index detailed maps of each hazards to be with the Karo district analysis unit. prepared and determined by the Even the index map that mitigates the governor of North Sumatra and the Mount Sinabung Eruption is only seen Regent of Karo. After the risk of the as a relief and rescue effort and Mount Sinabung Eruption disaster temporary emergency repairs. It is identified its types and characteristics, expected that in all phases of disaster the risk must be assessed to predict the management it must be based on a likelihood of its occurrence and impact comprehensive and integrated plan in due to the Sinabung volcanic ash. the development plan. Calculation of possible damage Every disaster response in to buildings/infrastructure may be Indonesia including Mount Sinabung easier than predicting the possibility of eruption is inseparable from the a disaster will occur. For this reason, interests and political role of the predictions are needed based on stakeholders involved in this case the scientific studies that can be accounted government as a regulator of each for the required risk management relate to disaster management. The plan. The most fundamental difficulty Karo district government as a in risk assessment is the unavailability policyholder including policies in of records of past disaster events data, disaster management should have while disasters, especially natural formulated a quick way to cope with disasters, are very likely to occur the disaster of Mount Sinabung repeatedly in a certain period. This eruption from pre-disaster, during trend will be read well if disaster data disasters and post-disaster. is fully recorded over a long period of time. Countermeasures have never been separated from a political perspective, while the intent of 42

Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38 political perspectives is political tug- who are actively involved in making of-war starting from policymakers, sinabung disaster management by namely the Government with implementing good governance that is Entrepreneurs and of course the good and inseparable from the public. In disaster management, each attraction of political policy. stakeholder must have certain portions Sure enough, what is expected and have limited involvement that is from the mitigation of the Mount controlled or supervised by a self- Sinabung eruption in a political formed body. The mitigation agency is disaster perspective and the good focused on disaster matters, in this governance is finding the best solution case, the eruption of Mount Sinabung. to overcome the problem of The institution that was formed sustainable Mount Sinabung eruption must have good governance that is with good cooperation and good at monitoring and controlling coordination between the relevant starting from its formation to its stakeholders. application in pre-disaster, during Collaboration and coordination disasters and post-disaster. Good of government stakeholders, governance is very important to entrepreneurs and the community strengthen the political perspective in formed in an organized body through disaster management. the roles of political actors that The involvement of produce the best solution in stakeholders karo district government, overcoming the eruption of Mount entrepreneurs and the community Sinabun

No. Research Focus Finding in Fields Information

1. This research was conducted At the beginning of this Complete in Karo District, North study, the researchers Sumatra Province. The believed that the ideal researcher examined the cooperation and Collaborative Eradication coordination in disaster Eruption Cooperation Model management in sinabung in the Disaster Political was a coordination Perspective. Formulation of collaboration that was able the problem in this study, to establish good Collaboration and cooperation and Coordination of stakeholders coordination between all in mitigating the eruption of stakeholders both internally Mount Sinabung. and externally so that each organizational unit was able to carry out its functions and their respective duties

43 Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a

in order to achieve the effectiveness of disaster management. Very important coordination in disaster management in Sinabung is intense because, in the implementation of disaster management, one organizational unit will not be able to walk alone without being associated with other organizational units.

But the new discoveries in this research are:

1. It turns out that collaboration between stakeholders is not maximal because of unspecified legal umbrella issues.

2. Sinabung is not a national disaster so it is difficult to determine how to handle it.

3. Relocation mitigation in Siosar, Karo district is still an ordinary stage, in this case, it has not been maximized.

4. Cooperation in handling Mount Sinabung disaster management will be useful for accelerating recovery so that the handling is more effective and efficient.

2. This research was conducted At the beginning of this So far it has in Karo District, North study, researchers believed been fulfilled Sumatra Province. The that the main obstacle to and the data researcher investigated the disaster management policy is adequate. Mount Sinabung Eruption in North Sumatra was that it 44

Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38

Collaboration Model in a had not succeeded in Disaster Political perspective. resolving the disaster of the Formulation of the problem Sinabung eruption it in this study, the disaster because: management policy 1. Sinabung intensity constraints in North Sumatra which is always active in so that it has not succeeded in removing lava. resolving the disaster of the sinabung eruption. 2. Coordination with local communities that are not maximized

3. Poor communication occurs between stakeholders.

However, after conducting research, new findings on the obstacles in disaster management in Sinabung were:

1. The anticipation that is not always swift.

2. Concentration of assistance so far has only been limited to, providing food and health in refugee camps while psychological aspects have not been noticed

3. Problems in the stakeholder environment itself. For example, there is a conflict between employers and entrepreneurs in competition in the field

3. This research was conducted At the beginning of this Model in Karo District, North study, researchers believed attached

45 Ian Pasaribu & Fernanda Putra Adela, Mount Sinabung Eruption Collaboration Model in a

Sumatra Province. The that the things that must be researcher investigated the met in the disaster Mount Sinabung Eruption management policy model Collaboration Model in a in Sinabung were pre- Disaster Political perspective. disaster, disaster response The formulation of the and pre-disaster. problem in this study is the However, the findings of Mount Sinabung Eruption researchers in this new case Collaboration Model in a are: Political Disaster perspective 1. Through this disaster management collaboration in the future, there will appear rapid anticipation in overcoming existing problems. The problems that are always related to losses are not a small amount that will be overcome with insurance

2. In the future disaster management in the eruption of Mount Sinabung will be sustainable and not the only momentum.

3. Disasters have occurred for years due to stakeholders running individually. In the future, both North Sumatra BPBD, BPBD Karo will coordinate with NGOs and the community.

4. Mitigation of disasters in the eruption of Sinabung can be resolved to the maximum with the model recommended by the researcher

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Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Vol 11, (1): 30-38

CONCLUSION Fifth, mitigation of disasters in the eruption of Sinabung can be resolved to Managing disasters on Mount the maximum with the model Sinabung cannot be done only by recommended by the researcher. impromptu or incidental methods but must be carried out in a planned manner with good management, long before a BIBLIOGRAPHY disaster occurs through a process called disaster management. The Djojosoekarto, A. & S, Utama. (2008). Democratic Transformation of Political implementation of disaster management Parties in Indonesia. Jakarta: is a series of efforts which include the Partnership establishment of development policies that consist of the occurrence of Wibawanto, A. (2006). Strategy for disasters, disaster mediation activities, Winning Elections - Winning People's emergency response, and rehabilitation. Hearts and Thoughts. Yogyakarta: Mount Sinabung Eruption handling Pondok Edukasi. requires seriousness in handling it. Moertopo, A. (1974). National Political Strategy. Jakarta: CSIS. First, cooperation in handling Mount Sinabung disaster management Firmanzah. (2007). Political Marketing. will be useful for accelerating recovery Jakarta: Torch. so that the handling is more effective and efficient. Nanawi, H. (1992). Research Instrument in the Social Sector. Yogyakarta: Second, through this disaster Gadjah Mada University Press. management collaboration in the future, there will appear rapid anticipation in Friedman, L.M. & Ali, A. (2002). overcoming existing problems. The Revealing the Veil of Law. Jakarta: problems that are always related to Mount Agung. losses are not a small amount that will be overcome with insurance. Moleong & Lexy, J. (2007). Qualitative Research Methodology. Bandung: PT Third, in the future disaster Adolescent Rosdakarya Offset. management in the eruption of Mount Sinabung will be sustainable and not the Miles, M. & Huberman, M. (1992). only momentum. Qualitative data analysis. Jakarta: IU Press. Fourth, disasters have occurred for years due to stakeholders running on Nazir, M. (1988). Research methods. Ghalia their own. In the future, both North Indonesia. Sumatra BPBD, BPBD Karo will coordinate with NGOs and the Deddy, M. (2004). Qualitative Research community. Methodology. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

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Nasution. (2003). Research Methods: Gajah Mada University Press. Scientific Research, Jakarta: PT. Earth Literacy. Sukmadinata. (2005). Educational Research Methods. (Bandung: Schroder, P. (2004). Political Strategy. Teenager Rosdakarya. Jakarta: Friedrich Naumann Stiftung. International Idea (translation), Women in Parliament: Not Just Amount Pujosuwarno, S. (1992). Practical (AMMEEPRO; Jakarta, 2002) Instructions for Counseling. Yogyakarta: Menara Mas Offset. from http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisi Sukandarrumidi. (2002). Research _Pemilihan_Umum Methodology Practical Instructions for Beginner Researchers. Yogyakarta:

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