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Waterscape and Soundscape in Sheffield

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Waterscape and Soundscape in Sheffield Waterscape and Soundscape in Sheffield Jian Kang, YiYing Hao School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK 1 SHEFFIELD Nature, History, and Urban Form • The city’s first settlement developed at the confluence of the Rivers Don and Sheaf, around the 12th century. With the role as a market town at this time, Sheffield have continued to be shaped by waterways to the present day. • Since the middle ages, Sheffield’s access to abundant natural resources has made it an ideal centre for a thriving iron and steel industry. • By the late 14th century Sheffield was famous for its metal knives and its role in this industry. • By the late 18th century all available sites on the rivers were developed. • In the 19th century, Sheffield became the principal location in Britain for large steel works. The map showing Sheffield in 1736 2 SHEFFIELD Rivers and the City 12th CENTURY • Rivers Don and Sheaf Production and industry at the time of Sheffield’s first settlement 18th CENTURY • Water Powered Mills along River Banks • The greatest concentration of over 100 water powered sites in the UK • Dams • Produce maximum power to the numerous mills 19th CENTURY • Tinsley Canal • Connections for large steelworks Rivers in Sheffield 1980s With the decline of the Sheffield steel industry whereby the Rivers Don lost its traditional function and became a forgotten part of the city. TODAY It is essential that this reconnection with the rivers continues to be fostered and their role in the history of the city celebrated. 3 SHEFFIELD Regeneration Key Projects for Regeneration Heart of the City • Post war rebuilding saw the redevelopment of New Retail Quarter individual city sites as well as large scale civic City Hall / Barkers Pool / Leopold Street planning and road development schemes, which Station / Sheaf Square E-campus / Business Area resulted in the loss of much of the original grid Park Hill Flats street pattern. Other Major Projects • The decline of the steel industry in the 1980s Devonshire Green further changed the character of the city blighting Riverside the urban landscape by leaving redundant industrial buildings and vacant sites. • Major public realm improvements to the city centre with projects such as the pedestrianisation of Barker’s Pool and Tudor Square which have injected life back into the city centre in the 1990s. The masterplan of Sheffield City Centre in 2000 4 SHEFFIELD The Gold Route 1. Sheaf Square 2. Howard Street and Hallam Garden 3. Millennium Galleries and Winter Garden 4. Millennium Square 5. Peace Gardens 6. Town Hall Square and Surrey Street 7. Barkers Pool Under the regeneration of the Sheffield City, waterscapes and squares were embedded 5 into the city for its vibrancy with the respect of the history of Sheffield. SHEFFIELD Waterscape and the City 6 Among many other water-related schemes, such as hydropower... •BARKERS POOL •PEACE GARDENS Diversity of Waterscapes •MILLENNIUM SQUARE •HOWARD STREET AND HALLAM GARDEN • SHEAF SQUARE 7 SHEFFIELD Waterscape and Soundscape Receiver at 1m from water8 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Water Twittering of birds Bells of church Music played on street Bells or music from clock Insect sounds Surrounding speech Music from stores Pedestrian crossing Children's shouting Music from passenger cars Passenger buses Construction Vehicle parking Passenger cars Favourite Neither favourite nor annoying Annoying 9 Based on 1000 samples,. Also, comparison between different countries SHEFFIELD BARKERS POOL 1 m from source 4 m from source 9 m from source Change of soundscape when moving 19 m from source away from the water 10 SHEFFIELD Soundscape from water and other sounds for studying masking effects…… 11 SHEFFIELD PEACE GARDENS 1 m from source Large Fountain in the Peace Gardens 4 m from source 9 m from source 19 m from source Change of soundscape when moving away 12 from the large fountain SHEFFIELD Soundscape map 13 SHEFFIELD Fountains Traffic Building work Digger machine Children shouting Surrounding speech Machinery Lawn mower Birds Wind 0 50 100 150 200 250 Frequency First noticed sound Second noticed sound Third noticed sound 14 SHEFFIELD MILLENNIUM SQUARE Ball fountain in the Millennium Square The sounds from the ball fountains are hardly to be heard… Contrary to the Peace Gardens nearby, the square is much more quiet.15 SHEFFIELD HOWARD STREET The fountain in Howard Street Recording point is one meter from the sound source. 16 SHEFFIELD SHEAF SQUARE 1. Steel barrier 2. Medium cascade 3-6. Big fountain (1,3,5,10m) 7. Small cascade L1 8. Small cascade L3 The Waterscape in the Sheaf Square 17 SHEFFIELD Water Diversity Big Fountain Small Cascade Medium Cascade Steel Barrier L3 Big fountain Small Cascade Medium Cascade Steel Barrier L3 18 SHEFFIELD Big Fountain Change of soundscape when moving away from the large fountain 1 m from source 4 m from source 10 m from source 19 m from source 19 Steel Barrier Traffic Noise Traffic Noise 1 m from road Behind Steel Barrier Behind 1 m from source Steel Barrier 20 Psychoacoustics Loudness vs. Time Barkers Pool Howard Street Peace Gardens Medium Cascade Steel Barrier Big Fountain Small Cascade Small Cascade Traffic Noise (L1) (L3) 21 Psychoacoustics Roughness vs. Time Barkers Pool Howard Street Peace Gardens Medium Cascade Steel Barrier Big Fountain Small Cascade Small Cascade Traffic Noise (L1) (L3) 22 Psychoacoustics Sharpness vs. Time Barkers Pool Howard Street Peace Gardens Medium Cascade Steel Barrier Big Fountain Small Cascade Small Cascade Traffic Noise (L1) (L3) 23 Psychoacoustics Fluctuation Strength vs. Time Barkers Pool Howard Street Peace Gardens Medium Cascade Steel Barrier Big Fountain Small Cascade Small Cascade Traffic Noise (L1) (L3) 24 Psychoacoustics Psychoacoustic Fluctuation Loudness (FFT / Roughness Sharpness (FFT / indices Strength ISO 532 B) ISO 532 B, Aures) Water vacil soneGF asper acum Barkers Pool 0.0125 21.8 2.46 2.50 Howard Street 0.0198 12.8 2.14 2.91 Peace Gardens 0.00829 30.4 2.80 4.32 Medium Cascade 0.0363 24.6 2.70 3.26 Steel Barrier 0.0110 19.9 2.45 2.67 Big Fountain 0.0111 25.2 2.67 3.29 Small Cascade(L1) 0.00956 24.2 2.64 3.29 Small Cascade(L3) 0.0189 22.5 2.45 3.17 Traffic Noise 0.0112 24.6 2.69 2.17 25 Psychoacoustics FFT vs. Time Bakers Pool Howard Street Peace Gardens Barkers Pool Howard Street Medium Cascade Steel Barrier Big Fountain Steel Barrier Traffic Small Cascade (L3) Small Cascade (L1) Small Cascade (L1) 26 Concluding Remarks • Waterscape + soundscape interactions – Added richness of spaces and city environment – Soundmarks, cultural values – Enhanced quality • Function of reducing noise annoyance • Diversity of water soundscapes • Research (on-going) – Masking (attention and energetic), with Korea team – Music information retrieval (MIR) techniques – Soundscape structures 27 Acknowledgements – H Yang and M Yang for helping with the recording and calculation – Other team members for carrying out the survey – Collaboration work on masking with Korean team 28.
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