ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORNORDICDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 231, 20153 Submit YourSpontaneous Paper as Dispersiona PDF File ofwithout Particles Page on Numbers Fluid-liquid by MayInterfaces 31, 201 5: Use Times Roman Font Throughout (14 point for the Title) Pushpendra Singh, Naga Musunuri and Ian S. Fischer Katja Nevalainen1, Jon Wallevik2, and Third Author's Name2 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering New1 JerseyTampere Institute University of Technology, of Technology Newark,, Tampere New ,Jersey Finland 07102. 2 Innovation Center Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland ABSTRACT sectionsFor examplewith appropriate, in Ruppia headings maritime in ,the a AuthorsWhen powders are requested come in tocontact follow with the a bodyhydrophilous of the manuscript. plant, pollen References can be releasedmust be liquidinstructions surface described they disperse in this guideso quickly to ensure to theeither last belowsection. or above the water surface a uniform printing style in the proceedings. form a monolayer that it appears explosive, depending on the position of its anthers This document is written following the FONT AND STYLE especially on mobile liquids like water. Our relative to the water surface. Before they are guidelines so you can use it as a template Use 12 point Times Roman font in the PIV measurements show that the adsorption released from an anther, the pollen grains when writing your contribution. body of the manuscript, 14 point for the title of a particle causes a flow which moves are clumped together in a kidney-shaped Submissions are due on or before May 31, of the paper, and 10 point for superscripts away2015. nearbyThe particlemanuscripts on the of surface both. oral andmass; subscripts. when the Do pollennot use mass bold typecomes face. in presentations and posters must be Becontact sure withto choose the water a readable surface, font its size pollen for INTRODUCTIONsubmitted both as a DOC file and a PDF yourpartially figures disperses. (8-10 point). These partially dispersed file Itto is roland.kadar@chalmers well known that particles.se. 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All of names,above present the wat theer affiliationsurface and and partially addresses emulsions,manuscripts and should the self -startassembly with of particlesa short of dispersedthe authors. immediately Add athreefter reachingblank thelines atabstract fluid- fluidof interfacesmaximum to 50form words. novel nanoThe- betweenwater surface,addresses and and subsequently affiliation several and the structuredAbstract materialsshould bethat canfollowed be used byin antian- maindispersed text. masses If the clustered authors tohave form adifferent pollen reflectionIntroduction coatings section. for Authors high-efficiency may use othersolar addresses use numberraft. superscripts to refer to cells, photonic crystals and biosensor arrays. 109 Similarly, when a clump of particles comes in contact with a liquid surface the particles located at its outer periphery are pulled into the interface by the capillary force overcoming the cohesive forces which keep them attached with the clump5-7 (see Fig. 2). The clump continues to lose particles from its outer periphery Figure 2. Photographs showing the breakup progressing towards the center. The a clump of 10-170 μm glass particles on the detached particles move radially outward corn oil-water interface. The initial size of from the clump because of the lateral the clump was around 1.86 mm. The clump interfacial flow that is induced by the newly settled through corn oil to reach the corn oil- adsorbed particles and those that are water interface and dispersed violently at the subsequently broken apart from the clump. interface. This process of particles breaking away from the clump continues until all the EXPERIMENTAL SETUP particles have broken away to form a The setup consisted of a square Petri monolayer of particles on the liquid surface. dish which was partially filled with The newly-adsorbed particles move Millipore water (see Fig. 3). The cross- away from the clump, and each other, section of Petri dish was 10x10 cm, and the because when particles are adsorbed on a depth was 1.5 cm. PIV measurements were liquid surface they cause a flow on the performed in a vertical plane (normal to the interface away from themselves. camera axis) illuminated by a laser sheet. Consequently, the initial distance between The vertical position of the camera was in particles of the monolayer formed due to the line with the water surface, providing an breakup of a clump is several times the undistorted view of the volume directly particle diameter. After the flow on the below the water surface. The test particles interface due to the adsorption of particles were dropped on the interface in an area subsides, they cluster under the action of near the intersection of the laser sheet and lateral capillary forces to form monloayers the camera axis. in which particles touch each other. A millimeter-sized clump of some materials can break up and spread on a liquid surface in a few seconds and thus it appears that they spread on a liquid surface spontaneously, just like some drops can spread on a solid surface. It is worth noting that the mechanism by which a clump spreads on a liquid surface is similar to that by which a pinch of powder sprinkled onto the liquid surface disperses except that for the latter the cohesive forces are negligible and so the powder disperses immediately. Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. A high-speed camera was used to record the motion of seeding particles visible in the laser sheet. A Nikon 1 series V1 camera 110 ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 23, 2015 equipped with a 30 mm Kenko automatic The adsorption of a test particle caused a extension tube and a Tamron SP AF 60 mm flow on the air-water interface, which 1:1 macro lens was used to provide the caused tracer particles trapped on the requiredSubmit magnification.Your Paper as The a PDFlaser Filesheet without was surfacePage Numbers to move away by May from 31the, adsorbed2015: Use test generated usingTimes a ZM18 Roman series Font40 mw Throughout solid particle. (14 point Consequently, for the Title) the water surface state diode laser of wavelength 532 nm near the test particle had few tracer particles (green color). MoviesKatja Nevalainen were recorded1, Jon Wallevikat a 2which, and Thirdmade Author's fluid velocity Name2 measurement at resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels. For the and near the water surface difficult. Also, particle size range 1considered Tampere University(~500 mm ofto 2Technology the air,- waterTampere interface, Finland near. the test particles mm), the optimal recording2 Innovation speed Center for Iceland was, Reykjavik deformed, Iceland since their density was larger performing the PIV analyses was found to than the water density. In fact, the center of be 60 frames per second. This was particles was a fraction of radius below the determined by a trial and error procedure. level of the undeformed interface. The ABSTRACTThe water was seeded with silver-coated sectionsdeformation with of appropriate the interface headings made