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Des Mathématiciens AVRIL 2015 – No 144 la Gazette des Mathématiciens • La révolution des Big Data • Diffusion des savoirs – Les maths vues par un artiste • Parité – Filières scientifiques d’excellence : un bastion masculin ? • Raconte-moi... le processus SLE la GazetteComité de rédaction des Mathématiciens Rédacteur en chef Sébastien Gouëzel Boris Adamczewski Université Rennes 1 Institut de Mathématiques de Marseille [email protected] [email protected] Bernard Helffer Université Paris-Sud Rédacteurs [email protected] Vincent Colin Université de Nantes Pierre Loidreau [email protected] Université Rennes 1 [email protected] Julie Deserti Université Paris Diderot Martine Queffélec [email protected] Université Lille 1 Caroline Ehrhardt [email protected] Université Vincennes Saint-Denis [email protected] Stéphane Seuret Université Paris Est Créteil Damien Gayet [email protected] Institut Fourier, Grenoble [email protected] Secrétariat de rédaction : smf – Claire Ropartz Institut Henri Poincaré 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75231 Paris cedex 05 Tél. : 01 44 27 67 96 – Fax : 01 40 46 90 96 [email protected] – http://smf.emath.fr Directeur de la publication : Marc Peigné issn : 0224-8999 Classe LATEX: Denis Bitouzé ([email protected]) Conception graphique : Nathalie Lozanne ([email protected]) Impression : Jouve – 1 rue du docteur Sauvé 53100 Mayenne Nous utilisons la police Kp-Fonts créée par Christophe Caignaert. À propos de la couverture. Il s’agit du tableau « Le petit déjeuner de Poincaré », peint par Reg Alcorn pour l’exposition « Poincaré-Turing (1854-1912-1954) » de l’IREM de Limoges et du CCSTI du Limousin Récréas- ciences. Plus de détails se trouvent dans l’article en pages intérieures ou sur la toile http://www.irem.unilim.fr/les-maths-vues-par-un-artiste/ (crédit : Reg Alcorn). SMF – GAZETTE la GazetteNo 144 des Mathématiciens É Éditorialditorial Chères lectrices, chers lecteurs, Vous avez été nombreux à nous faire parvenir vos réactions concernant cette nouvelle mouture de notre chère Gazette. L’équipe de rédaction vous remercie de vos encouragements et nous espérons également que nous saurons prendre en compte vos suggestions de façon satisfaisante. Je pro- fite de de cet éditorial pour saluer Fabrice Planchon, dont le mandat au sein du comité de rédaction prend fin, ainsi que pour souhaiter la bienvenue à Julie Déserti qui nous rejoint. Les Big Data, ou plutôt les mégadonnées, semblent être sur toutes les lèvres depuis quelques temps, sans que l’on sache pour autant ce que cette ex- pression signifie précisément. Celles-ci affectent de façon grandissante de nombreux secteurs d’activité et soulèvent de nouvelles questions au confluent des mathématiques et de l’informatique. Afin d’en savoir davan- tage, la Gazette leur consacre un dossier. Une étude sociologique détaillée sur les biais, aussi bien en termes de genre que d’origines sociales, dans le recrutement des filières scientifiques de l’éns Paris a récemment vu le jour. La rubrique Parité en profite pour donner la parole à Arnaud Pierrel, l’un des auteurs de ce rapport. Et puis des maths bien sûr ! Étudier les équations d’Einstein du vide, par- tager le secret d’un logarithme discret, ou, signe des temps, grimper aux cimes des arbres pour découvrir... des immeubles. La rubrique Raconte-moi se penche quant-à-elle sur le processus sle. Nous revenons enfin dans ces pages sur une initiative originale impliquant l’irem de Limoges et à laquelle ce numéro doit sa couverture : l’artiste Reg Alcorn vous convie au petit déjeuner de Poincaré, une invitation aux mathé- matiques à travers l’art et son histoire. À table donc ! En vous souhaitant une agréable lecture, Boris Adamczewski SMF – GAZETTE – AVRIL 2015 – No 144 1 la NoGazette144 Sommair Sommaire des Mathématiciens smf 3 Mot du président 3 La révolution des big data 5 Les mathématiques des Big Data – É. Moulines 5 Portrait de David Bessis, créateur de start-up 12 Le point de vue d’un établissement financier majeur 16 Mathématiques 20 Encore une histoire de symétrie : les immeubles – B. Rémy 20 Discrétion assurée ? – A. Joux et C. Pierrot 29 La conjecture de courbure bornée dans L2 – J. Smulevici 39 Diffusion des savoirs 48 Les maths vues par un artiste – S. Vinatier et R. Alcorn 48 Parité 54 Les filières scientifiques d’excellence : un imprenable bastion masculin ? – A. Pierrel 54 Raconte-moi 59 ... le processus SLE – V. Beffara 59 Information 64 Quelques chiffres sur l’emploi en mathématique – Y. Coudène 64 Rétroviseur 67 Carnet 68 Louis Boutet de Monvel – B. Helffer 68 Denis Feyel 70 Livres 71 2 SMF – GAZETTE – AVRIL 2015 – No 144 la GazetteNo 144 du président Mot du présidentdes Mathématiciens Chères collègues, chers collègues, Je tiens dans un premier temps à féliciter Adrian Langer, premier lauréat du Prix « Szolem Mandelbrojt » créé par l’Institut français de Pologne, l’Am- bassade de France en Pologne et la Société Mathématique de France. Ce prix destiné à un jeune chercheur polonais vise à récompenser des travaux d’excellence dans le domaine des mathématiques. Adrian Langer sera ac- cueilli pendant un mois au laboratoire de mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné et effectuera quelques exposés avec le parrainage de la Société Mathéma- tique de France. Les mois qui viennent de s’écouler ont été marqués par la réflexion autour des nouveaux programmes de collèges et lycées, à laquelle la smf participe pleinement et dont les médias se sont emparée peu à peu. En lien étroit avec les autres sociétés savantes de mathématiques et la Commission Française de l’Enseignement des Mathématiques (cfem), la smf suit le dos- sier avec attention et participe aux rencontres avec le ministère et le co- mité des programmes. Ce n’est qu’au printemps que les premières versions « officielles » des programme seront rendues publiques, pour concertation avec l’ensemble des acteurs concernés par ce dossier ; la commission en- seignement de la smf travaille en amont pour se préparer à cette phase de concertation, en étroite collaboration avec les membres de la cfem. Le forum « Mathématiques vivantes, de l’école au monde » qui a clôturé avec succès début mars la semaine des mathématiques s’inscrit dans la mobilisation de la communauté mathématique française pour susciter des vocations chez les jeunes générations. Il faisait notamment écho à l’annonce début décembre par la ministre Mme Vallaud-Belkacem du plan stratégique pour les mathématiques. À l’occasion de ce Forum est sortie la brochure « Zoom des métiers des mathématiques et de l’informatique », élaborée en étroite concertation par la smf, la smai, la sfds, la Société In- formatique de France, femmes & mathématiques et l’onisep. C’est un outil essentiel pour attirer des jeunes vers nos filières dont les débouchés sont variés mais méconnus du public. SMF – GAZETTE – AVRIL 2015 – No 144 3 laDe façon plus globale, les mathématiques fondamentales et appliquées ont un impactGazette socio-économique très important en France. Celui-ci fait l’ob- jet pour la première fois dansdes notre pays d’uneMathématiciens étude commanditée par l’Agence pour les Mathématiques en Interaction avec l’Entreprise et la So- ciété, en partenariat avec la Fondation Sciences Mathématiques de Paris et la Fondation Jacques Hadamard ; le rapport final sera publié le 27 mai prochain. La smf est consciente de l’importance d’une telle étude, sa journée annuelle 2015 en sera l’illustration, avec une table ronde sur le sujet et des exposés scientifiques axés sur les applications des mathématiques fondamentales. Le 27 avril 2015 Marc Peigné, président de la smf 4 SMF – GAZETTE – AVRIL 2015 – No 144 La Gazette consacre un dossier aux Big Data, c’est-à-dire aux mégadonnées. Celles-ci La affectent de façon grandissante de nombreux révolution secteurs d’activité : la finance, la santé, des big data l’e-commerce, la gestion des risques, et bien sûr la recherche scientifique. L’exploitation de gigantesques bases de données soulève de nouvelles questions à l’intersection des mathématiques et de l’informatique. Les enjeux économiques considérables conduisent à la création de nouveaux masters faisant intervenir les mathématiques. Pour mieux comprendre ce domaine, nous vous proposons trois articles complémentaires émanant des milieux de la recherche, d’une start-up, et d’un établissement financier. Les mathématiques des Big Data • É. Moulines La taille des collections de données croît de extrêmement variés (textes, nombres, clics, signaux manière exponentielle. Chaque jour, 2,5 quintillion capteurs, etc.). Je rajouterai que l’on est en face d’octets de données sont créés. Plus de 90% des d’un problème « Big Data » lorsqu’il est impossible données disponibles aujourd’hui ont été créés au de traiter ces données au moyen d’algorithmes cours des deux dernières années. Ces données pro- « état de l’art » sur des plateformes de calcul « tra- viennent de sources très diverses, des posts dans ditionnelles ». Le Big Data a déjà un impact consi- des médias sociaux, des collections partagées de dérable dans de nombreux domaines. Les enjeux photographies, de vidéos, de musique, des traces financiers sont saisissants et expliquent pourquoi de visites sur des sites web, des données de transac- la plupart des acteurs économiques considèrent le tions sur des sites marchands, des objets connec- Big Data comme un axe fondamental de leur straté- tés. Le Big Data a en quelques années pénétré de gie : McKinsey dans son rapport Big Data, the next très nombreux domaines
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