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An Analysis of Group Behaviour and Commenting on Flickr

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An Analysis of Group Behaviour and Commenting on Flickr An Analysis of Group Behaviour and Commenting on Flickr A study submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Librarianship at THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD by Megan Amy Swart September 2008 I Acknowledgements A huge thank you to everyone who supported me through the conduction of this research: specifically, to my tutor Dr Paul Clough for his encouragement, advice and enthusiasm, and to Ambrose, my family and friends – because of whom this summer of writing was much more bearable! Finally, a special thanks to all at the Sheffield Flickr group, I could not have done this without you. II Abstract Background The literature conducted previously on Flickr has emphasised the importance of collaborative tagging, however it has also highlighted an information gap focussing on other popular areas of usage on Flickr such as that of group dynamics and commenting behaviour. Aims This research is an exploratory study of the commenting behaviour within the Sheffield group on Flickr. The aim is to investigate the different types of comments; specifically positive and negative comments that users leave on each others images and to examine the impact of using Flickr groups and such commenting on the photographic practice of the group members. Methods This research employs a mixed-methodology, including a content analysis of 2 sets comments from 100 randomly selected photographs added to the Sheffield group on Flickr. An online questionnaire was also formulated and proposed to the group, of which a response rate of 26 different members was received. In addition, the Flickr API was used to collate data about the individual members of the group including the number of groups joined and the number of contacts they have. Results Comments were found to be divisible into 5 separate categories; positive, negative, constructive, neutral and questions. In each group the largest proportion of comments were positive, whilst the fewest comments received were negative. Comments were also shown to have the potential to influence photographic behaviour, whilst more specific groups were found to be dedicated to the improvement of photographic practice outside of the Sheffield group. Conclusion It is concluded that groups and comments can impact on the photographic practice of users, and that comments can be categorised into basic types. However further research into these III two areas is required to specifically investigate and gain a more comprehensive understanding of sub-categories for comments and the formal impact of commenting in practice on users photographic behaviour. IV Contents 1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Subject of Investigation ...........................................................................................1 1.2 Aims and Objectives.................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Research Objectives..................................................................................3 1.2.2 Research Questions...................................................................................3 1.3 Methodology and Methods Overview......................................................................3 1.4 Dissertation Structure ..............................................................................................4 2. Flickr: An Overview...............................................................................................................6 2.1 Flickr.........................................................................................................................6 2.1.1 Joining Flickr.............................................................................................6 2.2 Commenting on Flickr..............................................................................................7 2.3 Flickr Groups............................................................................................................8 2.4 'Sheffield group'.....................................................................................................10 3. Literature Review.................................................................................................................11 3.1 Traditional and Digital Photography......................................................................11 3.2 Web 2.0 and Flickr.................................................................................................14 3.3 Social Interaction on Flickr....................................................................................17 4. Methodology........................................................................................................................20 4.1 Methodological Strategies......................................................................................20 4.2 Methods of Data Collections..................................................................................21 4.2.1 Literature Review....................................................................................21 4.2.2 Comments Analysis.................................................................................22 4.2.3 Online Questionnaire...............................................................................24 4.2.4 Interviews................................................................................................26 4.2.5 Flickr API................................................................................................27 5. Findings and Discussion.......................................................................................................28 V 5.1 Comments Analysis................................................................................................28 5.1.1 To comment or not to comment...............................................................29 5.1.2 Different users and commenting..............................................................32 5.1.3 Positive, negative and constructive comments .......................................34 5.2 Online Questionnaire Analysis...............................................................................37 5.2.1 Overview..................................................................................................37 5.2.2 Gender, Age, Length of time on Flickr and Photographer type...............37 5.2.3 General usage of Flickr............................................................................40 5.2.4 Commenting on Flickr.............................................................................44 5.2.5 Receiving comments................................................................................47 5.2.6 Flickr and photographic practice.............................................................50 6. Conclusions..............................................................................................................................52 6.1 Overall Conclusions...............................................................................................52 6.1.1 Commenting behaviour of the Sheffield Flickr group............................53 6.1.2 Types of Commenting.............................................................................53 6.1.3 Positive and Negative commenting.........................................................53 6.1.4 Comments on Flickr and the impact on photographic practice...............53 6.2 Research Limitations..............................................................................................54 6.3 Further Research.....................................................................................................55 6.4 Final Statements.....................................................................................................56 7. Bibliography.........................................................................................................................58 8. Appendices...........................................................................................................................64 8.1 Comments Analysis Spreadsheet...........................................................................64 8.1.1 Set 1.........................................................................................................64 8.1.2 Set 2 (South Yorkshire tagged)...............................................................66 8.2 Online Questionnaire..............................................................................................68 8.3 Interview discussion areas......................................................................................77 8.4 Flickr API...............................................................................................................78 VI 1. Introduction 1.1 Subject of Investigation Flickr is a photograph and video hosting website owned by Yahoo! Incorporated. It was first launched in 2004 by a Canadian company Ludicorp, who used Flickr in conjunction with games development. Flickr in this case was initially used as a repository for pictures found on the web, however later shifted its focus to hosting images taken by the users themselves. Yahoo! took over the company in 2005, and since has increased in popularity to having over 40 million users visiting regularly per month and hosting over 2 billion public images on the site. Flickr's mission statement proposes that their goals are twofold: firstly, that
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