ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORNORDICDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 231, 20153

Submit YourSpontaneous Paper as Dispersiona PDF File ofwithout Particles Page on Numbers Fluid-liquid by MayInterfaces 31, 201 5: Use Times Roman Font Throughout (14 point for the Title) Pushpendra Singh, Naga Musunuri and Ian S. Fischer Katja Nevalainen1, Jon Wallevik2, and Third Author's Name2 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

New1 JerseyTampere Institute University of Technology, of Technology Newark,, Tampere New ,Jersey Finland 07102. 2 Innovation Center Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

ABSTRACT sectionsFor example with appropriate, in Ruppia headings maritime in , the a AuthorsWhen powders are requested come in tocontact follow with the a bodyhydrophilous of the manuscript. plant, pollen References can be releasedmust be liquidinstructions surface described they disperse in this guide so quickly to ensure to theeither last belowsection. or above the water surface a uniform printing style in the proceedings. form a monolayer that it appears explosive, depending on the position of its anthers This document is written following the FONT AND STYLE especially on mobile liquids like water. Our relative to the water surface. Before they are guidelines so you can use it as a template Use 12 point Times Roman font in the PIV measurements show that the adsorption released from an anther, the pollen grains when writing your contribution. body of the manuscript, 14 point for the title of a particle causes a flow which moves are clumped together in a kidney-shaped Submissions are due on or before May 31, of the paper, and 10 point for superscripts away2015. nearby The particle manuscripts on the of surface both. oral andmass; subscripts. when the Do pollen not use mass bold typecomes face. in presentations and posters must be Becontact sure with to choose the water a readable surface, font its size pollen for INTRODUCTIONsubmitted both as a DOC file and a PDF yourpartially figures disperses. (8-10 point). These partially dispersed file Itto is roland.kadar@chalmers well known that particles.se. Maketrapped sure in clumps cluster together to form a pollen raft liquidthat you surfaces use “press interact quality”, with each embed other all viathe MARGINSwhich may contain pollen from several lateralfonts, andcapillary set the forces, paper sizewhich to A4arise when because you differentUse A4 anthers. paper (21 The by formation 29.7 cm). of Leave pollen a ofconvert their theweight, document to form to PDF. clusters If the or blankrafts is space important of 40 because mm of this at the enhances top of the monolayerguidelines are arrangements. not followed exactly,A common your firstprobability page, 26 of mm pollination at the top as of larger subsequent sized examplepaper will of be capillarity returned -todriven you for self correction.-assembly pages.rafts are The attracted bottom more margin strongly is set towards to 36 mm an isThere the is clustering also a template of breakfast in LATEX-cereal – please flakes onanther. all pages. For this The reason left and the right pollen margins rafts are floatingcontact the on editor the if surfaceyou would of like milk. it. The 26also mm referred and 24 to mm as search respectively. vehicles. deformation of the interface by the flakes Text should be written in two columns givesINTRODUCTION rise to lateral capillary forces that each 76 mm wide and separated by a width causeThe them Transactions to cluster. Volume This, as 21 discussed will be of 8 mm. Text should be single spaced and below,posted is on also the the NRS mechanism website by after which the right justified. Do not number the pages. pollenconference, grains withcluster each together paper to form or pollen poster The first page begins with the title, rafts.summary In recent in an individual years, many PDF studies file. Your have author names and addresses (40 mm from beensubmission conducted of a topaper understand or a poster this subehaviormmary the top of the page). Add one blank line ofimplies trapped that you particles agree to becaupublicationse of in theirboth betweenFigure the 1. Atitle pollen and theraft lineformed with from the author the importanceprint and PDF informat. a range of physical names.clustering of pollen masses from several applicatManuscriptsions and shouldbiological be written processes in English1-4, e.g., antherOn thes. The second pollen linemasses below were the released author formationand be maximumof insect egg 8 rafts, pages stabilization long. All of names,above present the wat theer affiliationsurface and and partially addresses emulsions,manuscripts and should the self - startassembly with of particles a short of dispersed the authors. immediately Add a threefter reaching blank the lines atabstract fluid- fluid of interfaces maximum to 50form words.novel nano The- betweenwater surface, addresses and and subsequently affiliation several and the structuredAbstract materials should bethat can followed be used byin anti an- maindispersed text. masses If the clustered authors to have form a different pollen reflectionIntroduction coatings section. for Authors high-efficiency may use other solar addresses use numberraft. superscripts to refer to cells, photonic crystals and biosensor arrays.

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Similarly, when a clump of particles comes in contact with a liquid surface the particles located at its outer periphery are pulled into the interface by the capillary force overcoming the cohesive forces which keep them attached with the clump5-7 (see Fig. 2). The clump continues to lose particles from its outer periphery Figure 2. Photographs showing the breakup progressing towards the center. The a clump of 10-170 μm glass particles on the detached particles move radially outward corn oil-water interface. The initial size of from the clump because of the lateral the clump was around 1.86 mm. The clump interfacial flow that is induced by the newly settled through corn oil to reach the corn oil- adsorbed particles and those that are water interface and dispersed violently at the subsequently broken apart from the clump. interface. This process of particles breaking away from the clump continues until all the EXPERIMENTAL SETUP particles have broken away to form a The setup consisted of a square Petri monolayer of particles on the liquid surface. dish which was partially filled with The newly-adsorbed particles move Millipore water (see Fig. 3). The cross- away from the clump, and each other, section of Petri dish was 10x10 cm, and the because when particles are adsorbed on a depth was 1.5 cm. PIV measurements were liquid surface they cause a flow on the performed in a vertical plane (normal to the interface away from themselves. camera axis) illuminated by a laser sheet. Consequently, the initial distance between The vertical position of the camera was in particles of the monolayer formed due to the line with the water surface, providing an breakup of a clump is several times the undistorted view of the volume directly particle diameter. After the flow on the below the water surface. The test particles interface due to the adsorption of particles were dropped on the interface in an area subsides, they cluster under the action of near the intersection of the laser sheet and lateral capillary forces to form monloayers the camera axis. in which particles touch each other. A millimeter-sized clump of some materials can break up and spread on a liquid surface in a few seconds and thus it appears that they spread on a liquid surface spontaneously, just like some drops can spread on a solid surface. It is worth noting that the mechanism by which a clump spreads on a liquid surface is similar to that by which a pinch of powder sprinkled onto the liquid surface disperses except that for the latter the cohesive forces are negligible and so the powder disperses immediately. Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

A high-speed camera was used to record the motion of seeding particles visible in the laser sheet. A Nikon 1 series V1 camera

110 ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 23, 2015 equipped with a 30 mm Kenko automatic The adsorption of a test particle caused a extension tube and a Tamron SP AF 60 mm flow on the air-water interface, which 1:1 macro lens was used to provide the caused tracer particles trapped on the requiredSubmit magnification.Your Paper as The a PDFlaser Filesheet without was surfacePage Numbers to move away by May from 31the, adsorbed2015: Use test generated usingTimes a ZM18 Roman series Font40 mw Throughout solid particle. (14 point Consequently, for the Title) the water surface state diode laser of wavelength 532 nm near the test particle had few tracer particles (green color). MoviesKatja Nevalainen were recorded1, Jon Wallevik at a 2which, and Third made Author's fluid velocity Name2 measurement at resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels. For the and near the water surface difficult. Also, particle size range 1considered Tampere University(~500 m ofto 2Technology the air,- waterTampere interface, Finland near. the test particles mm), the optimal recording2 Innovation speed Center for Iceland was, Reykjavik deformed, Iceland since their density was larger performing the PIV analyses was found to than the water density. In fact, the center of be 60 frames per second. This was particles was a fraction of radius below the determined by a trial and error procedure. level of the undeformed interface. The ABSTRACTThe water was seeded with silver-coated sectionsdeformation with of appropriate the interface headings made viewing in the hollowAuthors glass are spheres requested of density to follow around the 1 bodyof the of interface the manuscript. by a camera References mounted must on be a gm/ccinstructions and average described size in ofthis around guide 8to-12 ensure µm. theside last difficult section.. Therefore, in our PIV Thea uniform density printing of the styleseeding in theparticles proceedings. closely measurements, the velocity was measured matchedThis document the water is density, written but following there was the a FONTonly in AND the regionSTYLE below a horizontal line smallguidelines particleso you -to can-particle use it as a variation. template passingUse 12through point the Times point Roman of contact font ofin the Consequently,when writing some your particles contribution. sedimented bodyinterface of the with manuscript, the particle 14 point which for the was title a andSubmissions some rose are slowly due ongiving or before us ample May time 31, offraction the pap ofer, the and particle 10 point radius for superscripts below the to20 1 record5. The their manuscript motion when of aboth flow oral was andundeformed subscripts. interface Do not. use bold type face. inducedpresentations due to and the adsorption posters ofmust one be or Be Although sure to choose the water a readable near the font test sizeparticle for submitted both as a DOC file and a PDF your figures (8-10 point). more test particles. The seeding particles started to move as soon as the particle came file to . Make sure were silverroland.kadar@chalmers coated which ensured.se that the in contact with the surface, the adsorption- that you use “press quality”, embed all the MARGINS intensity of the scattered light was sufficient induced streaming flow intensity developed fonts, and set the paper size to A4 when you Use A4 paper (21 by 29.7 cm). Leave a to track their motion. over a period of time (see Fig. 4). The convert the document to PDF. If the blank space of 40 mm of at the top of the An open-source code, PIVlab, was used intensity reached a maximal strength after a guidelines are not followed exactly, your first page, 26 mm at the top of subsequent for performing the time-resolved PIV fraction of a second and then it decreased. In paper will be returned to you for correction. pages. The bottom margin is set to 36 mm the time interval after which the streaming analysis.There is alsoPIVlab a template is a MatLab in LATEX-based software– please on all pages. The left and right margins are flow reached its maximal strength, the whichcontact analyses the editor a timeif you sequence would like of framesit. to 26 mm and 24 mm respectively. vertical oscillations of the test particle were give the velocity distribution for each of the Text should be written in two columns framesINTRODUCTION. A MatLab code was developed for eachalready 76 negligible.mm wide and The separated PIV measurements by a width 8 postThe-processing Transactions and plotting Volume results 21 . will be ofshow 8 mm. that Text theshould streaming be single flowspaced wasand posted on the NRS website after the rightapproximately justified. Doaxisymmetric not number the aboutpages. the RESULTSconference, AND with DISCUSSION each paper or poster verticalThe line first passing page begins through with the centerthe title, of summaryWe next in andiscuss individual our measurements PDF file. Your of authorthe test namesparticle and (see addresses Fig. 4). Tracer (40 mm-particles from thesubmission transient of flowa paper on or a watera poster surface summary that thein the top region of the below page). the Add test one particle blank moved line wasimplies induced that you due agree to to the publication adsorption in ofboth a betweenupwards, the and title those and the near line and with in the the author water singleprint and test PDF particle. format. Glass particles of several names.surface moved away from the test particle. differentManuscripts diameters should were be usedwritten to obtainin English the TheOn trajecto the secondries of line fluid below particles the author were qualitativeand be maximum nature of the8 flow, pages and long.determine All names,qualitatively present similar the affiliation to that for and a stagnationaddresses howmanuscripts the strength should and start time duration with a of short the ofpoint the flow, authors. with Add the center three blankof the lines test inducedabstract flow of vary maximum with the 50particle words. size. The betweenparticle being addresses the stagnation and affiliation point. and the AbstractIn agreement should with be the followed analytic by results an main text. 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111 surface can be several orders of magnitude larger than any dimension of the area over which the particles were sprinkled. As discussed in Introduction, dispersion of particles is important in several physical processes occurring on a water surface, such as the pollination of hydrophilous plants, and the transportation and rate of spread of microbes and viruses on a water surface. Furthermore, the streaming flow can break apart agglomerates of particles when they

are adsorbed at a fluid-liquid interface Figure 4. Velocity vectors for the streaming which is important in various processes in flow induced by a 2 mm test particle 0.67s the pharmaceutical and food industries such after it came in contact with an air-water as wet granulation and food processing. interface. The particle was dropped in a

vertical plane illuminated by a thin sheet of ACKNOWLEDGMENTS laser light. The velocity vectors of tracer The work was supported by the National particles have been superimposed on the Science Foundation grants (Award # CBET- PIV image. 1067004 and CBET-1236035).

CONCLUSION REFERENCES When a particle comes in contact with a 1. Binks, B.P. (2002), “Particles as fluid-liquid interface the vertical capillary surfactants -similarities and differences”, force pulls it into the interface which gives Current opinion in Colloid and Interface rise to a transient streaming flow. The PIV Science, 7, 21-41. measurements show that the liquid below a 2. Blanco, A., et al. (2000), “Large-scale newly-adsorbed particle rises upwards and synthesis of a silicon photonic crystal with a the liquid near the surface moves away from complete three-dimensional bandgap near the particle. The induced flow for a 1.5 micrometres”, Nature, 405, 437-440. spherical particle was axisymmetirc about 3. Janjua, M., Nudurupati, S., Singh, P. & the vertical line passing through the particle Aubry, N. (2011), “Electric field induced center. Also, the maximum flow strength is self-assembly of micro- and nanoparticles of not established immediately after the various shapes at two-fluid interfaces. particle comes in contact with the interface, Electrophoresis”, 32, 518–526. but builds up over a short time interval. For 4. Cox, P. A. (1989), “Hydrophilous a 650 m glass sphere the maximum flow pollination”, Annu. Rev. Ecol, Syst., 19, 261- strength occurred about 0.4 s after the 280. particle come in contact, and for a 2 mm 5. Singh, P., Joseph, D.D., Gurupatham, sphere after about 1.5 s. S.K., Dalal, B. and Nudurupati, S. (2009), When two or more particles were “Spontaneous dispersion of particles simultaneously adsorbed, the streaming flow sprinkled onto a liquid surface”, was a combination of the flows induced by Proceedings of the National Academy of the particles individually and so the flow Sciences of the United States of America strength increased with increasing number (PNAS), 106, 19761-19764. of particles. Consequently, the distance 6. Gurupatham, S.K., Dalal, B., Md. travelled by the particles near the outer Hossain, Fischer, I., Singh, P. and Joseph, periphery of a cluster sprinkled on a liquid

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D.D. (2011), “Particles Dispersion on Fluid- Liquid Interfaces”, Particuology, 9, 1-13. 7. Gurupatham, S.K., Dalal, B., Md. Hossain,Submit Your Fischer, Paper I., Singh as a, PDF P. and File Joseph, without Page Numbers by May 31, 2015: Use D.D. (2012), “BreakupTimes Roman of particle Font clumps Throughout on (14 point for the Title) liquid surfaces”, Particle Technology, 217, 288–297. Katja Nevalainen1, Jon Wallevik2, and Third Author's Name2 8. Musunuri, N. Codjoe, D., Dalal, B., Fischer, I. and Singh,1 Tampere P. (2014), University “Transient of Technology , Tampere, Finland. flow induced by the adsorption2 Innovation of particles Center ”Iceland, , Reykjavik, Iceland KONA, 31, 135-145.

ABSTRACT sections with appropriate headings in the Authors are requested to follow the body of the manuscript. References must be instructions described in this guide to ensure the last section. a uniform printing style in the proceedings. This document is written following the FONT AND STYLE guidelines so you can use it as a template Use 12 point Times Roman font in the when writing your contribution. body of the manuscript, 14 point for the title Submissions are due on or before May 31, of the paper, and 10 point for superscripts 2015. The manuscript of both oral and subscripts. Do not use bold type face. presentations and posters must be Be sure to choose a readable font size for submitted both as a DOC file and a PDF your figures (8-10 point). file to [email protected]. Make sure that you use “press quality”, embed all the MARGINS fonts, and set the paper size to A4 when you Use A4 paper (21 by 29.7 cm). Leave a convert the document to PDF. If the blank space of 40 mm of at the top of the guidelines are not followed exactly, your first page, 26 mm at the top of subsequent paper will be returned to you for correction. pages. The bottom margin is set to 36 mm There is also a template in LATEX – please on all pages. The left and right margins are contact the editor if you would like it. 26 mm and 24 mm respectively. Text should be written in two columns INTRODUCTION each 76 mm wide and separated by a width The Transactions Volume 21 will be of 8 mm. Text should be single spaced and posted on the NRS website after the right justified. Do not number the pages. conference, with each paper or poster The first page begins with the title, summary in an individual PDF file. Your author names and addresses (40 mm from submission of a paper or a poster summary the top of the page). Add one blank line implies that you agree to publication in both between the title and the line with the author print and PDF format. names. Manuscripts should be written in English On the second line below the author and be maximum 8 pages long. All names, present the affiliation and addresses manuscripts should start with a short of the authors. Add three blank lines abstract of maximum 50 words. The between addresses and affiliation and the Abstract should be followed by an main text. If the authors have different Introduction section. Authors may use other addresses use number superscripts to refer to

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