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Mining History: The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society. Volume 16, No. 6, Winter 2007 A GAZETTEER OF THE LEAD MINES WITHIN CASTLETON AND HOPE LIBERTIES, DERBYSHIRE: 1748-1898

Chris Heathcote

Abstract: Barmasters books and records kept at Chatsworth House (Chats. Bar. Coll.) and the Derbyshire Records Ofﬁ ce (DRO) covering the years 1752-1898 have been analysed to build a reasonably comprehensive gazetteer of the lead mines within the Liberties of Castleton and Hope. Locations and, where possible, speciﬁ c histories, are included together with mine outputs and lists of names of people mentioned in sources.

INTRODUCTION plus many caves/mines only visited by well-equipped and Castleton Liberty, and the small adjacent part of Hope Liberty experienced explorers. Cave Dale (centred SK 149 825) to the with any lead mines are at the north of the Derbyshire orefi eld. south of the village is one of the most impressive limestone The area has a few of the most well documented mines of the dales in the Peak District. Two of the original ‘Wonders of the Peak District e.g. Speedwell. Oden and Pindale, but hundreds Peak’ are to be found within the liberty, these are the massive of others have not previously been detailed. The majority of and very impressive hill called Mam Tor (SK 1278 8361) and the named veins and their mines pre-date the years (1752-1898 the equally impressive Peak Cavern (SK 1489 8259). Modern excepting 1779-1797) that are covered by the Barmasters books wonders discovered there might include two of Britain’s most but, unfortunately, similar previous books appear to have been spectacular underground features, Leviathon on New Rake and lost. However there are still two ‘unknown knowns’ for the earlier Titan beneath the southern slope of Hurdlow near to Cave Dale period to be investigated, those in the Public Record Offi ce Head. which are currently being examined by J.H Rieuwerts (2007) and the Bagshawe Collection in the Manchester University John The limestone plateau to the south of Castleton village is Rylands Library. crossed from east to west by some of the major rakes within the orefi eld, most of which remain virtually untouched by modern Castleton is part of the Duchy of Lancaster possessions in the opencast mining operations, i.e. Linicar, New and Foreside High Peak – the Queensfi eld today – which, for the period Rakes. Unfortunately the same cannot be applied to Dirtlow under examination was farmed by the Dukes of Devonshire. and Wham Rakes which have been almost entirely obliterated Thus most of the systematic series of documents occur within by the ‘sunshine’ (opencast) miners. Ongoing ‘agricultural the Chatsworth Barmasters Collection, with ‘strays’ and other- improvement’ recently (2004) totally removed all trace of sourced documents mainly found in the Derbyshire Record Bradshawwww.pdmhs.com Vein on the Old Moor. This vein recorded in c1691 Offi ce, or, to a lesser extent, in the Sheffi eld Record Offi ce, was obliterated in one day, an unfortunate reminder of how the notably in the Bagshawe Collection. surface features of a potentially ancient lead mine/working can disappear in an incredibly short time. The information available is of two main types: detailed accounts of ore measures carried out at the mines each six or GEOLOGY seven weeks and totalled annually, which include thefrom names of Castleton Liberty has two dominating rock formations (Fig. the owners or their agents and, more important for locations, 1). In the south the ground rock is Carboniferous Limestones, the books recording the ‘nicking the stowes’ (the dispossession with volcanic lava and ash horizons, in which the cave and process for unworked mines) and the gift or freeing of these or mineralised systems are found. South of Treak Cliff and the new mines for new owners. The meers used in Castleton are Winnats gorge, this area is generally known as Castleton Moor. of 32 yards length along the vein, usually measured from the two founder meers (in the case of new veins), with the others To the north are the Edale Shales forming the wide Hope Valley known as takers. When combined with map and other document which overlie the limestone. The boundary between these two sources and a (very) good knowledge of the local topography, strata can be drawn in a line from east to west marked by the the data in the freeing books allows many mines to be located steep limestone escarpments of Siggate Side, Cowlow, Longcliff, with reasonable certainty. Treak Cliff and then turning onto Windy Knoll. The limestones dip beneath the Edale Shales at this junction. At Pindale Mine In the gazetteer section, mines and veins are listed within each (SK 1625 8253) and Oden Mine (SK 1335 8348) the veins were of the generally used geographical subdivisions of the area, worked beneath the shales. Volcanic horizons were particularly together with a summary of (in some cases, all) the historical important in ore deposition (and in the hydro-geology) and are and other related information. found, notably, at the following locations: GENERAL DownloadedDESCRIPTION OF THE LIBERTY Speedwell Vent. This small volcanic vent is found at the foot of The Castleton mining liberty boundary matches the parish the dry and narrow cleft in the northern fl ank of Cowlow known boundary that can be traced on modern OS maps of the area. as Cowlow Nick (SK 1419 8241). Stokes (1890) noted that Castleton has an area of 2905 acres Cave Dale Lava. This extensive bed underlies a large part of (about 1176 hectares), making it the 15th largest in the mineral Cowlow and is visible near the gate (SK 1484 8221) part way fi eld (Fig.1). The liberty is bounded by the liberties of Peak up Cave Dale. Here are good examples of hexagonal basalt Forest to the west (see Heathcote, 2001b), Edale to the north columns. and Bradwell to the east and south, and Hope, with the small Upper Millers Dale Lava. Daisy Rake (Old Moor Mine, SK portion included here, to the northeast. 1344 8085) laterally displaces this extensive lava. To the north of the rake the lava dies out. The liberty is noted for its picturesque scenery, being one of the most popular tourist areas in the whole of the Peak District. For a more detailed geological assessment of the area, see It contains numerous well-known show caves and mines Stevenson and Gaunt (1971).

1 www.pdmhs.com Figure 1. Liberty boundaries with limestone/shale boundary indicated

PRE 1752 MINING THE MINES and VEINS The majority of the veins are described by the Barmasters as The veins will be described in a north to south, and where possible ‘old veins’ which obviously indicates that they were worked in an east to west format throughout the liberty. Unfortunately pre-1752. Oden (this was the usual contemporary usefrom and is the Barmasters were often imprecise in the details given for a used below, but also Owden, Odin) Mine is considered, on mines location, but where possible the known or most likely place-name grounds, as being one of the oldest mines in the location is shown as a grid reference. Derbyshire orefi eld. However, the present writer believes that the name Oden could simply be derived from the local dialect Oden Vein (northwest of Castleton village). NGR 1350 8350 for Olden or Old One (Fig. 2). Oden Mine to the very north of the liberty and worked the vein Little is known about these early workings, but references are beneath the shale cover on the southern slopes of Mam Tor. The known to Torrs Vein (c1678) in the Wham area of Castleton vein extended westwards into Peak Forest Liberty (Heathcote Moor (Rieuwerts, 1998) and Richard Torre of Castleton 2001b) At its eastern end the vein is marked by the impressive c1683, deposed that ‘Thomas Beard and others were working open gorge at the foot of the Mam Tor landslip with, on the in (unspecifi ed) mines on Castleton Moor, in which he had a other side of the road, mounds and remains of a shaft and an share’ (Chats. Bar. Coll.). Castleton Moor is the general area iron crushing wheel. On the western range of the vein, where it on the high limestone plateau situated between Castleton and lies beneath the shale cover, little remains in the way of surface Peak Forest. It is unknown on which vein or veins that the features, owing to the area being extensively hillocked in the above noted persons were working. Noger Hole Mine (location early 20th century. The mine has a long history and proved to be unknown} isDownloaded recorded in Castleton Liberty in 1706 (Rieuwerts, relatively very rich and was one of the main producers of lead 1998). A bill of complaint c1740 refers to blacksmith work done ore within the liberty. An account of the history and workings of at Morestones (Horestones) And another complaint c1740 was the mine has been produced by Ford and Rieuwerts (1976) and made against George Worsley of Bradwell at Durlow (Dirtlow). some further data, based on Duchy manuscripts in the PRO, are A further complaint re a blacksmith c1744 refers to work done included in Rieuwerts (2007). at Slack Engine Mine on Dirtlow Rake and another c1744 refers to Jacson (Jackson) Grove on Nether Dirtlow Rake (all Chats. Treak Cliff and Windy Knoll area (west of Castleton village) Bar. Coll.). (Fig. 2) This area of land has seen mining activity both for lead ore and None of the above mines can be located with any certainty apart for Blue John (a banded variety of fl uorite), the latter excavated from they are somewhere on Dirtlow Rake to the south-east of by both opencast and underground mining methods. Lead mining Castleton. Other pre 1752 records are noted in the appropriate on Treak Cliff, is documented in the period 1709-1710 when sections covering the separate mining areas. Trake New Knab and Trake Cliffe Groves were operational.

2 Ford (2000) states that Trake New Knab was located in a pipe West of Windy Knoll, at the head of the Peakshill Valley is the vein and scrin running roughly parallel with, and to the south boundary between Castleton Liberty and Peak Forest Liberty. of, Oden Vein on the north-eastern slope of Treak Cliff at SK The wall along the boundary, commonly referred to by the 1341 8345. There appears to be no trace of this vein at surface. Barmaster as the ‘Forest Wall’, is believed to have surrounded In 1709 the possessions at Oden included the ‘Takers at Knab, the inner deer park of the Royal Forest of the Peak (Heathcote or for the symptem in the sough’ (Rieuwerts, 1998). 2001b).

Another mine operational at this time was New Gates Grove. Winnats Pass area (west of Castleton village) (Fig. 2) The range of this vein can be clearly seen running directly up At its lower end this visually striking limestone dale is crossed the steep slope of Treak Cliff at SK 135 833. The vein is marked by Little Winster Scrin and the Longcliff Vein. These will be by a line of prominent hillocks and hollows and just below the described in more detail in the following section. There are very crest of Treak Cliff a small pipe vein working of a few several entries made by the Barmaster concerning lead veins yards in length is accessible (SK 1344 8325). in this area. The fi rst appears for 1763 when ‘Jonathan Hall freed a Founder Meer in a New Vein on the South Side of the The following is the fi rst defi nite reference made by the Windyates under the Shining Tor’ (03/09/1763: DRO D1154 Barmaster concerning another mine that was taken over or ‘freed’ G/L 5). From the terminology used it is possible to positively when ‘Isaac and Jonathan Royse gave one dish of ore to free a locate this vein at SK 1345 8265. Here, to the south of the main Founder Meer of an Old Scrin within the Trake Clyffe Back road through the dale, is an area of disturbed ground. However at the Windyates Door and called it Everlasting’ (30/06/1753: the site where ‘Joseph Royse and Partners freed an Old Pipe in DRO D1154 G/L 4). Windy Gates Low Meadows and called it Trial’ (30/08/1805: Chats. Bar. Coll.) remains uncertain. Mention must be made ‘Windyates’ is the old name for the Winnats Pass and the location at this point that the natural ‘Suicide Cave’ at the bottom of of ‘Windyates Door’ must be at the head of the pass in the region the Pass (SK 1385 8271) does in fact contain small areas of of Winnats Head Farm (SK 1305 8289). The general area to the exploratory miners pickwork in a thin calcite stringer within the north of the road (i.e. Trake Clyffe Back) is heavily disturbed entrance chamber (J.H. Rieuwerts pers. comm.). by mining activity, therefore it is impossible to give the exact location for the above scrin. We now know that the Treak Cliff Foreside Rake and associated veins (west of Castleton village) area contains mineral veins of the type known as pipes. on the Long Cliffe, including Speedwell Mine (Fig. 3) This is one of the most documented lead veins because of its The fi rst entry made by the Barmaster regarding such mineral association with the equally famous Speedwell Level: See Ford deposits dates from 1765 when the title to existing possessions and Rieuwerts (1985). Numerous veins are to be found in the was extended, at which time ‘Mr. Watson of Ashford set fi ve immediate area of Longcliff and Longcliffback, on the high stowes on the North Side of Windy Gates for an Old Pipe ground to the south of the Winnats Pass. ranging NorthWest. Also two stowes on the West Side of the Old Pipe ranging as above. Also two stowes more on the West The most northerly is Little Winster Scrin crossing the lower Side of the last two pairs for New. Also one pair on the Trake portion of the Winnats Pass in the vicinity of the entrance to Cliffe Top for an Old Pipe. Also six stowes for New ranging the Speedwell Cavern showcave. Numerous entries were made from South to North’ (14/08/1765: DRO D1154 G/L 5) A short by the Castleton Barmasters for this vein, for example ‘George time later another entry appears when ‘Isaac Eeeds and Partners Whittingham freed a Founder Meer in Little Winster Old Scrin gave one dish of ore to free a First Taker Meer West from Robert andwww.pdmhs.com called it Drummer’ (09/06/1770: DRO D1154 G/L 5) and Layton’s Old Founder on Trake Cliffe Old Pipe on Trake Cliffe two years later the title was extended eastward when Isaac Eeeds Top’ (12/12/1767: DRO D1154 G/L 5). The exact locations of freed the ‘First Taker Meer East from George Whittingham’s the above mentioned ‘pipes’ are not known, but it is possible Old Founder at Little Winster on Long Clyffe Side’ (11/04/1772: that they are in the vicinity of the western extremity of the Treak DRO D1154 G/L 5). An earlier entry of 1771 concerns another Cliff Cavern system (centred SK 133 830) and to the north of vein which must be closely linked to the above when ‘Isaac Old Tor Mine (centred SK 134 829). fromEeeds and Partners freed a Founder Meer in an Old Pipe at Little Winster Old Vein on the Windy Gateside’ (01/11/1771: DRO The following entry, in which the Barmaster took the essential D1154 G/L 5). None are precisely located, but they must be steps in causing an unworked mine to be forfeited, at the request located on the steep hillside (Longcliff Side), to the west of the of the potential new owner, can be positively located at what is Speedwell Level, at approximately SK 139 825. At SK 139 827 today called the Blue John Cavern, SK 1319 8319 ‘Nicked 3 is a fi ne example of a stope working within Little Winster Vein. stowes at Wallton Hole on the Trake Cliffe Back, at Jonathan Kyrke and William Royses’ request. The owner not known’ Slightly to the south of Little Winster Vein is the more prominent (22/03/1768: DRO D1154 G/L 5) Longcliff Vein, marked by a line of large grass-covered hillocks traversing obliquely up the steep hillside. Longcliffe Vein In the Windy Knoll area, close to the shale boundary at the was in work in 1672 when there was a Barmote Court dispute east end of Teak Cliff, are many shallow hollows thought to involving Richard Torre of Castleton (Rieuwerts, c1992). The be the remains of opencast workings for Blue John. For a more fi rst reference, made by the Barmaster, to later workings on this detailed account regarding these and the history, mining and vein date from 1756 when ‘Abraham Daykin and Isaac Morten working of Blue John, see Ford (2000). There are, however, freed a Founder Meer in Long Clyffe Top Vein on Long Clyffe several entries concerning lead workings on Windy Knoll to the Side and called it Cat Scrin’ (04/12/1756: DRO D1154 G/L 4). west of TreakDownloaded Cliff. In 1800, ‘Joseph Royse and John Needham At SK 1381 8251 there is a short length of vein south of and freed a Founder Meer in an Old Pipe on the Windy Knowl and parallel to Long Clyffe Vein it is possible that this is the location called it Chance’ (18/09/1800: Chats. Bar. Coll.), and, in 1827, of Cat Scrin. Another title on the same vein involved ‘Messrs. ‘Messrs. Needham and Champion gave two dishes of ore to free Bagshaw and Partners at Long Clyffe West End who freed a a Founder Meer in a New Vein or Pipe on Windy Knowl. As Founder Meer in the Long Clyffe Old Vein or Pipe on Long Workmanship shall prove’ (15/05/1827: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The Clyffe Side’ (09/12/1774: DRO D1154 G/L 5). From 1803 until two dishes would have been paid to ensure secure title to all the 1811 Jeremy Royse and Partners freed a further 4 meers west meers in old veins and to any new discovery, whatever it should from Bagshaw’s title in Long Cliff Pipe. Although the exact prove. The locations are not certain. At SK 1261 8305 to the location of these meers cannot be given, the fi rst entry states northwest of the old limestone quarry there is a short length of that the founder meer was at the west end of Long Cliff Vein and obvious mineral vein marked by a single fi lled-in climbing shaft the subsequent meers ranged west of this point. It is possible and a line of hillocks of approximately one meer in extent. This that this title is near the top of the steep hillside. Strangely no could be the location of either of the above entries. entry has been located recording the freeing of the fi rst taker meer west from the founder. In 1789, ‘W. Bagshaw at Long

3 Figure 2. Veins and mines in the northern part of Castleton Liberty

Cliffe gave two dishes of ore to free a Break or Pipe breaking Back.www.pdmhs.com Nicked two stowes on a vein South of the above vein on SouthEast’ (26/06/1789: DRO D1154 G/L 7), the date of which Long Clyffe Side. Nicked two stowes on the South Side of Slack might suggest that this ‘pipe’ was located in either the founder Hole Vein for an Old Pipe on the Longclyffeback. All belonging meer or the fi rst taker meer west from the founder. Near the to Mr. Oakden and Partners. At George Bradshaw’s request’. top of the steep hillside Long Cliff Vein splits into two separate (19/10/1774: DRO D1154 G/L 5). veins. fromA later entry is the only one that actually gives a name for The southerly vein is known as Slack Hole Vein. This vein the mine, when ‘John Bradbury gave one dish of ore to free a ranges in a westwardly direction over an area of land known by Founder Meer in an Old Scrin on the North Side of Slack Hole the Barmaster and miners as Longcliffeback. The course of this Long Clyffe Top and called it Ready Penny’ (28/10/1799: Chats. vein like others in the general area consists of untouched hillocks Bar. Coll.). This mine must be located on the crest of the hill at and shaft hollows. The Barmasters have made numerous entries approximately SK 1379 8251. concerning this vein, but they were unspecifi c in the details given regarding the locations of the mines. The following are the most The only entry so far found that defi nitely relates to workings at interesting entries. The fi rst of which notes that the Barmaster the eastern end of the Long Cliff/Slack Hole Vein complex, notes ‘Nicked one stowe standing on the Founder Meer called Slack that ‘John Bagshaw Esq. by Robert Daykin, freeing a Founder Holes on the Long Clyffeside’ (24/03/1753: DRO D1154 G/L Meer in an Old South Scrin at the Bottom of the Further Slade 4) and later he ‘Nicked seven stowes at Slack Holes on Long within Callow’ (07/04/1773: DRO D1154 G/L 5). The ‘Further Clyffe Side. At Nicholas Cock’s Suit. The owner not known’ Slade’ referred to is in fact what today is called Cowlow Nick (10/12/1763: DRO D1154 G/L 5). The former is interesting at SK 142 823. This steep-sided limestone dale was also known because only a short length of the vein is on Long Cliff Side, so by the name ‘Crumm-le-dale’ (Ford and Rieuwerts, 1985). The therefore the founder meer must be located at this position (SK meer involved is located within a complex of small parallel 1381 8249) near the break with Long Cliff Vein. Only a few scrins near the foot of this dale at SK 1419 8245. These scrins are months later,Downloaded two of the twenty-four men (jurors representing adjacent to the western limit of the small lava bed known as the the barmaster) ‘Dispossessed the stowes at Slack, for Want of Speedwell Vent and terminate abruptly at this point. Two further Workmanship, and given the Ground to Nicholas Cock. Robert entries could also relate to workings at the above location, but Barber and Micah How’ (23/01/1764: DRO D1154 G/L 5). it is uncertain from the terminology used, the fi rst notes that the Although it is not recorded in the above entries, seven meers Barmaster ‘Arrested Joseph Hide’s ½ share of Long Clyffe End from the junction with Long Cliff Vein would locate the west Scrin, at John Slate’s Suit, for the sum of £1/13/4, in an Action of end of this title within the ‘Longclyffeback’ area. Why this is Debt (06/05/1774: DRO D1154 G/L 5) and the second concerns not recorded is not known, perhaps the wall that exists today the ‘Nicking of three stowes at Long Cliff End belonging to was not in position at this time, separating these two areas of William Morten and Partners, at John Clayton’s request, the fi rst land? Later entries of 1774 correct this and also note that there time (29/03/1805: Chats. Bar. Coll.) are, in fact, more than one vein at this location, which is not clearly apparent today, ‘Nicked eight stowes on Slack Hole Located at the very bottom of Cowlow Nick, where the dale Vein. Viz. One on Long Clyffe Top and seven on Long Clyffe widens, are several pipe-like entries (SK 1420 8251) that are

4 Figure 3. Veins and mines in south eastern Castleton and eastern Bradwell liberties possibly the position of the workings recorded above on Long Rakewww.pdmhs.com a little East of the Forest Wall’ (04/12/1762: DRO D1154 Cliff End. Downhill from this point and alongside the public G/L 5) is more location-specifi c and it is possible that Foreside footpath is the overgrown entrance to the Longcliffe Levy Rake Head (centred SK 129 823) is in the area of land to the east driven between 1708 and 1710 for a distance of 50 yards into and west of the tarmac lane leading to Rowter Farm. This is the the eastern end of Longclffe Vein (Ford and Rieuwerts, 1985, highest altitude that the vein attains on its entire range within Rieuwerts, c1992). the liberty, hence the term ‘head’. The ‘Forest Wall’, it will be fromremembered, is the ancient boundary of the Royal Forest of the To the south of Slack Hole Vein and within the large fi eld known Peak separating Castleton Liberty and Peak Forest Liberty. The as Long Cliff Back is the well-known Faucet Rake, variously entry can be positively located at SK 1275 8223 because ‘Joseph called in mining documents as Forside, Focet, Fosset, Forset Hadfi eld and Partners gave one dish of ore to free a Founder or more commonly as Foreside Rake. The earliest reference to Meer in Foreside Rake Old Vein on the Westside of the Shake this vein occurs in 1709 to 1710 when 101 loads and 6 dishes of Hole near the Forest Wall’ (20/04/1802: Chats. Bar. Coll.). This ore were measured (Rieuwerts, c1992). Entries for this vein are large, but shallow, shakehole is still to be seen at SK 1285 8225. numerous, but repetitious. The following are the most signifi cant: The very dilapidated remains of a coe with a possible internal In 1760, George Eeeds freed an ‘Old Founder in Foreside Rake shaft are located adjacent to the western edge of the shakehole, at the Leap on the West Side of the wall on Long Clyffe Back’ which could be the location of the above founder meer. (05/04/1760: DRO D1154 G/L 4), which must be at SK 1411 8233. The term ‘Leap’ refers to a geological feature, such as Although the Speedwell Level is a well-known feature a clay wayboard. It is not known at what depth this feature is associated with the aforementioned veins it is only recorded located within the vein, but it is the only instance where such a by the Barmaster in two entries, when, fi rst, the Barmaster term is used in documents seen by the writer concerning Castleton ‘Arrested Mr. Oakden and Partners Mine on Foreside Rake with Liberty. Another later entry must be referring to the same title the Sough thereunto, at James Whittingham’s Suit, for the sum on Foreside Rake, when ‘Isaac and George Eeeds gave one dish of £0/16/2, in an Action of Debt’ (01/11/1774: DRO D1154 of ore to freeDownloaded a First Taker Meer East from their Old Founder in G/L 5) and much later when ‘Isaac Royse of Castleton sold to Foreside Rake on Long Clyffe Back’ (26/05/1764: DRO D1154 George Sheldon of Castleton, 3/24th shares of Daisy Mine, all G/L 5). This taker meer would obviously have been located on his shares of Speedwell Mine or Level or Sough Mine, Faucet the eastern side of the aforementioned wall. or Foreside Rake, New Rake, Longcliff and Little Winster, for the sum of £10’ (13/09/1856: Chats. Bar. Coll.). In 1762, the Barmaster records that he ‘Nicked seven stowes on Foreside Rake Head belonging to Edward Clayton and Partners. The following are all mentioned by the Barmasters, but it At Samuel Eyre’s request’ (17/09/1762: DRO D1154 G/L 5) and is impossible to give exact grid references due to the lack of later in the same year ‘Dispossessed the stowes at Foreside Rake details given: Callow Side, Longcliffback Mine, Longcliffe Head and gave them to Samuel Eyre and Partners. Jonathan Eyre Engine, Longcliffeback Old Vein, Charles Eyre’s Old Founder, and Micah How. 2 of the 24 Men’ (08/10/1762: DRO D1154 Little Winster Old Pipe, Oakden’s Engine Mine, Eeeds Old G/L 5). The following entry which states that ‘Samuel Eyre and Grove, Bradshaws Engine, Turners Engine, Bradshaws Venture, Partners gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer in Foreside Bradbury & Bradshaws Old Founder, George Eeeds Old

5 Founder, Eeeds Grove, Northside Slack Hole, Mr. Bagshaws of Rowter lane at SK 1305 8195, when ‘Willson Ashton and Old Founder, Long Cliffe Pipe. Robert Bradshaw gave one dish of ore to free an Old Founder Meer in Wet Rake above Tideswell Road on Rowter and called New Rake and associated veins (southwest of Castleton it Ratchwood’ (19/05/1764: DRO D1154 G/L 5) The rough lane village) (Fig. 3) was once known as the ‘Tideswell Road’ and the large fi eld This vein, like the above, is linked to the Speedwell Level is still called ‘Rowter’. The reason why the rake has changed and was, in fact, its ultimate objective. New Rake ranges in names is not known. Might it simply suggest that water drained a generally western direction from the western fringe of the into it from the surrounding higher ground? Unfortunately Cave Dale Lava (SK 1422 8219) to its termination in the west all the surface expression of the vein has been removed by alongside the rough lane near Rowter Farm and the Linicar later quarrying operations associated with the nearby Linicar Limekilns (SK 1301 8196). The surface expression of the vein Limekilns (SK 128 818). remains virtually untouched and contains many surface features, capped shafts, storage ponds and a fi ne but small ore hopper. Slightly to the south of and running parallel to New Rake is another vein that is frequently mentioned by the Barmasters, New Rake is fi rst recorded in October 1725 when a Barmote namely Horsepit Rake. This does not appear to have been worked Court Action was issued against Thomas Pendleton for non- for many yards from the east of the wall at Hurdlow Stile (SK payment of 19s 4d for blacksmith work. This man was still 1391 8201) which seems peculiar because the adjacent New working at New Rake from 1733 to 1735 at which time he Rake continues eastwardly passing the ruined Hurdlow Barn measured 11 loads of ore. Slightly later, in 1739, Ellis Daykin (SK 1409 8212) to terminate at its junction with the Cave Dale is recorded as working on New Rake in a Barmote Court Action Lava. Originally Horsepit Rake continued in a westerly direction (Rieuwerts c1992). into the area of enclosed land called Linicar (centred SK 128 815). Unfortunately a portion of the vein (SK 1338 8191) to Once again the Barmaster made many entries lacking in details the south of Rowter Farm has been levelled during ‘agricultural that can be used to locate the mine sites. However it is possible improvements’ many years ago. The entries concerning Horsepit to locate the following using the details given in several of them. Rake, further to the west on Linicar, will be described in the next The most easily located is the title belonging to James Hall to section. The fi rst entry concerning Horsepit Rake on Hurdlow the south of Rowter Farm where, ‘James Hall and Partners gave dates from 1755 when the Barmaster enters that he has ‘Nicked one dish of ore to free a Fourth Taker Meer West from their the stowes on Horsepit Rake’ (04/11/1755: DRO D1154 G/L Old Founder below the wall on New Rake’ (07/10/1752: DRO 4). It is not clear on which part of the vein these stowes were D1154 G/L 4). The wall is at SK 1359 8201 and the founder located. In 1765 the fi rst defi nite reference concerning the vein meer must be adjacent to the east of this feature. James Hall near Hurdlow Stile notes that the Barmaster ‘Nicked nine stows was working at New Rake previous to the above noted date on Horsepit Rake and seven more on the south side for a Pipe, because in 1748 he complained at the Barmote Court against all above Hourdlo Stile, At Robert Bradshaw and Isaac Barber’s one of his fellow shareholders in the mine (Rieuwerts c1992). request’ (07/04/1765: DRO D1154 G/L 5). This title must be Between 1753 and 1755 James Hall and Partners freed a further to the west of the wall and stile. The mention of a ‘pipe’ to the 4 meers to the west of the 4th Taker Meer giving a total of 9 south of the vein is a little puzzling because there are no hillocks meers in their title on New Rake. An isolated entry for 1756 at this location today, but it may indicate that this feature did notes a freeing of a taker in an easterly direction ‘at Over Engine not come to surface and was accessed via the Horsepit Rake on New Rake’ (10/02/1756: DRO D1154 G/L 4). This meer is workings. Slightly later the Barmaster ‘Nicked four stowes on to the east of the wall at SK 1360 8201. A very comprehensive Horsepitwww.pdmhs.com Rake and four stowes on a scrin on the South Side account of the underground workings of this mine are given by on Over Hourdlo, all belonging to William Holme, at Isaac Nixon and Warriner (1997). Barber’s request’ (20/02/1768: DRO D1154 G/L 5). A later entry establishes that the area of land was also known as Long Cliffe Another mine on New Rake that is frequently mentioned is Back Part ‘Isaac Barber and William Cock gave two dishes of Hurdlow Stile which is located at the eastern end of the linear ore, one to free a Founder Meer in the Old Horsepit Rake and enclosure at SK 1391 8203 close to the aforementionedfrom stile. the other to free a Founder Meer in an Old Pipe crossing the said The Barmaster fi rst records the mine in 1763 when he ‘Nicked 5 Horsepit Rake on the Long Cliffe Back Part’ (14/04/1770: DRO stowes on New Rake Vein on Over Hourdlo belonging to Daniel D1154 G/L 5). This is the last entry made by the Barmaster for Royse and Partners, at Richard Pedley snr. request’ (23/07/1763: freeings on the eastern end of Horsepit Rake. DRO D1154 G/L 5). Although this entry does not name the mine, a slightly later entry corrects this when he again ‘Nicked The following entries note mines on Hurdlow whose exact nine stowes on New Rake at Hourdlo Stile belonging to Daniel location remains unknown. Firstly, ‘John Barber freed an Royse and Messrs. Bagshaw’ (04/02/1764: DRO D1154 G/L 5). Old Founder Meer for a Pipe on Hourdlo and called it Lead’ This title, confi rming the location, was later transferred to Isaac (26/11/1753: DRO D1154 G/L 4) and secondly, ‘Nicked Barber and Abraham Bradshaw (25/02/1764: DRO D1154 G/L thirteen stowes on Hourdlo Pipe belonging to John Barber and 5) and four months later the Barmaster noted that ‘Isaac Barber the late Robert Barber’ (03/08/1754: DRO D1154 G/L 4). No and Abraham Bradshaw gave one dish of ore to free a Founder location is also known for ‘Daniel Royse and John Shallcross Meer in New Rake Old Vein above Hourdlo Stile’ (11/06/1764: freed a Founder Meer in a New Pipe in John Shallcross’ corn DRO D1154 G/L 5) whilst the last entry available, for 1766, fi eld upon Hourdlo and called it Plough alias Ploughfoot Mine. states that the Barmaster ‘Arrested Robert Bradshaw’s ½ share (11/04/1805: Chats. Bar. Coll.) of Hourdlo Stile Mine. At Isaac Barber’s Suit. For the sum of £0/10/10’ (21/03/1766:Downloaded DRO D1154 G/L 5). Linicar Rake and associated veins (southwest of Castleton village) (Fig. 3) The eastern portion of New Rake adjacent to the ruined Hurdlow The large enclosure known as Linicar is crossed by a complex Barn (SK 1405 8212) was probably involved when, in 1759, of interconnected veins and scrins which run in a generally ‘John Slate was given Notice of the Warrant against him at New east to west direction. Although this area would have probably Rake Bottom’ (17/11/1759: DRO D1154 G/L 4). In this vicinity contained many mines only a few are recorded. All of the veins New Rake ranges down a sloping fi eld, so it is therefore feasible remain untouched since the last working and contain many that this would be called New Rake Bottom. Incidentally at SK surface features such as coes, capped shafts, and belland yards. 1419 8218 there are the remains of a dilapidated ‘squeezer’ type As was stated earlier Horsepit Rake continues into this area and stile on the course of New Rake that could have been originally from the Barmasters entries it is possible to positively identify constructed for miners’ access. the location of Hank Hall Mine. This mine is fi rst mentioned in 1765 and until 1771 a total of six meers were freed in an easterly The following entry appears to indicate that New Rake terminated direction from the founder, whilst in 1769 the ‘Partners at Hank to the west of the rough (now-a-days un-tarmaced) portion Hall gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer in an Old

6 Scrin on the Northside of Horsepit Rake at Horsepit Rake Head’ (06/12/1847: Chats. Bar. Coll.). It is possible some of these (24/02/1769: DRO D1154 G/L 5). The exact location of the mine names concern the same workings whose earlier name had been is confi rmed in a much later entry when the Barmaster ‘Viewed lost or was insecure. a Mine called Hank Hall lying on Linicar from the Eastside of a Shake Hole and West to the wall that parts Castleton and Peak Another prominent vein which crosses the southwestern corner Forest Liberties. At James Nall’s request’ (23/11/1849: Chats. of Linicar fi eld is known has Slack Hole Vein. In the east near Bar. Coll.), whilst a slightly later entry gives the extent of the Cave Dale Head, within Wham Slack, the vein has been levelled. mine when two of the Jurymen ‘Gave James Nall Possession of The western range contains untouched hillocks and shaft Hank Hall Mine being about twelve meers in length. Ellis Hall hollows. Surprisingly no positive reference is made to this vein and James Hall. Two of the Twenty-four Men’ (30/01/1850: in any documents seen during the present research, although the Chats. Bar. Coll.). From these entries it is possible to give an following could be a reference to the vein: ‘Viewed a piece of exact location for this mine on Linicar at SK 1285 8174 in the Ground lying between a large Shake Hole in Wham Slack and northern area of the large fi eld. Interestingly at SK 1275 8171 a cross wall on Linicar, whereon I found no stowes. At Charles a small belland yard encloses a ruined coe with an internal Tym’s request’ (04/04/1843: Chats. Bar. Coll.). This could be at climbing shaft. The large and fairly deep shakehole mentioned SK 1360 8159 in the fi eld known as Wham Slack there is a large in 1849 is at SK 1291 8173 and is a most impressive natural partly fi lled shakehole that shows evidence of mining in feature whilst the wall mentioned, also, in 1849 is, of course, the the form of levelled hillocks and covered shafts. The following ‘Forest Wall’. An entry of 1803 reveals that a horse-gin and shaft are recorded by the Barmasters but their exact locations remain were located on the mine, and states ‘Dispossessed three stowes unknown: Linicar Pipe, Linicar Scrin, Northside Hank Hall. at Hank Hall, being all of the stowes on the Mine to four meers West of the Old Engine, and Given the Ground to Joseph Eyre. Cave Dale area. (southeast of Castleton village) John Needham and Joseph Hall. Two of the Twenty-four Men’ This visually impressive dale is crossed, from east to west, by (15/07/1803: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The location of this ‘engine’ several veins and also contains the locations of several pipe and shaft is not apparent today. veins. Although there are many entries associated with these veins/pipes, it is not possible to exactly locate the mines, apart The following mine, freed by William Barber in 1755 at ‘an Old from one, because of lack of detail given in the entries. The Founder Meer of a Scrin or Vein on the Southside of Horsepit fi rst record of a mine in Cave Dale appears in 1761 when ‘The Rake on Linicar’ (24/05/1755: DRO D1154 G/L4) could be Partners at Cave Grove gave two dishes of ore, one to free a located within the vicinity of Hank Hall Mine, but its exact Founder Meer in an Old Pipe and one to free a Founder Meer in location cannot be given due to the lack of information. In the a New Pipe’ (03/09/1761: DRO D1154 G/L 4). A slightly later same fi eld as Hank Hall there is another frequently mentioned entry gives an alternative name for the mine when the ‘Partners mine, known by the name of Two Rakes Head (another mine in the Cave gave one dish of ore to free the First Taker Meer of the same name is located at SK 125 815 in Peak Forest East from their Old Founder at Turnpike Venture in the Cave’ Liberty) (Heathcote 2001b). Although Two Rakes Head cannot (05/01/1762: DRO D1154 G/L 5). Other freeings recorded for be given an exact location, it must be adjacent to the wall that mines in Cave Dale note that ‘William Stafford and Partners freed separates Castleton and Peak Forest Liberties at approximately a New Pipe in the Cave and called it Cave Wall” (10/02/1762: SK 126 816. The mine is fi rst recorded in 1752 when ‘Thomas DRO D1154 G/L 5) and a few days later ‘William Holme and Pendleton gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer of an Old Partners freed an Old Pipe in the Cave and called it Dungeon Scrin on the Southside of Two Rakes and called it Have-at-All’ Pipe’ (16/02/1762: DRO D1154 G/L 5). These pipe veins are (16/10/1752: DRO D1154 G/L 4). possiblywww.pdmhs.com located on the western side of the dale almost directly below the southern ramparts of Peveril Castle. The last entry of In 1773 and 1806 other entries must be referring to the same 1762 seems to be a defi nite reference to this feature. Dungeon location. ‘Benjamin Hall gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Pipe is not mentioned again until 1765 when the Barmaster Meer in Pendleton Old Scrin on the Southside of Two Rakes ‘Nicked one stowe on the Cave or Dungeon Pipe belonging to at Linicar Head’ (18/06/1773: DRO D1154 G/L 5) and ‘John William Holme. At Jeremy Royses’ request’ (19/11/1765: DRO Wright freed a Founder Meer in a New Vein on the fromSouthside D1154 G/L 5). of Pendleton Scrin on Linicar’ (20/09/1806: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The entry of 1773 is of interest because it states that Two Rakes The location of the next isolated entry can be positively was at ‘Linicar Head’ or the highest point of land, a fact that is identifi ed: ‘Isaac Eeeds gave one dish of ore to free a Founder obvious today. Meer of an Old Scrin on the Southside of the Cave against Robin Jackson Tor’ (22/10/1763: DRO D1154 G/L 5). The outcrop of Another curiously named mine was also situated near Two limestone called Robin Jackson Tor is at SK 1490 8244 on the Rakes Head where ‘George Bradshaw and Partners freed western side of Cave Dale. an Old Founder Meer at Two Rakes and called it Locharbor’ (12/08/1758: DRO D1154 G/L 4) and, in 1773, ‘George It is possible that the following reference could be situated in Whittingham gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer in an Cave Dale at SK 1490 8135 on the western side of the dale Old Scrin at Two Rakes Head on the Southside of Locharbor on where it narrows, at which locality a prominent vein is to be Linicar’ (29/03/1773: DRO D1154 G/L 4). seen: ‘John Hall gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer in an Old Scrin on the Southside of Weather Rake in the Cave’ Another mine at Two Rakes Head is the following ‘Robert (04/06/1784: DRO D1154 G/L 7). This was a very old vein, Bradshaw freed a Founder Meer at Two Rakes Head and called known in the late 16th century when there is a reference to Hit and Miss’Downloaded (07/07/1763: DRO D1154 G/L 5) whilst also ‘Wether Rake Hed on Cawlowe’(c.1583: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The recorded is the appropriately named Linicar Rake. Again it is not range of this vein traverses the western side of Cave Dale and clear which of the numerous veins in this area of land is involved continues westwardly into the area of Cowlow, at which point but it was fi rst recorded in 1752 when ‘William Barber gave one it seems to end, but fi eld evidence proves that at several points dish of ore to free an Old Founder Meer on Henry Barber Scrin along its supposed course exploratory shafts (cast holes) have on the Northside of Linicar Rake’ (01/11/1752: DRO D1154 been sunk to try to locate its continuation. Interestingly this vein G/L 4). In 1755 ‘William Barber freed an Old Founder Meer appears to be the eastern continuation of New Rake. Eastwardly on Linicar Rake and called it Heath Bush’ (22/02/1755: DRO from Cave Dale the vein continues into a large enclosed fi eld D1154 G/L 4). Later still ‘Archibald Daykin gave one dish of where it seems to terminate. Immediately to the south of Weather ore to free a Founder Meer at the East End of Linicar Rake and Rake and in the same enclosure is an area that contains a large called it Thorn Bush’ (04/05/1765: DRO D1154 G/L 5) and in amount of closely spaced shaft hollows probably marking the 1847 the Barmaster records the last freeing of ground on Linicar location of a large pipe vein (SK 151 824). when ‘Ann, Samuel, Charles and Robert Tym freed a Founder Meer in an Old Vein on Linicar and called it Miners Venture’

7 Cowlow area. Dirtlow Rake and associated veins (southeast and south of This area of high ground lies to the west of Castleton village Castleton village) (Figs. 4 & 5) and separates the wide Hope Valley and Cave Dale. There are Ashton’s or Pindale Mine, although situated within Hope many entries regarding mines in this area but unfortunately the Liberty, is included here because it worked the extreme eastern entries are lacking in suffi cient details to exactly locate some end of Dirtlow Rake and it is believed that this paper would not of them. The following dating from 1752 can be precisely be complete of this aspect was overlooked. Incidentally Pindale located, ‘Arrested Edward Ashton’s Grove at Slade. At the Suit Mine is the only location, known to the writer, where lead of Sampson Cock. For the sum of £0/6/8’ (02/12/1752: DRO mining was undertaken within Hope Liberty, although further D1154 G/L 4). ‘Slade’ is the shallow valley on the northern research could possibly discount this fact. fl ank of Cowlow. Field evidence has revealed two shaft hillocks in the bottom of this small valley at SK 1435 8241, it is possible Like the previously described Oden Vein, Foreside Rake and that this is the location of Edward Ashton’s Grove. New Rake, Dirtlow Rake is one of the major veins of the area. The earliest reference to the vein dates from 1538 when a deed Another mine is recorded as being located on Little Bank (centred records ‘Dyrtlo Rake Hed’ (Cameron 1959). A map of Castleton SK 144 822) on Cowlow, ‘Jonathan Royse freed a First Taker Commons, dating from 1691, shows the course of the vein from Meer West from his Old Founder on Little Bank on Callow and Pindale in the east to Dirtlow Rake Head in the west, confi rming called it Smiling Ellin’ (03/08/1765: DRO D1154 G/L 5). that by this date the continuity of the vein was established (Sheff. Arch. Bag. Coll. 241). At SK 1473 8221 there is a prominent limestone outcrop, this was known as ‘Rodger’ to the old inhabitants of Castleton and From Pindale Mine at SK 1625 8253 in the east Dirtlow Rake is named this on the c1898 O.S. map of the area (Derbyshire ranges in a generally westwardly direction to Hazard Mine at sheet IX-12. Digital Archives, Warrington). An entry of 1765 SK 1365 8122 in the west. The Castleton Barmasters made relates to this natural feature, and records that the Barmaster numerous entries concerning mine titles on this major vein and ‘Nicked seventeen stowes on Callow and the Back of Rodger by analysing these it is possible to approximately locate each on a South Run and ten stowes on a North Run. All belonging to separate mine along the course of the vein from east to west. At Daniel Royse and George Bradshaw’ (27/04/1765: DRO D1154 ‘Sidegate Top’ (SK 1569 8228) the eastern extremities of the G/L 5). vein splits into two branch veins, the more northerly known as Kitle End Vein and the southerly branch known as Pindale Side The following is noted by the Barmaster but its exact location Vein. It will be seen that this area also contains a complex of cannot be given due to lack of details: Little Bank Top Scrin. veins/scrins these will be noted where appropriate. Peak Cavern Gorge. At SK 1625 8253 is the well-known installation of Ashton’s or There are numerous entries regarding the freeing of veins on Pindale Mine. An isolated entry notes that ‘The Pindale Mining the southern outskirts of the village in the Peak Cavern entrance Company, in the Liberty of Hope, gave one dish of ore to free a gorge area. The fi rst dating from 1753, notes that ‘Jonathan Hall Fourth Taker Meer East from their Old Founder at Pindale Mine’ gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer on the Castle Side’ (10/07/1869: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The following entry records the (29/05/1753: DRO D1154 G/L 4). The exact location of this laying out of ground at the mine for mining purposes ‘Set out remains unknown. About one year later Jonathan Hall freed a from the Engine Shaft at Pindale Mine, Forty feet South, Forty- single taker meer to the west of his founder at this mine. This seven feet East, One hundred and Ninety-nine feet Northeast same man, in 1755, freed a meer in another vein which must be andwww.pdmhs.com Eighty-seven feet Southwest for the purpose of laying in close proximity to the previous ‘Jonathan Hall freed an Old mineral rubbish etc’ (07/07/1869: Chats. Bar. Coll.). This must Founder on Castle Middle Vein’ (09/05/1755: DRO D1154 G/L be referring to the large hillock that is present at the site today. 4). Many years later ‘Robert Hall and Partners freed a Founder Meer in a New Vein in the Castle Side a little more South than In close vicinity to Pindale Mine is another vein that traverses the Russet Well’ (09/07/1800: Chats. Bar. Coll.). A further entry the bottom of the steep hillside (Siggate) at an acute angle to refers to another vein ‘Nicked four stowes on the Castlefrom Bottom the main Dirtlow Rake, This is Redseats Vein (centred SK 158 being West from the Pinfold belonging to John Whittingham. At 826). Workings on this vein are fi rst noted, by the Barmaster, in Jonathan Royse and Joseph Bradshaw’s request’ (17/04/1802: 1753, when ‘Robert Barber gave one dish of ore to free an Old Chats. Bar. Coll.). Founder of an Old Scrin called Have at All on the Northside of Redseatswood Vein in the Red Seats Wood’ (17/07/1753: DRO Field evidence reveals the gorge is crossed from east to west D1154 G/L 4) The exact location of this vein is unclear. A slightly by at least three veins. The one located at SK 1481 8271 being later entry could indicate when zinc blende (calamine) was fi rst the most prominent and is easily recognisable on the gorge side mined at this location, because ‘Joseph Hall and Partners freed directly opposite the entrance to Peakshole Sough. The two a Founder Meer in an Old Vein on the Siggit Side and called it veins nearer to Peak Cavern entrance are only visible during the Callamy Vein’ (24/03/1760: DRO D1154 G/L 4). The hillocks winter months when the thick vegetation is less abundant. The situated on Redseats Vein still contain a small amount of this above entries referring to veins on Castle Side, Castle Middle, material. Castle Bottom and the vein ‘to the south of Russet Well’ must be referring to these veins. To the west of the gorge and draining On the steep hillside above Red Seats Vein is a complex into it is Peakshole Sough (SK 1479 8269) driven between 1771 arrangement of veins and scrins (centred SK 159 824) connected and 1783. The history and accessible underground workings to the easterly continuation of Kytle End Vein. Although the associated withDownloaded this feature have been documented by Penny Barmasters have made numerous entries for this general area it (1985), Ford and Rieuwerts (1985) and more recently by is diffi cult to locate the exact positions of the mines mentioned. Rieuwerts (2007). The area was known as Siggate Side or the ‘Herbage’ to the Barmasters and miners. The earliest of which concerns Pindale An isolated entry of 1806 almost certainly refers to a vein in End Mine dates from 1758 when the Barmaster ‘Laid out Two the vicinity of Peakshole Sough ‘Matthew Frost for Sir W. C. Founder Meers and a Lords Meer at Pindale End’ (08/12/1758: Bagshaw and Partners freed a Founder Meer in an Old Vein DRO D1154 G/L 4). Pindale End Mine is at SK 1599 8249 at in the Dog Yard on Goosehill Top and called it Matthew Frost the foot of the steep hillside near to the sharp bend in the minor Venture’ (06/09/1806: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The ‘dog yard’ noted road from Castleton to Hope. Previous to the above noted date in this entry must be referring to the ruined building at SK 1472 the mine was at work during 1730 to 1733 when 1725 loads of 8271 on the hillside above Goosehill Hall, which was the site of ore were measured (Rieuwerts, 1995). Incidentally at the side the dog kennels for the hall. of the road at SK 1610 8248 there is a lidded climbing shaft which is excellently preserved containing foot and hand holes incorporated into the ginging. The mine is not mentioned again

8 until the following entry is found, ‘The Partners at Pindale End is the location of a complex series of interconnecting veins and gave one dish of ore to free a Third, Fourth and Fifth Taker scrins. These consist of the previously mentioned Kytle End Meers West from Yates Founder in an Old Vein at Pindale. Vein, Pindale Side Vein and Fire Scrin or Walker Stickings. The Nine Meers in the aforesaid vein, being a Founder, Two Taker entries for mines in this area are numerous and will be described Meers West and Six Taker Meers East from the said Founder. accordingly. The earliest date, recorded by the Barmaster, for (10/08/1768: DRO D1154 G/L 5). The exact location of Yates workings on Kytle End Vein dates from 1759 and states that Founder is not known but it is possibly in the vicinity of the ‘Jonathan and Joseph Morten freed a Founder Meer in an Old previously mentioned climbing shaft. If this is the case then it Scrin on Kytle End and called it Luck at Last’ (22/12/1759: is clear that the miners were intent on working the veins in the DRO D1154 G/L 4). The exact location of Luck at Last Mine on limestone beneath the shale cover to the east as well as the veins Kytle End is not known. A later entry could be referring to the within the limestone to the west. re-freeing of the same piece of ground ‘Jonathan Morten and Jonathan Royse freed a Founder Meer in an Old Scrin on Kytle The following entry is of interest because it is a perfect example End on the Northside of Clogg Buckle Scrin and called it Luck showing how groups of miners sometimes worked veins on at Last’ (19/05/1764: DRO D1154 G/L 5). Likewise the location either side of other miners titles ‘Viewed a piece of Ground of Clogg Buckle Scrin is not known. A later entry refers to the called Dakin and Hall’s Title lying East and West from Sidegate extent of the title at Clogg Buckle Grove ‘Nicked fi ve stowes at Top and belonging to Pindale End Proprietors’ (24/02/1842: Clogg Buckle Grove on Kytle End belonging to Robert Morten. Chats. Bar. Coll.). Sidegate Top Mine is at SK 1569 8228 and At Adam Barber’s request’ (17/06/1769: DRO D1154 G/L 5). it is clear that the Pindale End miners were working the vein to the east and west of this mine title, which at this date was owned Slightly earlier than the above the Barmaster records another by Isaac Royse of Castleton. The prominent vein to the east of mine on Kytle End when ‘Thomas Dakin and Partners gave Sidegate Top Mine is known as Kytle End Vein and the following one dish of ore to free an Old Founder in Kytle End Great Vein entry records this ‘Samuel Royse, Inn keeper of Castleton, sold and called it the Red Hole’ (24/06/1763: DRO D1154 G/L 5). to Robert How Ashton, all of his Title to Kytle End Vein being Almost one year later one of the above named men was again East from Sidegate Top Title to Pindale End Vein, for the sum freeing ground on Kytle End ‘Thomas Dakin and Samuel Slack of £6/10/0’ (19/10/1867: Chats. Bar. Coll.). This is the last entry freed an Old Founder in a North Scrin on Kytle End and called made by the Barmaster concerning Pindale End Vein. it Carters Venture’ (16/06/1764: DRO D1154 G/L 5). Several other mines are noted as being on Siggate Side/Herbage The details given for the location of the following mine appear and these are as follows ‘Viewed twelve stowes belonging to to indicate that some confusion was apparent on which particular Isaac Eeeds and Partners set for the two southmost veins on vein was being freed ‘Robert Nall and Partners gave one dish of Kytle End called Red Shanks Vein. Three stowes on Kytle End ore to free a Founder Meer in an Old Vein or Scrin on Kytle End Vein and three stowes on the Red Seats Wood’ (02/11/1771: (being the westmost) and called it Flowering Ash’ (26/07/1806: DRO D1154 G/L 5). Traversing obliquely down the very steep Chats. Bar. Coll.), and a few months later the same miners ‘gave hillside (centred SK 157 824) from Kytle End Vein towards one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer in an Old Vein on Kytle Redseats Vein are the hillocks marking the location of several End and called it Flowering Ash (nearer the turn of the Siggit veins and the above entry could be referring to one of these. Gate than that freed on July 26th last)’ (13/10/1806: Chats. Bar. Likewise the following entry could also be referring to one Coll.). The term ‘the turn of the Siggit Gate’ must be a reference of these veins, when the Barmaster ‘Nicked three stowes at to the sharp bend in this road at SK 1589 8245. Radcliffe Founder (being all the stowes to the foot gate going www.pdmhs.com up the Siggit), belonging to Adam Morten and Partners. At Elias The following entries seem to indicate that Rowbotham Vein Hall’s request’ (10/01/1807: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The ‘foot gate’ is also located somewhere on Kytle End. The fi rst of these referred to could be the present footpath which does cross the date from 1769, when the Barmaster ‘Nicked four stowes on aforementioned veins. Kytle End belonging to Thomas Rowbotham and Partners. At Laurence Marshall’s request’ (21/04/1769: DRO D1154 G/L Another entry refers to a mine in the ‘Herbage’, when ‘Johnfrom Nall 5), and later he again ‘Nicked two stowes near Pindale Gate and Partners gave two dishes of ore. One to free a Third Taker at Kytle End. Also Nicked six stowes on Rowbotham Vein’ Meer West from their Old Founder in the Herbage. The other for (04/01/1773: DRO D1154 G/L 5). Thomas Rowbotham and a New Vein as it should prove’ (02/08/1798: Chats. Bar. Coll.). the vein apparently named after him are not recorded again in Over one year later the mine is named during the process of being any entries made by the Castleton Barmasters. Incidentally the claimed by another miner ‘Given Joseph Royse of Townhead, location of the above mentioned ‘Pindale Gate’ is not known Castleton, possession of John Nall’s shares of Bottany Bay Mine at the time of writing, but it was possibly in the vicinity of the in the Herbage. For the Nonpayment of £3/15/0. John Needham small mining settlement at the foot of Pindale known locally as and John Walker. Two of the Twenty-four Men’ (28/12/1799: ‘Black Rabbit’ (SK 1603 8241). Chats. Bar. Coll.). A slightly later entry could be referring to the same title or one close by. If it is referring to the same title then At SK 1569 8228 are the surface remains of Sidegate Top Mine. it implies that the mine as changed names when ‘Thomas Dakin, This is the location where Dirtlow Rake splits into separate veins, Benjamin Marsden and Anthony Marshall freed a First Taker Kytle End Vein running along the westerly crest of Pindale and Meer West from Royses’ Old Founder in the Herbage and called Pindale Side Vein traversing steeply down the western side of it Folly Rewarded’ (27/04/1807: Chats. Bar. Coll.). the dale. Running parallel to and south of Pindale Side Vein is Fire Scrin or Walker Stickings. All of these veins feature A later entryDownloaded notes another mine in this locality, when ‘John prominently in the Barmasters records especially Kytle End Vein Frost gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer in an Old and Pindale Side Vein. It appears from the Barmasters entries Vein in the Herbage and called it Droister’ (21/05/1836: Chats. that the titles to these two veins within the vicinity of Sidegate Bar. Coll.). Top Mine were highly contested between separate groups of miners and a fair amount of argument ensued between these In 1814 the Barmaster refers to a mine on the ‘Siggate Side’ that groups. The fi rst instance is recorded in 1753 when ‘ Jonathan features prominently in the ore accounts for many years ‘Given Walker and Partners gave one dish of ore to free a First Taker Richard Bennett possession of Joseph Collins 1/4th share of Meer East from their Old Founder on Dirtlo Old Vein at Siggit Rustle Amongst Them on Siggate Side. Joseph Hall and Micah Head. Chain Arrested by Robert Hall and Partners. In an Action Barber. Two of the Twenty-four Men’ (02/04/1814: Chats. Bar. of Title’ (21/08/1753: DRO D1154 G/L 4). A few weeks later Coll.). both parties ‘. . .entered into a Bond of £100 each to stand to the Determination of George Hayward & Sons of Ashford and Overlooking ‘Sidegate Side’ is the area of rough ground called Jonathan Needham of Great Hucklow, wherein Robert Hall and ‘Sidegate Top’ by the Barmaster. It was stated earlier that this Partners were Plaintiffs against Jonathan Walker and Partners,

9 Figure 4. Veins and mines in the southern Castleton and western Bradwellwww.pdmhs.com liberties.

Defendants’ (12/09/1753: DRO D1154 G/L 4). Slightly over drawn from an Old Shake Hole now covered by a Bing Place two months later the dispute between the parties appears to have recently erected by Richard Hall, at the end of twenty-six feet been settled and it is noted that the ‘Barmaster should draw over ranging Eastwardly from a hole struck through in the North Vein the Meer and should drive down a Partition Stake and the West by the workmen of Richard Hall and ends thirty feet ranging Half Meer belongs to Jonathan Walker and Partners andfrom the East Eastwardly from the twenty-six feet’ (30/11/1843: Chats. Bar. Half Meer belongs to Robert Hall and Partners’ (28/11/1753: Coll.). The ore accounts record that Lawyer Mine was located DRO D1154 G/L 4). From the above entries it is clear that these on Pindale Side Vein and the terminology used in the following two groups of miners were arguing over the ownership of the entry confi rms that Hall and Royse had been contesting the same piece of ground. Early in 1754 the following appears again ground near the ‘rither point’ of Kytle End Vein and Pindale concerning the same piece of vein when ‘Micah Hall sold to Side Vein in the vicinity of Sidegate Top Mine, because ‘Richard Robert Hall the Primgap on Dirtlo Old Vein at Siggit Top being Hall and Partners at the Lawyer Mine freed a First Taker Meer West from Robert Hall’s Old Founder and East from the Half East from a hole struck through by the Workmen of Richard Meer that was given to Robert Hall by the Arbitration on the Hall to the Workmen of Isaac Royse’ (03/05/1844: Chats. Bar. 27th November last. For the sum of £0/2/6 and being 15½ yards Coll.). Nothing more is known about this dispute. in length’ (11/02/1754: DRO D1154 G/L 4). The sale of such a small portion of vein as a primgap by one miner to another is The following entries concern mines that are at Sidegate Top or very unusual. on Pindale Side, whose exact locations are unknown. The fi rst notes that ‘Samuel Hunter and Partners gave one dish of ore to In 1843 the veins connected to Sidegate Top Mine are again the free a Founder Meer in a New Vein on Siggit Top and called it site of a protracted dispute concerning ownership rights. This High Gate Vein’ (11/061764: DRO D1154 G/L 5). The second is fi rst recordedDownloaded in May 1843 when the Barmaster ‘Arrested the concerns another member of the Hall family when ‘John Hall ore at Kytle End Vein belonging to Isaac Royse and Partners. gave one dish of ore to free a First Taker Meer West from his At the Suit of Isaac Royse against Richard Hall. In an Action Old Founder at Fox Hole on Pindale Side’ (26/02/1807: Chats. of Title’ (25/05/1843: Chats. Bar. Coll.). A very short time Bar. Coll.). later the Barmaster ‘Put Twenty-three of the Grand Jury into Sidegate Top Mine to view a trespass supposed to be committed Near the top of Pindale (SK 156 821) the geological map shows by Richard Hall at Kytle End belonging to Isaac Royse and a short length of vein. There is very little surface expression of Partners. They gave their Opinion that it was all and one the this vein today. The following could be referring to this vein same vein’ (08/06/1843: Chats. Bar. Coll.). This was not the ‘Joseph Walker and Partners gave one dish of ore to free a end of the matter because later in November 1843 Issac Royse Founder Meer in an Old Sun Vein at Pindale Head’ (14/01/1769: requested the Barmaster to ‘Arrest all the portion of Kytle End DRO D1154 G/L 5). Vein together with all the ore lying on the Hillock and in the Coe on the Middle Vein, which commences from a square line to be

10 Figure 5. Veins and mines in the southwestern part of Castleton Libertywww.pdmhs.com

As was stated earlier running parallel to Pindale Side Vein is Action of Debt. For the sum of £100/5/4’ (03/05/1802: Chats. the visually striking surface feature called Fire Scrin or Walker Bar. Coll.). Although these entries do not give a location for Stickings. The entries for this vein are again numerous and the the mine the following entry corrects this ‘East of Smith or Old more notable of these follow. Fire Scrin is fi rst noted in 1753 Grove on Nether Dirtlow (namely) Eyre Grove, Sidegate Top when the Barmaster ‘Nicked two stowes, one East andfrom one West and Walker Titles’ (03/09/1808: Chats. Bar. Coll.). From this from Jonathan Walker’s Old Founder on Pinda Side called Fire various pieces of information are gained. Eyre/Ashton’s Grove Scrin’ (02/07/1753: DRO D1154 G/L 4). Many years later the is west of Sidegate Top Mine and east of Smith or Old Grove. alternative name for Fire Scrin is recorded when ‘Adam Morten Walker Titles is a reference to the previously mentioned Fire of Bradwell sold to Robert How Ashton, 1/12th share of Pindale Scrin. Almost a year later an entry confi rms that Eyre/Ashton’s Mine and Fire Scrin alias Walker Stickens. For the sum of Grove was adjacent to the western boundary of the Sidegate Top £5’ (15/11/1824: Chats. Bar. Coll.). For details of the surface Mine title, when the Barmaster notes that he ‘Arrested 11/24th remains to be found in the Pindale area, see Heathcote (2001a). shares of the Consolidated Titles of Eyre or Ashton’s Grove and Sidegate Top belonging to Samuel White. At the Suit of To the west of Siggate Head Mine the vein takes on a more Jeremy Royse. For the sum of £205/5/8’ (10/08/1809: Chats. uniform structure consisting of a series of closely spaced parallel Bar. Coll.). veins. This area was known as ‘Lower Dirtlow’ or ‘Nether Dirtlow’ by the Barmasters and miners. Careful analysis of From the above entry of September 1808 it is clear that Smith mine documents and Barmasters entries has enabled the writer or Old Grove is located to the west of Eyre/Ashton’s Grove on to locate with the mine titles in this area from Sidegate Head Nether Dirtlow. This mine title is fi rst positively mentioned in Mine, in the east (SK 1569 8228) to How Grove, in the west 1761 at which time a dispute was underway at the mine and (SK 1480 8175).Downloaded the Barmaster notes that he ‘Attended an Inquiry at Jonathan Royse and Thomas Frost’s request. At Samuel Smith’s, Frost’s The most easterly mine title situated on Nether Dirtlow was and Royses’ Groove on Nether Dirtlow’ (09/02/1761: DRO Eyre or Ashton’s Grove. The mine was certainly at work from D1154 G/L 4). Two days later the Barmaster ‘Ordered Joseph 1730 to 1739 when ore was measured and a Barmote Court Royse and Robert Marshall to go into Samuel Smith’s Grove dispute recorded the workings of the mine (Rieuwerts, 1995). on Nether Dirtlo and they were denied by Samuel Smith, three The mine is fi rst recorded, by the Castleton Barmaster, in 1799, times. At Two o’clock in the afternoon ordered Micah How and when ‘Jeremy Royse and Partners gave one dish of Isaac Ashton to go into the Grove, but they were denied once by ore to free a Half Meer East from his Ninth Taker Meer East Smith’s wife and a second time the timber was knocked out, so from Ashton’s Old Founder in Dirtlo Old Vein’ (14/06/1799: they did not get to the bottom’ (11/02/1761: DRO D1154 G/L Chats. Bar. Coll.). Several years later the Barmaster ‘Arrested 4). Nevertheless, the very next day, the Barmaster notes that he 13/24th shares of Eyre or Ashton’s Grove. At the Suit of Jeremy ‘Put Micah How and Isaac Royse into Samuel Smith’s Grove Royse against Richard White, Isaac and George Eeeds. In an and they went down to the bottom six times, but were stopped

11 from going to the Forefi eld by Smith’s Workmen’ (12/02/1761: records the title to the east of this shaft ‘Arrested all the shares DRO D1154 G/L 4). Only two days later, the Barmaster again of Nall or Prince East End Mine. At the Suit of Joseph Barber ‘Put Robert Marshall and William Jeffrey into the mine, but they against Isaac, Joseph and William Eeeds. In an Action of Debt for could not get to the Forefi eld because of Water’ (14/02/1761: the sum of £16/15/7’ (03/11/1809: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The mine DRO D1154 G/L 4). The outcome of the dispute appears to have is last mentioned in 1864 when ‘Isaac Furniss of Knowlegates, gone un-recorded but later in the same year the owner of the Castleton, sold to Abraham Furniss of Castleton, 20/36th shares mine was fi ned and the Barmaster notes ‘Received of Samuel of Prince West End, Prince East End and How Ground for the Smith £8 for an amerciament. For denying the Twenty-four Men sum of £16/0/0’ (04/08/1864: Chats. Bar. Coll.). going down his Shaft and Gates’ (12/06/1761: DRO D1154 G/ L 4). In the spring of 1762, Smith was again trespassing into The above entry also records that How Ground or Grove is the another miners title, and the Barmaster again ‘Put Jonathan next title in a westerly direction on Dirtlow Rake. How Grove Needham and Micah How into Samuel Smith’s Grove on Dirtlo. is frequently mentioned in the Barmasters books, the fi rst of They gave their Opinion that Smith was cut to Ashton’s Shaft on which dates from 1755, when the Barmaster ‘Awarded half of the Northside’ (21/04/1762: DRO D1154 G/L 5). This indicates How Grove on Dirtlo Rake for the sum of £0/10/6 in an Action of that Smith was working in an easterly direction into the adjacent Debt. William How Plaintiff against Thomas How or his wife . . Eyre or Ashton’s Grove. .’ (01/06/1755: DRO D1154 G/L 4). Several years later ‘William and Martin How of Bradwell sold to Richard Bagshaw Esq. Immediately to the west of Smith/Old Grove was Royses’ of Wormhill Hall, William Bagshaw Esq. of the Inner Temple, Grove. This mine was put up for sale in early 1761 and an entry London, and John Bagshaw Esq. of Castleton, 1/3rd share of clearly states its location sandwiched between Smith Grove and How Grove, for the sum of £20’ (03/12/1757: DRO D1154 G/L Needham’s Grove ‘at the West End by a Stake that parts Royse 4). In 1811 an entry confi rms that How Grove is adjacent to the and Partners and Needham and Partners on the North Side, west end of Prince or Nall Mine ‘George Eeeds sold to Benjamin South Side and Middle Veins, and at the East End by a Stake Eyre 2/24th shares of Nall or Prince West End and 1/24th share that parts Royse and Partners and Smith and Partners. For the of How Grove lying West from Nall or Prince West End, for the sum of £70’ (17/03/1761: DRO D1154 G/L 4). An earlier entry sum of £2/2/0’ (02/10/1811: Chats. Bar. Coll.). A slightly later notes that the miners at Royses’ Grove were also trespassing entry is interesting because of the detail it contains and notes that in a westerly direction into the adjacent Needham’s Grove ‘George Eeeds sold to Jeremy Royse and Jonathan How, all his ‘Put Jonathan Eyre and Isaac Ashton into Jonathan Royse and title West from the Middle of the Engine Shaft called Prince West Partners Mine on Dirtlo. At George and Jonathan Needham’s End, for the sum of £5/5/0. If the Engine Shaft should be sunk request. To give their Opinion how far they were driven from one fathom lower for a fall for the Boose Place, then the owners their West Shaft in the North Vein. They gave their Opinion that of How Ground are to assist George Eeeds. The Coes and Ore they were driven about thirty to thirty-two yards West from the House now standing on the Ground bought, belong to George Shaft’ (20/04/1757: DRO D1154 G/L 4). Several months later Eeeds and the owners of How Ground are to draw up the Engine the same jurymen were again requested to view the mine but on Shaft so long as they pay 18/- every fi fty barrels of Deads and this occasion the Barmaster notes that this was not possible ‘Put 3/- every fi fty Barrels of Boose’ (09/02/1815: Chats. Bar. Coll.). Isaac Ashton and Jonathan Eyre into Royses’ Groove on Dirtlo. It is clear that the owners of How Grove are being allowed to But they could not proceed to the Shaft, it being made not use the engine shaft in the adjoining title possible suggesting passable’ (14/06/1757: DRO D1154 G/L 4). It is clear that the that at this time How Grove did not have its own engine shaft or Royses’ had blocked the access gate to impede the two jurymen that it was out of use, possibly owing to collapse or some other when attempting to view how far they had gone into Needham’s obstruction.www.pdmhs.com The surface remains at How Grove have recently ground. Nevertheless three months later the Barmaster again been subject to extensive archaeological excavations. For a very ‘Put Isaac Ashton and Jonathan Eyre into Needham and Royses’ detailed description of the excavations and history of the mine, Grooves on Dirtlo, to view how far Royse and Partners had cut see Barnatt (2002). into Needham’s Ground since they was last put down, to which they answered about two yards’ (22/09/1757: DRO D1154 G/L For clarity, before discussing the entries of the titles to the west 4). Nothing else is recorded concerning this trespass. fromof How Grove, the Barmasters have recorded mines situated on veins running parallel to the main rake in the Nether Dirtlow Continuing westward along Dirtlow Rake from Needham’s Grove area, these are Hentley Vein, Chatsworth /Horestones Vein and are two mine titles, namely Kirk Grove and Clerk/Clark Grove, Wet Rake. which have proved more problematic in deciding their locations. When several mines on Dirtlow Rake were put up for sale the Hentley Vein is a northern branch of Dirtlow Rake, the surface Barmaster notes ‘Isaac, Joseph and William Eeeds of Castleton tips of which have been partly worked opencast in recent times, sold to Robert Barber and John Hall of Castleton, all their shares the only surviving expression of this vein is located at SK 1475 in Smith or Old Grove, Kirk Grove, Clerk or Clark Grove, How 8179 and comprises of several shafts and small hillocks. Once Grove . . .’ (30/03/1811: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The Barmaster appears again the Barmasters frequently mention Hentley Vein and the to have listed the mines from east to west as they are situated following are the more notable of these. In 1754 ‘Jonathan on Dirtlow Rake. Therefore the mines are located to the west of Eyre and Partners gave one dish of ore to free an Old Founder Smith Grove and to the east of How Grove. in Hently Middle Vein on Ellis Needham’s Part and called it Ragmans Venture’ (29/11/1754: DRO D1154 G/L 4). Much Continuing westward from Kirk/Clark Grove the next title on later another mine is recorded on the vein ‘Matthew Frost gave the rake is known as Nall Engine or Prince Grove the names of one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer in an Old Scrin on the which are notedDownloaded by the Barmaster when he ‘Nicked two stowes Southside Hently Vein and called it My Friend’ (28/10/1800: at Nall Engine alias Prince Grove belonging to Isaac Eeeds and Chats. Bar. Coll.), and later still ‘Joseph Eeeds gave one dish Partners. At John Hall’s request’ (31/01/1804: Chats. Bar. Coll.). of ore to free a Founder Meer in Hently Old Vein on Ellis Two years later the Barmaster records an alternative name for Needham’s Part about six yards East from John Needham’s the mine ‘Arrested 4/24th shares of Prince West End or George Part Wall and called it Chance’ (18/12/1813: Chats. Bar. Coll.). Eeeds Mine. At the Suit of Robert Barber against Isaac, Joseph From the details given it is clear that there are a series of parallel and William Eeeds. In an Action of Debt for the sum of £16/18/10’ veins in the Hentley area, which owing to the removal of the (26/11/1807: Chats. Bar. Coll.). In the previous and following majority of surface features, are not readily apparent today. The entries the Barmaster records that Nall/Prince Grove title is noted references to the locations of the mines being within a certain as the ‘West/East Ends’ although they both appear to be owned persons ‘part’ simply means that both the course of Hently Vein by the same persons. The reason for noting these is not clear but and the adjacent Dirtlow Rake were separated into different it could simply be a way of clarifying the ground in question. It parcels of land each farmed or owned by a different person (J. is presumed that the Barmaster was using the Engine Shaft at Barnatt pers. comm.). this mine as a convenient boundary marker. The following entry

Downloaded Plate 3. Treak Cliff and Mam Tor showing site of Odin Mine, Castleton. (Photo - John Barnatt)

13 Plate 4. Old Tor Mine and the Reef Limestone of the Winnats Pass, Castleton (Photo - John Barnatt)

Plate 5. Wether (Weather) Rake, Cave Dale, Castleton (Photo - Johnwww.pdmhs.com Barnatt)

from

Plate 6. Stemples up to 6m long in the Leviathan, a Downloaded natural shaft reused by lead miners, in John Hall’s Over Engine Mine, Castleton. (Photo - Paul Deakin FRPS © Copyright, all Rights Reserved)

14 Plate 7. Opencuts on a branch of Foreside Rake, Cow Low Nick, Castleton (Photo - John Barnatt)

from

15 In the Nether Dirtlow area, to the south of the main rake Continuing along Dirtlow Rake in a westerly direction is the title workings, the Barmasters note other named mine titles. In 1755 belonging to Bennett or Bennett End Mine. This mine is fi rst the Barmaster notes that ‘Jonathan Eyre and Partners freed an noted in 1809 but it is not until 1827 that its location is noted, at Old Founder on Dirtlo Middle Vein in Horestones’ (30/05/1755: which time the ‘Royses’ agree to give Barber and Hall all their DRO D1154 G/L 4). A later entry names the mine when Eyre shares in Bennett Mine on Dirtlow Rake. Barber and Hall agree and partners freed ‘. . .a First Taker Meer East from their Old to give the Royses’ all their shares in Bullock Mine (Dirtlow Founder at Cuckolds Nest’ (01/11/1755: DRO D1154 G/L 4). Stone) lying East on Dirtlow Rake together with 1/6th share Horestones Vein or Scrin is not recorded again until 1775 when of Smith or Old Grove on Nether Dirtlow. N.B. The Partition the following appears ‘Jonathan and Isaac Royse gave one dish between Bennett Grove Title and Bullock Grove Title is seven of ore to free a Founder Meer in Horestones Old Vein and called meers and fi ve yards from the wall that parts the Old Moor and it Chatsworth’ (24/06/1775: DRO D1154 G/L 5). The location Moorwood Part’ (16/10/1827: Chats. Bar. Coll.). of Chatsworth Mine is shown at SK 1540 8225 on a Barmasters map dated 1898 (Chats. Bar. Coll.) therefore the location of Holland Twine Mine, located to the west of Bennett Mine, on Cuckolds Nest must be in the same vicinity. Dirtlow Rake is one of the more well known of the previously mentioned mines. In 1759 the Barmaster notes that ‘Matthew Branching out of Dirtlow Rake in a southerly direction is a vein Hall and Partners freed an Old Founder at Dirtlo Rake Head in known as Wet Rake. A small portion of this vein still survives and the Old Moor and called it Holland Twine’ (31/08/1759: DRO can be seen crossing the fi eld at SK 1475 8165 to the south of the D1154 G/L 4). At the start of 1760 a single taker meer was Castleton/Tideswell road. The course of the vein is shown on an freed to the west of the founder. No further entries have been enclosure map dated 1691 (Chats. Bar. Coll.). It is not noted by found that record any more ground that was freed at the mine, the Barmasters until 1766 when ‘Isaac Eeeds and Isaac Marrison which is puzzling. Nearly twenty years later ‘Edward Clayton gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer in the Wet Rake on and Jonathan Hall sold to William Fox a mine in the Old Moor Moorwood Part and called it Bakers Venture’ (03/05/1766: DRO called Holland Twine. For the sum of £4/4/0’ (25/12/1776: DRO D1154 G/L 5). A much later entry gives details that can place the D1154 G/L 5). In 1809 changes to the mines name are recorded mine at approximately SK 148 816 on Wet Rake ‘Also a mine when the Barmaster ‘Arrested all the shares in Holland Twine called Wet Rake that runs from Richard Hall’s Plantation up to East End or Daniel Title Mine. At the Suit of Thomas Hall against How Grove, for the sum of £10/10/0’ (06/04/1838: Chats. Bar. Isaac, Joseph and William Eeeds. In an Action of Debt, for the Coll.). Richard Hall’s Plantation is still to be seen at SK 148 816 sum of £7/5/6. Also Arrested all the shares in Holland Twine and the Barmaster must be referring to the length of vein that is West End. At the Suit of John Hall and Robert Barber against still visible today at this location. Isaac, William and Joseph Eeeds. In an Action of Debt, for the sum of £39/10/3’ (05/11/1809: Chats. Bar. Coll.). Similar to Returning to the mines on Dirtlow Rake, to the west of How Nall Engine/Prince Grove situated further to the east on Dirtlow Grove is the location of Dirtlow Stone (SK 1455 8155). It will be Rake (see above), the ground at Holland Twine was also divided seen that this mine has changed names on many occasions during between the East and West Ends possibly for clarity. different periods of ownership including as follows: Bagley Engine, Robert Walker’s Engine, Slater’s Old Engine, Located to the immediate west of Hollandtwine Mine is, again, Samuel Smith’s Engine, Smith’s Upper Engine, Eeeds Engine, one of the more well-known mines of the district, namely Dirtlo Stone Engine and fi nally Bullock Grove. The mine is fi rst Hazard Mine at SK 1365 8122 at Dirtlow Rake Head. The fi rst defi nitely mentioned in 1753 when the Barmaster ‘Also summond entry concerning the mine records that the Barmaster ‘Nicked Two of the Twenty-four Men, Robert How jun. and Isaac Royse to twentywww.pdmhs.com stowes belonging to Hazard and Chance Partnership. . .’ search for eight stowes on a Scrin on the Southside of Dirtlo Stone (02/06/1753: DRO D1154 G/L 4). Although it is not recorded in Engin or Slater’s Old Engin. . .’ (01/01/1753: DRO D1154 G/L this entry it is now known that Chance/Penny Mine is alongside 4). At the end of the same year the Barmaster notes that ‘Robert the Castleton/Peak Forest Liberty boundary at SK 1282 8108. Walker gave one dish of ore to free an Old Founder at Dirtlo Stone This aspect will be discussed in the later section concerning Old Engin on Dirtlo Rake. Same Day. Robert Walker gave four Wrangling Rake. It is clear that the Hazard miners had an dishes to free a First, Second, Third and Fourth Takerfrom Meer all agreement with the adjacent title of Chance. Hazard Mine is East from the said Founder’ (22/12/1753: DRO D1154 G/L 4). not recorded again until 1825 at which time another agreement Robert Walker had possession of Dirtlo Stone until 1760 when the was made ‘. . .between Isaac Hall and Partners at Portaway, Barmaster had ‘Given Samuel Smith Possession of Robert Walker Penny and Hazard Mines and Robert How Ashton and Jonathan and Partners Engin at Dirtlo Stone, by Virtue of an Arrest, for How. Ashton and How to take the above mines for a term of the sum of £6/6/0. Thomas Frost and George Needham. Two of seven years and to pay Hall and Partners 7d for every dish of ore the Twenty-Four Men’ (10/09/1760: DRO D1154 G/L 4). Under produced’ (05/03/1825: Chats. Bar. Coll.). A few months later Smith’s ownership the mine changed names to refl ect this, as noted an entry confi rms that Hazard Mine was adjacent to Holland ‘Arrested Benjamin Chapman’s Tools at Smith Engin Dirtlo Stone. Twine Mine, when ‘Robert How Ashton and Partners at the At William Ibbotson’s Suit, for the sum of £3/0/4’ (13/07/1767: Hazard Mine gave one dish of ore to free a First Taker Meer DRO D1154 G/L 5). In 1771 the Barmaster noted the number of West from Robert Barber at Holland Twine’ (11/06/1825: Chats. meers in the title when he ‘Nicked twenty-six stowes at Dirtlo Bar. Coll.). At the start of the following year, Robert Barber and Stone belonging to William Bennit and Partners. At Elias Pedley’s John Hall ‘. . .gave three dishes of ore to free a Founder Meer request’ (02/11/1771: DRO D1154 G/L 5). Just over one year later and a First and Second Taker Meer West from the Founder and the Barmaster ‘Put Matthew Hall and Charles Dakin into Joseph West from Holland Twine’ (28/01/1826: Chats. Bar. Coll.). Bagley and Partners Engine at Dirtlo Stone and they gave their The Hazard title contained two parallel veins, namely Hazard Opinion that DownloadedWilliam Fox and Partners were working in an Old North Vein and Hazard South Vein and an entry of 1838 records Southeast Vein lying South from Dirtlo Old Vein unless further the number of stowes located on each of the veins when the Workmanship proves to the Contrary’ (19/12/1772: DRO D1154 Barmaster ‘Viewed twenty-two stowes on the North Vein of G/L 5). In 1802 the last change to the mines name is recorded Hazard. Thirteen stowes on the Old Moor and nine stowes in when the Barmaster again ‘Nicked eleven stowes at Dirtlow Stone the Wham. Also, Viewed twenty-six stowes on the South Vein alias Bullock Grove belonging to Isaac Eeeds and Partners. At of Hazard. Fourteen stowes on the Old Moor and twelve stowes Thomas Eyre’s request’ (27/02/1802: Chats. Bar. Coll.). It was in the Wham’ (06/05/1838: Chats. Bar. Coll.). Although these stated earlier that Dirtlow Stone is situated to the west of How stowes marked the possession on each of the veins documentary Grove and an entry of 1823 confi rms this fact when ‘William Eyre evidence suggests that during this period the miners at Hazard and George Slack sold to Sir William Chambers Bagshaw and only re-freed and worked in a small proportion of the whole Robert How Ashton, 21/72nd shares of a certain piece of ground title (8 meers) on Hazard South Vein. Nevertheless the entry lying West of How Grove, extending to within two yards of the indicates that the Hazard possessions continued west from the East End of the Engine Shaft at Bullock Grove alias Dirtlow Old Moor into the Wham. A Bill of Directions made by the Stone, for the sum of £1/10/0’ (15/02/1823: Chats. Bar. Coll.). Barmaster concerning Hazard Mine is a good example of the

16 day-to-day duties of members of the Grand Jury and states that staked on the range of Deasi Rake. Now removed by the Opinion ‘Six Men of the Grand Jury are to descend the climbing shaft of the Twenty-Four Men called on June 22nd , unto the range of which is sunk on Hazard North Vein and to proceed southwardly Old Wham Vein’ (27/07/1752: DRO D1154 G/L 4). It is clear from its foot to a sump, from the foot of which they are to go from this entry that Dr. John Holland was working at the location along a gate southwardly to a second sump, from the foot of where Dirtlow Rake splits on the vicinity of Hollandtwine and which to proceed more southwardly unto the Hazard South Vein Hazard mines. It is also clear that at least one of the Hazard and to view this vein eastwardly up to the Rither Point where North or South Veins was originally called Old Wham Vein. A it meets Hazard North Vein and also to view Hazard South later entry states the number of meers in the title belonging to Dr. Vein westwardly from the place of entering it, and to give their John Holland when the Barmaster ‘Nicked thirty-three stowes at Opinion whether South Vein is a New Vein’ (20/10/1838: Chats Dr. John Holland and Partners Lower Founder in the Old Moor’ Bar. Coll.). Why members of the Grand Jury had to inspect a (04/07/1753: DRO D1154 G/L 4). previously extensively worked vein, is puzzling. The mine is last recorded in 1863 when ‘Mary Catherine Ann Greaves and From this entry it is not possible to locate the position of the William Henry Greaves Bagshawe of Ford Hall, Chapel-en-le- ‘Lower Founder’, but the length of ground mentioned must Frith, sold to Robert How Ashton, 1/8th share of Hazard Mine range westwardly along Daisy Rake towards the Peak Forest/ for the sum of £50’ (27/08/1863: Chats. Bar. Coll.). Castleton Liberty boundary. The mine was also called Holland New Engine and Holland Old Engine at various periods during During the period 1826 to 1838 Hazard Mine produced over its lifetime. It is a tantalizing thought that the above named man 5000 tons of lead ore, making it, for a short period, one of the could be the reason why Holland Twine Mine was named so. most productive mines within the liberty. This ore was mostly mined from deep within the South Vein and a section of the mine In 1758 the Barmaster notes that he ‘Nicked seven stowes on dated 1837 (Sheff. Arch. Bag. Coll. 665 (1)) shows the workings the Old Moor at Richard White’s Engine. At Matthew Hall’s reached a depth of over 600 feet from the surface. Also shown request’ (22/04/1758: DRO D1154 G/L 4). The location on this section are four cartgates at varying depths driven along of Richard White’s Engine on the Old Moor is not known. the vein, which is an unusual situation within the Derbyshire Likewise, twenty years later, the Barmaster ‘Arrested George orefi eld (Jim Rieuwerts pers. comm.). Also shown, too the east of Bradshaw’s Engine Daisy Rake. At George Barnsley’s Suit, the Hazard workings, on the western boundary of Hollandtwine for the sum of £10/3/1’(28/03/1778: DRO D1154 G/L 5). The Mine, is a large ‘self open’ or The Great Swallow in the Twine location of Bradshaw’s Engine is also not known. and if the scale on the section is realistic then this is a massive cavity within the limestone at a depth of over 600 feet below the A much later entry records that ‘Joseph and John Royse, Thomas surface. Hall and Partners gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer in a New Vein on the Old Moor and called it Dimple’ (14/04/1817: Although it is impossible, as has been seen, using the information Chats. Bar. Coll.). The exact location of Dimple Mine remains given by the Barmasters entries to exactly locate all of the mine unknown. titles, it is possible to name all of the mines from Pindale Mine (SK 1625 8253) in the east to Hazard Mine (SK 1365 8122) in An entry of 1846 could be a reference to a mine situated on the west. These are east to west, Ashton’s/Pindale Mine, Pindale Bradshaw Vein to the south of Daisy Rake which notes that End, Pindale Side/Lawyer Vein, Fire Scrin, Eyre/Ashton’s ‘Isaac Royse sold to Joseph Royse and Robert Hadfi eld 11/24th Grove, Smith/Old Grove, Royses’ Grove, Needham’s Grove, shares of Old Moor Mine on Daisy Rake along with 11/24th Prince/Nall Grove, How Grove, Dirtlow Stone/Bullock Grove, shareswww.pdmhs.com of New Hazard lying South of Daisy Rake, for the sum Bennett Grove/Bennett End, Holland Twine and fi nally Hazard of £4’ (11/12/1846: Chats. Bar. Coll.). Mine at Dirtlow Rake Head. At SK 131 801 is the prominent landscape feature known as The following are recorded by the Barmasters but it is Cop Round at the westerly end of the steep hillside known in the impossible, owing to lack of specifi c information, to give exact 13th century as Torbett Brink (Rieuwerts, 1994). In this vicinity locations: Bramhall Scrin, Ridge Vein, Jackson Grove,from Hall’s the powerful Cop Rake runs down the hillside alongside a small and Hartle’s Old Founder, Smith Upper Engine, Robert Walker’s disused limestone quarry. The Barmaster was quite specifi c Old Founder. in the details given making it possible to place the following mine at SK 1305 8005, when he ‘Nicked two stowes at a Mine Daisy Rake and associated veins (southwest of Castleton lying at Cop Lane Head from the wall that parts Castleton and village) (Figs. 5 & 6) Peak Forest Liberties to the wall south that parts Castleton and In the vicinity of the Holland Twine/Hazard Mine workings the Bradwell Liberties’ (21/10/1808: Chats. Bar. Coll.). Although main Dirtlow Rake splits, the most northerly branch is the already the mine is not named a later entry corrects this ‘Viewed the noted Hazard North/South Veins which continue into the area of Mine at Cop Lane Head alias New York’ (14/11/1808: Chats. land called the ‘Wham’, where they are named Upper and Lower Bar. Coll.). Wrangling Rakes, Portaway Vein, Penny Mine Vein or Chance Veins. The more southerly branch continues across the Old Moor This concludes the section concerning the mine titles west from until it reaches the Castleton/Peak Forest Liberty boundary at the Hazard/ Holland Twine titles at Dirtlow Rake Head across Oxlow Gate (SK 1329 8069). In this vicinity the vein is named the area of land called the Old Moor. Deasi, Deasey, Dayside, Daysy or more commonly Daisy Rake (centred SK 134 808). Running closely parallel too the south The following are recorded by the Barmaster, but owing to lack of Daisy RakeDownloaded was a distinct vein called Bradshaw Vein dating of details, exact locations are unknown: Robert Hallam’s Old from at least c1691 (SK 1336 8069). Unfortunately the surface Founder, Dr. John Holland’s East New Founder, Daisy Mine, features (hillocks, coes, climbing shafts) along the course of this Nether Daisy Rake Head, Upper Daisy Rake Head, Hall’s Grove vein were obliterated, in a single day, in c2000 during a land Daisy Rake, Over Daisy Rake, George Mellor’s Old Founder. restoration exercise. The Barmasters have again made numerous entries concerning mines situated in this vicinity, unfortunately Wrangling Rake and associated veins (southwest of Castleton they have again been unspecifi c in the details given for the village) (Fig. 5) various mines locations, it is therefore impossible to give exact It was stated earlier in this article that a series of branch veins grid references for the mines in question. The following are the leave the main Dirtlow Rake at Dirtlow Rake Head (Hazard most notable entries concerning these mines situated on the Old Mine) and cross an area of land called the Wham. These veins Moor, the fi rst of which dates from 1752 when the Barmaster had have been re-worked by opencast methods for many years, but ‘Drawn Dr. John Holland and Partners over a Meer of Ground small sections still remain intact. The veins in the Wham are which was freed on September 23rd 1749, for a Second Taker recorded in 1670 when a dispute occurred concerning Wham Meer West from Dortlo Head Old Founder which said Meer was North and South Veins (Rieuwerts c1992).

17 Once again the Barmasters have made numerous entries By analysing the above entries it is possible to build a picture concerning these veins but have been unspecifi c in the details of mining at these locations on Portaway Vein. In 1812 John given regarding a large majority of these. The following are Wright freed his fi rst meer in an eastwardly direction towards the more notable entries concerning the mines in the Wham. Isaac Hall’s title in Portaway Vein. Isaac Hall agreed to give The fi rst of these dates from 1753 when ‘Jonathan Nall and John Wright three half meers providing he could have access Partners gave one dish of ore to free a Founder Meer of an Old into Portaway Mine, presumably to have use of the Engine Vein called Durham Vein on the Northside of Penny Mine in Shaft. This access would have meant Isaac Hall had to cross into the Wham’ (06/10/1753: DRO D1154 G/L 4). The location of Peak Forest Liberty to draw his ore from the mine, though any Penny Mine is known to be at SK 1309 8099 so Durham Vein concern over whether resultant waste rock might be dumped on could possibly be located between this mine and Portaway Mine another persons land is not mentioned. It also appears that at this on Lower Wrangling Rake at SK 1305 8105. time John Wright was driving or intending to drive a cartgate in an easterly direction. The height quoted for the cart gate is The following entry concerning Penny Mine records the number very interesting. If this feature was excavated it would have of meers freed in this title, at this time, along with an insight the appearance of a stope working rather than a typical sized into the sometimes horrendous weather conditions that can be haulage level. In 1813 the details given seem to indicate that experienced on this high limestone plateau ‘Nicked nine stowes the agreement had fallen through and Isaac Hall started to free at Penny Mine in the Wham belonging to Mr. Clay and Partners. meers in the ground given to John Wright in 1812, but John Not found before for Snow’ (01/04/1758: DRO D1154 G/L 4). Wright retained possession of ½ meer of Isaac Hall’s ground. Over 10 years later the Barmaster notes that he ‘Nicked nineteen The later entries of 1814 and 1816 give no details of the previous stowes at Penny Mine. At Thomas Hadfi eld and Partners request’ agreement. Incidentally 1816 is the last time that Portaway Mine (29/03/1769: Chats. Bar. Coll.). is recorded by the Barmaster of Castleton Liberty. Later in the same year a ‘primgap’ is noted at the mine when Interestingly in 1789 a very similar agreement to the one Isaac Ashton and partners ‘gave one dish of ore to free a Half made in 1812 (above), was agreed between Henry Jowle and Meer East from their Old Founder in the Wham in Penny Mine Co. at Jowle Grove (SK 1239 8082) in Peak Forest Liberty Old Vein. N.B. A Prim Gap between them and Thomas Hadfi eld and John Wright and Co. at Portaway Mine (Heathcote and Partners of eleven yards and ten inches’ (01/09/1769: Chats. 2001(b)). It could be possible that Portaway Mine was the Bar. Coll.). Therefore Ashton and partners were working in the only one to have a deep engine shaft sunk along the course same vein but to the west of Hadfi eld and partners. In 1770 the of this vein during the period 1789 to 1812. Perhaps Henry alternative name for the mine is noted ‘Given Mary Hall, widow Jowle and the later Isaac Hall decided it was easier to use of James Hall, Notice of the Warrant against them at Chance Wright’s shaft than sink their own? otherwise Penny Mine Engine. At Edward Clayton’s Instance’ (01/11/1770: Chats. Bar. Coll.). It appears that the general area where Upper Rangling Rake (Wham North Vein) and Lower Rangling Rake (Wham As was stated earlier Portaway Mine is directly to the north of South Vein) are adjacent to the western liberty boundary Penny Mine at SK 1305 8105. Portaway Mine is fi rst mentioned was known as ‘Wham Head’. The following entries are in 1753 when the Barmaster ‘Summond the Twenty-four to defi nitely located here but the lack of detail makes it an Enquiry at Portaway. Orders came the Call was laid aside’ impossible to tell on which of the veins the mines were (12/10/1753: DRO D1154 G/L4). Just over one month later located. The fi rst entry dates from 1755 ‘Laid out Half a the Barmaster ‘Attended an Enquiry at Portaway’ (19/11/1753: Meerwww.pdmhs.com East from the Middle of the Spindle at the Founder in DRO D1154 G/L 4). No details of this enquiry are given in the the Wham Vein at Wham Head freed by Joshua Ashton on Barmasters Book of Entries. Portaway is not mentioned again 12th April last. The 5 yards West to the Wall being a Prim until the following appears in 1812 ‘John Wright and Partners Gap (07/06/1755: DRO D1154 G/L 4). The wall referred gave two dishes of ore to free a Founder Meer in a Vein called to must be the ‘Forest Wall’ separating Peak Forest and Portaway Vein in the Wham, for an Old Vein or a New Vein as Castleton Liberties (see Foreside Rake). The next entry Workmanship shall prove. N.B. Laid out for an Old Vein,from One could be referring to the same mine title, although this is Founder Meer East from the Forest Wall’ (14/11/1812: Chats. uncertain ‘Arrested Elias Pedley’s 1/6th share of Wham Bar. Coll.). From this entry Portaway Mine can be positively Head Grove at the Forest Wall, for the sum of £11/11/0, at located alongside the Peak Forest/ Castleton Liberty boundary. Robert Bradshaw and Willson Ashton’s Suit. In an Action The following entry gives detailed information concerning of Debt (11/09/1764: DRO D1154 G/L 5). the adjacent mine title belonging to Isaac Hall and partners ‘Agreement between Isaac hall and Partners at Wham South At the eastern end of the Wham the Hazard North and South Vein otherwise Portaway and John Wright and Partners at Veins enter the fi eld and become known as Upper and Lower Portaway Mine. Isaac Hall and Partners gave to John Wright Rangling Rakes. The following entries refer to a mine at and Partners Three Half Meers at the West End of Wham this locality ‘Given Joseph Royse possession of John Nall’s South Vein otherwise Portaway Vein and to the East End of shares of Yate Stoop Mine on the Rangling Rake at the East Portaway Mine. John Wright grants Isaac Hall free egress End of the Wham, by Virtue of a Stewards Warrant. Matthew and regress into Portaway Mine to inspect and dial, and can Frost and Thomas Wright. 2 of the 24 Men (08/04/1800: draw up any Boose or Rubbish gotten East of the Three Half Chats. Bar. Coll.). The mine is not recorded again until an Meers, paying for wear and tear and new Tools in proportion entry appears in 1849. This entry gives more detail in the to the number of Draughts drawn by each party. If John Wright mine’s location and also notes a slight change to the mine’s refuses or neglectsDownloaded to drive through the Three Half Meers, it name ‘Gave George Gyte and Partners possession of Gate will be lawful for Isaac Hall to drive the same taking forward Stoop Mine ranging between the wall that parts the Old Moor the present Cart Gate and to take all the ore gotten. The Cart and the Wham and Wesward to the Rangling Rake Title. Gate is not to exceed 18 feet in height (18/11/1812: Chats. Ellis Hall and Thomas Hall. 2 of the 24 Men (22/11/1849: Bar. Coll.). Almost a year later the following entry records Chats. Bar. Coll.). Unfortunately the Barmasters have not more details regarding these two mine titles ‘Isaac Hall and noted on which of the two veins the mine was located but it Partners gave one dish of ore to free a First Taker Meer East is clear that the title was from the west side of the wall and from John Wright and Partners Old Founder in Portaway Vein continued into the Wham. in the Wham. N.B. It is agreed between Isaac Hall and Partners and John Wright and Partners that their Titles shall part in the Other mines are recorded for this area but lack of detail Middle of this Meer (06/11/1813: Chats. Bar. Coll.). In 1814 makes it impossible to give exact locations: Richard and 1816 Isaac Hall freed a further two meers east from John Pedley’s Founder, Rangling Rake Mine, John Wright’s Old Wright’s Old Founder. Founder, Wham Head Rangling Rake.

18 Hydrology and Soughs The earliest defi nite reference to mining in Peak Cavern has The miners must have been well aware of the drainage fl ow Abraham Bradshaw driving in Peaks Hole Great Hole. One from the veins and cave systems in Castleton Liberty situated Fathom (14/11/1766: DRO 1154G/L8; Peaks Hole Sough on the high limestone plateau (centred SK 132 815 ) between Reckoning Book (Penny 1985).). Unfortunately it does not Castleton and Peak Forest villages. Previous to any soughs tell what part of the Peak Cavern system Abraham Bradshaw being driven the veins/cave systems, were and still are today, was working in at this time. Analysis of the ore accounts for drained by the major resurgence known as Russet Well which Castleton Liberty has highlighted several instances where ore emerges in Castleton village at SK 1481 8271. This name is has been measured from Peak Cavern thought to be a corruption of Rushup (centred SK 110 820), the area of land, to the west of Castleton Liberty, from where In Peaks Hole Jonathan Morten. 1 dish. August 1823 many surface streams disappear underground on contact with In Peaks Hole Robert Hall. 1 load 6 dishes. March 1825 the limestone margin to eventually reappear at the resurgence in In Peaks Hole. Micah Hall. 4 dishes. October 1825 Castleton (Cameron 1958). (Chats. Bar. Coll.) For a comprehensive account of the history, location and Although it is not known it is possible that Morten and the technological details regarding the soughs within Castleton Hall’s were working in the vicinity of Victoria Hall (Aven) in Liberty, see Rieuwerts (1987). An up-dated version has been the above noted veins. recently published (Rieuwerts, 2007). Apart from workings in natural caves, small streams i.e. Trickett Grove Ore output from the mines in Castleton Liberty. 1798- Brook, Peaks Hole Water Course, Spital Brook, Oden Sitch and 1894 Foxhill Brook, partly fed by drainage soughs i.e. Oden and The surviving Barmasters books held at Chatsworth House Peakshole, were also a source of obtaining small amounts of covering the years 1798-1894 contain an almost un-broken run lead ore that had presumably been washed down them. Also the of accounts for the grove ore measured at the mines within the hillocks surrounding Oden Mine in the vicinity of Knowlegates liberty. This output is recorded in a yearly format in Appendix 1. (SK 136 835) and Mam Sitch Pool (location unknown) were re- worked to obtain ore from the discarded waste of former miners. Ownership of the mines in Castleton Liberty. 1798-1894 The activity of winning lead ore this way is fi rst recorded The above noted books also record the principal mine owners of in 1801 and continues almost unbroken until 1848. Many each mine at the time of ore measurements. These are listed in individuals were involved in this occupation, namely, Samuel Appendix 2. Ashton, Jonathan Morten, Joseph Whittingham, Robert Hall, Jonathan Dakin, Abraham Dakin, Jonathan Barber, Jonathan Mining of Lead Ore in Natural Caves, streams etc Tym, Samuel Broadbent, Hannah Rowbotham, Mary Cock, Peak Cavern at Castleton (SK 1489 8259) is known to contain Nanny Eeeds, Joseph Hall, M. Pedley, Mary How, Jonathan lead veins that have been worked by miners and the following Broadbent, Robert How, George Sheldon, Mary Eyre and Betty reference dating from 1903 is the most descriptive Hall. A surprising amount of ore was obtained in this way and over the period 1801-1848 approximately 78 tons was measured Right in the angle, where the walls of the chasm come together, (Chats. Bar. Coll.). a number of stakes have been fi xed by miners in the old days to form a kind of ladder. Other indications of mining are visible, Fatalities in the Mines and a vein of silver and lead makes a conspicuous mark along Thewww.pdmhs.com mines in Castleton Liberty, like all the other liberties, were one of the walls. hazardous places to work and there are several references in …a curious discovery was made by a Mr. M’Crum I believe. the Barmasters Records held at Chatsworth House that refer to A wooden sled measuring two and a half feet by one foot, fatalities within the mines. The fi rst occurs in 1832 when George waterlogged and full of mud, lay at the stream side. It had Hall of Castleton was killed at Oden Mine, ‘by the fall of a large rounded iron runners and was probably used for carrying ore. stone falling upon him’ (30/01/1832: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The interesting relic was conveyed to the vestibule of thefrom cavern, where, I trust, it will be carefully preserved. Several years later the following is recorded, again at Oden ….a considerable distance further we found other indications of Mine ‘Samuel Eyre of Castleton killed, ‘by a fall down a hole work by miners…. about 6 or 7 yards in depth’ (02/05/1834: Chats. Bar. Coll.). But what interested us most was a bank of stones, apparently built up in regular courses, showing, beyond a doubt, that at some The only recorded death made by the Barmaster in the ‘Book period, near or remote, this part of the cavern was searched by of Entries’ occurs in 1838 when he ‘Called an Inquest on the miners (Baker 1903). Body of John Evans killed at the Hazard Mine, and the Jury gave their Verdict of Accidental Death’ (08/09/1838: Chats. Bar. The above is referring to mine workings in the vicinity of and Coll.). The Barmasters correspondence regarding this matter beyond the Victoria Hall (Aven). Porteous (1950) also refers to elaborates on the detail concerning this fatality and states that, these fi ndings but adds a tantalising extra John Evans of Bradwell was killed at the Hazard Mine, ‘by a stroke from the Engine occasioned by letting timber down into The upper limit of the Victoria Hall is still not known… In one the mine’ (08/09/1838: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The terminology used corner staves or stemples…used to be a ladder….climbed to may suggest that a beam-type engine was in use at the mine at about one hundred feet. There is a disused mineshaft two hundred this time, rather than the usual horse-gin, although this remains or more feet above,Downloaded and that may have been the original entrance unproven (Jim Rieuwerts. pers. comm.). to the cave. In Bradwell, Ancient and Modern (Evans, 1912), there appears a This reference to a mineshaft on the hillside to the SW of Peveril list of many miners killed in Derbyshire lead mines and this list Castle, at approximately SK 148 823, is of great interest. The contains twelve references to Castleton men succumbing to this nearest mineral vein located at the given reference is what is now same fate. Unfortunately little or no detail is given regarding the known to be Wether or Weather Rake on Cowlow fi rst recorded specifi c mines where these fatalities occurred. Analysis of the in c1583 (Chats. Bar. Coll.). It is possible that the noted mine Barmasters entries for Peak Forest and Castleton Liberty has shaft is one situated on this vein and the workings noted at the enabled a few more details of the men involved to be added in horizon of Victoria Hall (Aven) are in fact the lower reaches of several of these incidents. In 1790 ‘James How of Castleton, this vein. If this speculation is correct then the inner reaches of killed in the mine’. He was a Juryman in Peak Forest Liberty the cave could have been known about and possibly explored by in 1787. Twenty years later in 1808 ‘George Broadbent of the Old Man at a very early date. No open shafts are to be found Castleton, killed in Oden Mine’. He was a Juryman in Castleton on this vein today. Liberty in 1805. Two years later it is recorded that James Clayton

19 of Castleton, was killed at Clear-the-Way Mine on Oxlow Rake The same applies to the following ‘…..Mr. Turner and Partners in Peak Forest Liberty at SK 129 804 (Heathcote 2001b). Lastly Engine (late Bradshaw’s) on Foreside Rake’ (14/10/1777: DRO in 1811 Isaac Royse of Castleton was killed in the Coe at Linicar D1154 G/L 5). This entry is of interest because it is a perfect Top Mine’. In 1809 he freed a vein described as being north of example of how names of mines and engines sometimes change Hank Hall Mine which is at SK 1285 8174 on the high ground with different ownership. within Linicar fi eld. It is therefore presumed that the coe was near this location. Another engine recorded as being on Daisy Rake in the Old Moor but whose exact location is unknown is the following Belland Yards ‘….George Bradshaw’s Engine Daisy Rake…’ (28/03/1778: Many of the mines in Castleton Liberty would have had belland DRO D1154 G/L 5). yards surrounding their shafts and buildings, the Barmasters have not recorded any instances where these have been built or Hank Hall Mine is located at SK 1285 8174 on Linicar and ‘laid out’. However an entry in Thomas Hall’s notebook held the following engine is recorded at this locality. Unfortunately by Mr. John Harrison of Speedwell Mine, records the following its exact location is unknown’ …..to 4 meers West of the Old ‘I set a Bargain to Robert ? and Company to wall a fence as a Engine on Linicar…’ (15/07/1803: Chats. Bar. Coll.). Belland Yard on the Old Moor at 4/- per Rood and Abraham Dane and Company agreed to pay a sovereign towards the walling The terminology used in the next entry could be relating to a of it. Thomas Hall’ (17/04/1863 J. Harrison private collection. newly sunk engine shaft at Nether Dirtlow at approximately SK Courtesy of Jim Rieuwerts.). This must be a reference to the 153 821 ‘…or the Middle of the New Engine Shaft upon Nether dilapidated wall that today surrounds the Old Moor Mines at Dirtlow…’ (03/09/1808: Chats. Bar. Coll.). A later entry of 1815 SK 134 808. records another engine located at SK 1499 8199 on Dirtlow Rake ‘….from the Middle of the Engine Shaft called Nall or Engines Prince West End…’ (09/02/1815: Chats. Bar. Coll.). A great number of the larger mines within the liberty were worked using horse-gins, known usually as engines and their In the ore accounts for the period 1765 the Barmaster has written shafts as engine shafts (even if the horse gin was no longer the following ‘Measured at the Gin Hill in the Wham’. This present). The engine shafts in particular are recorded on many entry appears to have been written as an ‘afterthought’ by the occasions by the Barmasters and are as follows. The fi rst engine Barmaster. This clearly implies the existence but the location recorded dates from 1752 ‘….at Dr. John Holland and Partners is unknown. New Engine..’ (23/07/1752: DRO D1154 G/L 4). A short time later the following is recorded ‘….West from Dr. John Holland’s Mine Roads Old Engine…’(16/12/1752: DRO D1154 G/L 4.). It is possible The Barmasters of Castleton Liberty have surprisingly made no that this engine was located at what later became known as references to the ‘laying out’ of mine roads to the numerous mines Holland Twine Mine, although this is unclear. within the liberty. This could possibly indicate that the roads and tracks were already well established before documentary In 1753 the Barmaster records another engine located a short evidence becomes available. It must be stated that the network distance too the east of Holland Twine Mine ‘….Southside of lanes and paths that cross the liberty especially on the high of Dirtlo Stone or Slater’s Old Engine…’(01/01/1753: DRO ground to the west of the village must have been used by the D1154 G/L 4). Dirtlow Stone Mine was at SK 1455 8155 on the miners has access roads to their mines. Recent fi eldwork has main Dirtlow Rake at what is today (2006) a large spoil tip from revealedwww.pdmhs.com a series of possible miners’ tracks at the head of Cave the modern Holland Twine opencast. In later years this engine Dale (centred SK 148 821) and a possible miners’ stile on the became known by various names depending on ownership of course of New Rake at SK 1420 8225. There is a good example the mine, viz., Bagley Engine, Robert Walker’s Engine, Samuel of a miners’ path in the Winnats Pass leading from the modern Smith’s Engine, Smith’s Upper Engine, Eeeds Engine and road to the adit entrance of Old Tor Mine (SK 1351 8271). Other Bullock Engine. possible tracks are to be seen near Cop Rake on Torbett Brink fromat SK 131 802. Dirtlo Old and New Engines are recorded but it is impossible to locate their whereabouts on Dirtlow Rake because of the lack of An isolated reference to a mine road at Oden Mine is the details given by the Barmaster. It is possible but unproven that following ‘Messrs. West….have made a road from there to these are simply names for engines recorded under other titles the highway a little above Blue John Mine’ (10/5/1920: Chats. on Dirtlow Rake in the Barmasters records. Bar. Coll.). The road in question, which was installed during ‘hillocking’ operations around Mam Engine Shaft, is still to be The information given allows the following engine to be seen, although now very overgrown, at SK 127 832. positively identifi ed at SK 1362 8201 on New Rake ‘….at Over Engine on New Rake’ (10/02/1756: DRO D1154 G/L 4). This engine is located on James Hall’s New Rake title. Mining Tools and associated equipment The following engine is believed to be on the course of Daisy The entries made by the Barmasters sometimes include lists of Rake on the Old Moor but its exact location is unknown ‘….on tools used at certain mines. These are commonly listed when the Old Moor at Richard White’s Engine…’(22/04/1758: DRO there is a dispute at the mine owing to title or something similar. D1154 G/L 4).Downloaded The fi rst entry appears in 1766 The following entry concerning an engine can be positively Given Jonathan Eyre Possession of the Tools and Belland at located at SK 136 835 connected with Oden Sough ‘…at Sough Foreside Rake. Engin in the Knowles’ (21/05/1753: DRO D1154 G/L 4). A Buddle 1/3 Penny Mine is located at SK 1309 8099 in the Wham and the A Cart 10/6 A Barrel 5/6 16/- following entry relates to an engine fi rst recorded in 1765 ‘…of A Spade 1/3 A Cowl Rake 3d 1/6 Penny Mine Vein at their Engine in the Wham’ (11/10/1765: A Barrow 5/- A Hack 8d 5/8 DRO D1154 G/L 5). Two Pumps 5/- each One at 6/- 16/- One Cart Saddle and Back Band 3/6 The next entry is known to be located somewhere on Foreside Harness one pair 1/2 Rake but at present its exact location is unknown, but the Belland £4/2/6 Barmaster ‘Arrested Oakden’s Engine Mine’ (17/05/1775: DRO D1154 G/L 5).

20 Ditto. Below the Wall. DRO D1154 G/L 5). This grove at Dirtlow Head must be in the Two Buddles 1/3 vicinity of Holland Twine Mine at SK 141 813. Later in 1767 an One Cart and Barrel 12/6 entry gives the exact location of a mine now known to be to the Belland 13/- east of Holland Twine on Dirtlow Rake A Spade 7d A Cowl Rake 3d 10d ------Given William Ibbotson Possession of Benjamin Chapman’s £7/15/2 tools at Samuel Smith’s Engine Dirtlo Stone, Viz. ------(19/11/1766: DRO D1154 G/L 5) Two Grates 7/- Two Buddles 3/- It was stated earlier in this article (see Forside Rake) that these One Barrow 1/6 tools could have been in use at Isaac Eeeds Grove. On the same Five Spades 4/6 day the following also appears Two Pumps with Rods etc. 8/- Two Sieves 1/8 Given Jonathan Hide possession of the Tools and Belland at One Piggin & One Cowl Rake 8d New Rake. One Hacker & One Bucker 1/8 ------Four Barrows 15/- £1/8/- Four Cowl Rakes 1/6 Six Spades 4/4 5/10 ------Two Kitts and One Tun Dish 2/6 (26/09/1767: DRO D1154 G/L 5) One Pump 7/- One Sieve 3/6 10/6 One Hack 10d Four Buddles 5/- 5/10 In 1782 at Peaks Hole Sough the following is listed ‘Chain, 108 Belland undressed £1/10/- feet, weight 61 lb, cost £1/5/5’ (Jim Rieuwerts pers. comm.). ------£3/9/8 In 1809 a list of tools is recorded at the following mine ------(19/11/1766: DRO D1154 G/L 5) Given Samuel Howe Possession of Holland Twine East End or Daniel Title Mine and the following Mineral Tools, Viz. The exact location of the above mine on New Rake is not known. The location of the fi nal entry for this day in 1766 relates Two Vats £3/0/- One Chain £1/1/- Given Thomas Hide Possession of the Tools at Thomas Four Kibbles 14/- Hadfi eld’s Mine. Two Turntrees 5/------One Pump 2/- £5/0/- Twelve Boards 2/6 ------4/6 ……..belonging to Isaac, Joseph and William Eeeds for ------Nonpayment of £32/18/6. Ellis Hall and Joseph Hall. (19/11/1766: DRO D1154 G/L 5) www.pdmhs.com 2 of the 24 Men. (20/10/1809: Chats. Bar. Coll.) A slightly earlier entry gives the exact location of this mine ‘…at Thomas Hadfi eld and Co. Hillock Penny Mine…’ (12/11/1766: The above is of interest because it records how mines sometimes DRO D1154 G/L 5). Penny Mine is at SK 1309 8099 in the had different names during the same period in time. Also at the Wham. same location and date the following items are noted ‘Rope, from8 fathoms, cost 2/2d and Rope, 18 fathoms, cost 4/8d’ (Jim At the beginning of 1767 the following appears and from Rieuwerts pers. comm.). analysing the Barmasters entries it is possible to give a location for the mine in question The following entry of early 1810 concerns another mine on Dirtlow Rake Given Samuel Bunting Possession of 1/3rd share of Jonathan Hall’s Hillock. Given John Nall possession of Nall or Prince East End Mine on Dirtlow Rake together with the following Mineral Tools, Viz. Hillock 16/- Four Barrows 10/- One Turntree & Drawing Stowes 7/6 Seven Spades 3/- One Vat £2/2/- Four Cowl Rakes 6d Two Large Kitts or Bowls 5/- One Sieve 1/- One other Vat £1/10/- One Kitt 1/- One Buddle 8/- Two Lews 2/------One Scoop 1/- £4/2/6 Two Pumps Downloaded 17/6 ------One Board 1d Two Buddles 4/- …….belonging to Isaac, Joseph and William Eeeds for One Tub 1/6 Nonpayment of £20/4/4. Joseph Hall and Joseph Eyre. ------2 of the 24 Men. £2/17/7 ------(29/01/1810: Chats. Bar. Coll.) Henry Andrews 1/3rd share 19/2 and one farthing Nall Grove is located at SK 1510 8195 on Nether Dirtlow Rake. A later entry of 1810 refers to the same location (31/01/1767: DRO D1154 G/L 5) Given James Walker possession of Nall or Prince East End Mine An entry of late 1766 gives a positive location for the above belonging to Isaac, Joseph and William Eeeds together with the mine ‘…..at Jonathan Hall’s Grove at Dirtlo Head’ (29/12/1766: following Mineral Tools. Viz,

21 1752-1761 (DRO D1154 G/L 4). One Vat 12/- Robert How jun. Isaac Royse Jonathan Royse One Turntree 5/- Robert Hall Jonathan Frith sen. Jasper Hall Two Kibbles 3/- George Needham Robert Barber John Barber ------Jonathan Eyre Isaac Ashton Micah How £1/0/- Thomas Frost Micah Hall Joseph Royse ------Robert Marshall William Jeffery ……for Nonpayment of £49/10/4. William Eyre and Micah 1761-1778 (DRO D1154 G/L 5). Barber. Jonathan Needham Micah How Elias Eyre 2 of the 24 Men. Thomas Frost Isaac Ashton Thomas Hadfi eld Matthew Hall Robert Barber Charles Daykin (07/12/1810: Chats. Bar. Coll.) John Barber Thomas Barber John Kyrk Joseph Royse An isolated entry of 1842 refers to another piece of mining equipment at Dirtlow Rake Head ‘Arrested George Hall’s Nov.1778- July 1798 (missing). Machine or Dolly at Hazard Mine, in an Action of Debt, at the Suit of Benjamin and Isaac Somerset, for the sum of £3/10/4’ 1798-1814 (Chats. Bar. Coll.). (29/12/1842: Chats. Bar. Coll.). The ‘dolly’ is probably a dolly John Needham John Walker Matthew Frost tub, used to effect a fi nal separation of buddled ore and is a rarely- Thomas Wright Joseph Hall John Hall mentioned item in Derbyshire inventories. Joseph Royse Robert Barber George Broadbent Joseph Eyre James Needham John Jackson Buddle Dams Ellis Hall William Eyre Micah Barber Although many of the mines within Castleton Liberty would have Adam Morten Isaac Needham Joseph Winterbotham had such features the Barmasters have only made one entry that Joseph Dickin Ellis Needham. could possibly be referring to a buddle dam. This is as follows ‘Gave Thomas Hall as Agent to Joseph Hall Esq. possession of 1814-1838 (Chats. Bar. Coll.). the ground lying between the wall that parts John Hall’s land and John Needham Joseph Eyre Joseph Hall Moorwood Part East and to the West of the Dam on Moorwood Thomas Hall John Nall John Jackson Part. Ellis Hall and Septimus How. 2 of the 24 Men’ (13/06/1844: John Hall Thomas Hall John Barber Chats. Bar. Coll.). George Hall. Primgaps 1838-1851 (Chats. Bar. Coll.). These are lengths of vein less than a meer, either between titles, John Barber Joseph Royse William Eyre or, more usually, remaining at the boundary of the liberty. They Elias Hall John Broadbent Robert Jackson are frequently recorded by the Barmasters in the Books of Entries. Isaac Rose John Charge Esq. Septimus How The fi rst reference dates from 1754 ‘…..the Primgap on Dirtlo Thomas Hall James Hall Benjamin Barber Old Vein at Siggit Top…’ (11/02/1754: DRO D1154 G/L 4). Jacob Dakin. Analysis of the Barmasters entries for this period have revealed that the location of this primgap is in the vicinity of Siggate Head 1853-1869www.pdmhs.com (Chats. Bar. Coll.). Mine at SK 1569 8228. Jacob Eyre Levi Bennett Samuel Ashton Robert Eyre Charles How Jacob Dakin The following entry of 1755 gives more detail to the exact Samuel How Stephen Middleton. location of a primgap in the Wham ‘…in the Wham Vein at Wham Head…The 5 Yards West to the Wall being a Primgap’ Item D504 B/L 2 held at DRO records the following list of (07/06/1755: DRO D1154 G/L 4). This primgap is slightlyfrom to the Jurymen, east of the wall that parts Castleton and Peak Forest Liberties (the Forest Wall), its location could be at approximately SK 126 814. Jury List for Castleton Liberty, April 30th 1756. Daniel Allcock George Moor George Mather An entry of 1765 records a primgap at Kytle End to the west John How Samuel Sellers Samuel Buxton of Pindale ‘Also Laid Joseph Rowbotham out the other Half James Redfearn George Holme Robert Barber Meer. N.B. A Prim Gap betwixt them and Thomas Daykin and John Dale Jonathan Twigg ???? Partners’ (08/06/1765: DRO D1154 G/L 5). Although this entry George Newton Samuel Allen Robert Willson tells little of the location of this primgap, one week earlier the Benjamin Chapman William Hill Samuel Robinson following is recorded ‘…..Joseph Rowbotham & Co….Half Thomas How Daniel Chapman Thomas Furniss Meer from their Old Founder on Kytle End…’ (01/06/1765: Thomas Frost (?) Robert Andrews William Jeffrey (?). DRO D1154 G/L 5). Unfortunately it is impossible to give an exact location for this Mine Owners and Miners primgap amongst the complex arrangement of veins and scrins 1752-1761 (DRO D1154 G/L 4). at this locality. James Hall Robert Hallam Martin Durham Dr. John Holland Micah Hall John Bagshawe Esq. The locationDownloaded primgap in the following entry is easier to locate: Ellis Eyre Jonathan Kyrk Matthew Bagshawe ‘Isaac Ashton and Partners gave one dish of ore to free a Half Thomas Pendleton Francis Bingham William Barber Meer East from their Old Founder in the Wham in Penny Mine Edward Ashton Sampson Cock Ellis Marshall Old Vein. N.B. A Prim Gap between them and Thomas Hadfi eld Isaac Royse Robert Walker Jonathan Royse and Partners of 11 yards and 10 inches’ (01/09/1769: DRO Robert Hall Jonathan Hall Jonathan Needham D1154 G/L 5). This primgap is obviously located on the range William Marshall Jonathan Walker Joshua Royse of Penny Mine Vein within the Wham at approximately SK 130 Joshua Whitely Robert Barber Thomas Ashton jun. 809. Jonathan Daykin Jonathan Frith sen. Isaac Morten Jasper Hall George Needham Thomas Fox The Barmasters and the ‘Grand Jury’ or ’24 Men’ Jonathan Nall Joshua Morten William Jackson The following lists of miners names illustrates the numbers of Jonathan Hadfi eld George Ashmore Robert Ibbetson persons involved in lead mining within Castleton Liberty during Jonathan Slate Richard White Robert How junior the period 1752 until 1869, and may be of particular interest to John Barber Joshua Hall Ellis Daykin genealogists. Jonathan Eyre Thomas Frost Thomas Pendleton

22 Jonathan Royse jun. Thomas Needham Jonathan Cartledge James Hall William Blackwell John Burch Charles Eyre Mr. Hatfi eld George Willson Jonathan Middleton Jonathan Willson Thomas Bennett Robert Gould Mr. Barber Thomas Chapman John Whittingham Thomas Smith Richard White Richard Pedley Thomas Wild Joshua Ashton Joseph Stavely Robert Hoyle Anthony Buley Joshua Daykin William How Thomas How Widow Smith Daniel Furniss Joseph Bagley Robert Daykin Richard Daykin Henry Titherton Mr. Turner Benjamin Hall Joseph Riddale Edward Clayton William Frost Dorothy Ashton William Daykin Elias Daykin Job Hall Robert Bradshaw Richard Bradshaw Samuel Hunter Robert Walker Robert Eyre Isaac Hall Jonathan How Marshall Smallwood Robert Hill Elizabeth Eyre John Eeeds Mr. Oakden Jonathan Cock Robert Wild Joseph Jackson Joseph Hide William Jackson John Bisley Westby Hatfi eld Jasper Frith Daniel Royse Samuel Fox Thomas Middleton Ann Westby Abraham Daykin Samuel Smith William Hide Grace Eeeds Jonathan Daykin George Mellor Isaac Ashton Jonathan Barber sen. Thomas Daykin John Nall George Barnsley George Sellers William Holme Richard Cock Jonathan Eyre jun. Matthew Frost George Barber Jonathan Walker Joseph Whittle Mr. Clay George Eeeds Jonathan Bocking Joseph Royse Alice Ibbotson Martin How Richard Bagshawe William Bagshawe Richard Walker Joseph Daykin Jonathan White John Bagshawe Thomas Hall Matthew Hall Roger Dawson James Jowle William Haigh Jonathan Hatfi eld Thomas Hatfi eld Edward Hall Joseph Whittle Matthew Nall Jacob Royse Jonathan Morten Robert Ashton Jonathan Hall Isaac Bradshaw Robert Hall Jonathan Cresswell Joseph Royse George Bradshaw Elizabeth Barber Martin Furniss Henry Marchington Isaac Holmes Thomas Hallom William Fox Jonathan Wright Mary Hall Susannah White Hannah Marshall Joseph Morten Edward Lomas Ellis Ashton Thomas Fletcher Robert Daykin Mr. Turner Micah How Abraham Barber Ellis Barber Thomas Middleton Robert Paramoor John Bullock Joseph Hall Joseph Rowbotham Nicholas Bradshaw William Bagley Jonathan Cartledge Henry Barber. Jonathan Littlewood Thomas Cheetham Jacob Royse Jonathan Marrison Ellis Hall Richard Pedley sen. 1784-1797. (DRO D1154 G/L 7). Joseph Hamilton Jonathan Eyre sen. Richard Bennit John Hall Willson Ashton Robert How George Middleton Joseph Kyrk Isaac Hamilton Robert Andrew Joseph Birch Joseph Ibbs Jonathan Pascoe Robert Marshall William Jeffrey Isaac Eeeds William Bagshawe Joseph Kyrk. Jonathan Royse sen. Jonathan Needham Richard Pedley sen.. 1798-1814. (Chats. Bar. Coll.). 1761-1778 (DRO D1154 G/L 5). John Nall Jeremy Royse Samuel White Jonathan Eyre Jonathan Hadfi eld Edward Clayton Joseph Royse John Bradbury John Needham Joseph Rose William Stafford William Holme John Walker Matthew Frost Thomas Wright Jonathan Needham Samuel Hunter Micah How Richard White Joseph Ibbs Joseph Hall Samuel Smith Thomas Daykin William Holme jun Robert How jun. Robert Hall Isaac Eeeds Elias Royse Thomas Winterbotham Mr. Arthur Barker George Andrews Elizabeth Middleton John Barber Matthew Hall Joseph Morten Jonathan Royse jun. George Eeeds John Ashton Micah How Joseph Kyrk Robert Bradshaw Thomas Frost Robert How Cooper Robert Barber John Hall Samuel Eyre George Needham Isaac Morten Thomaswww.pdmhs.com Eyre Joseph Kirk Elias Needham Joseph Walker Thomas Wild Thomas Royse John Whittingham Jonathan Royse Joseph Bradshaw Charles Eyre Mr. Clay Daniel Rose Joseph Hatfi eld Thomas Dakin Joseph Eyre Daniel Rose sen. Jonathan Barber William Walker Mr. Bagshawe Abraham Hall William Morten Charles Daykin Jonathan Hall Richard Pedley sen. John Clayton Daniel Royse John Shallcross Abraham Daykin Isaac Eeeds Micah Hall John Dakin Joseph Needham Thomas Needham Nicholas Cock Robert Barber William BradwellfromSeptimus Furniss Isaac Dakin George Broadbent William Cock Joshua Rose Isaac Barber Robert Nall John Wright Adam Morten Elias Eyre Abraham Bradshaw Robert How Elias Hall John Slate Mary Eeeds Jonathan Hadfi eld sen. Widow Hall Thomas Needham Joseph Eeeds William Eeeds Benjamin Marsden George Whittingham Willson Ashton Jonathan Royse Anthony Marshall Isaac Hatfi eld Jacob Hatfi eld George Eeeds Robert Daykin Joseph Rowbotham William Oldfi eld Amos Mellor James Needham Samuel Slack Robert Morten Elias Pedley Matthew Needham Jeremy Hatfi eld John Jackson Joseph Bancroft Lawrence Marshall George Bradshaw Joseph Barber James Walker Thomas Hall Archibald Daykin William Hide Charles Tymn Rebecca Royse Joseph Wright Samuel Howe Jonathan Slate Edward Fletcher Jonathan Cock Micah Royse Thomas Hallam Thomas Bancroft Richard Hill Isaac Royse Jonathan Pascoe Henry Nall Joseph Hide Samuel Bennett Thomas Chapman William Hall Mary Royse William Eyre Micah Barber Isaac Middleton Joshua Royse William Bennit Jeremy Royse Joseph Winterbotham Joseph Dickin George Hall Mr. Watson Nicholas Bradshaw Joseph Jackson John Farmer Dakin Benjamin Eyre William Nall Thomas Hadfi eld James Whittingham Edmund How Micah Tym Thomas Andrew Issac Hall John Holme John Bagshawe Esq. Isaac Ashton Mr. Hall Dorothy Dudding/Ashton Ebenezer Evans Thomas Frost Downloaded Thomas Eyre Isaac Marrison Robert Andrew Richard Bennett Joseph Collins John Needham Widow Royse Henry Andrews Thomas Walker Joseph Birch John Royse William Durick Thomas Hide Jonathan Hide Isaac Royse. Samuel Bunting Robert Middleton Joseph Hall Benjamin Chapman William Ibbotson Michael Hall 1814-1838. (Chats. Bar. Coll.). Edward Hall Henry Hall Samuel Crapper Jonathan How Isaac Hall Thomas Wright Sarah Middleton Robert Layton Samuel Skidmore Isaac Eeeds Joseph Eeeds Jasper Hall William Fox Jonathan Brown Hannah Marshall Thomas Hall George Hall Benjamin Eyre Martha Marshall Jonathan Kyrk William Royse Robert How George Eeeds Jeremy Royse Edward Oldfi eld Robert Fox Dennis Ibbotson William Eeeds James Walker Robert Barber Thomas Barber James Bullock Thomas Rowbotham John Hall Mr. Radcliffe Isaac Dakin Adam Barber George Middleton Jasper Hall Richard Middleton Godfrey Pearson George Slack Jonathan Rose Mr. William Torbett Anne Eyre William Eyre ? Williamson ? Knowles Helen Bradshaw Widow How George Charlton John Needham Joseph Eyre Thomas Eyre

23 Mr. Taylor Thomas Hill William Fox New Gates Vein. Untouched hillocks (SK 135 833). Two small Joseph Royse John Royse William Hibbs pipe workings below crest of Treak Cliff on the range of the George Goodwin Joseph Wright Matthew Needham vein. Abraham Hall Joseph Hall Micah Rose William Foster Esq. Frederick William Foster Esq. Millers Pipe/Treak Cliff Cavern. Numerous pipe caverns open John Nall William John Bagshawe to the surface (SK 135 832). John Read Esq. Francis Chantry Esq. John Brown Esq Thomas Boothman Thomas Elliott Hannah Elliott Vein under Shining Tor, Winnats Pass. Untouched hillocks Isaac Ashton Robert How Ashton Sir W.C. Bagshawe alongside the road in the Pass (SK 1356 8261). John Dakin Jonathan Dixon John Whittingham Micah Dakin ? Needham ? Champion Little Winster Vein. Untouched hillocks and open stope (SK Isaac Royse John Jackson Richard Bennett 1390 8272). ? Willcockson Richard Hall Isaac Hill Sarah Needham Thomas Needham Mr. Winterbotham Longcliff Vein. Untouched hillocks. Several shafts. Large coe John Eyre John Frost John Barber (SK 1379 8248). Small pipes open to surface (SK 140 825). Samuel Broadbent. Walled entrance and coe at Longcliff Levy (SK 1422 8255). 1838-1851.(Chats. Bar. Coll.). Slack Hole Vein. Untouched hillocks. Small pipe open to surface Richard Hall John Evans Joseph Hadfi eld Birch (SK 1399 8255). Coe and large diameter run-in shaft (SK 1376 Isaac Royse Robert How Ashton George White 8260). Narrow openings into deep stopes (SK 1381 8252). George Hall Betty Hall Samuel Mellor John Barber Joseph Royse Thomas Bradwell Cat Scrin. Untouched hillocks. Small pipes open to surface and Joseph Beverly Jonathan How James How possible dressing fl oor (SK 1419 8251). Thomas Walker Sarah Bradwell William Cheetham Isaac Ashton John Royse John Read Esq. Foreside (Faucet) Rake. Untouched hillocks. Accessable Sarah Hadfi eld William Eyre Elias Hall stopes (SK 142 824). Small opencut containing rope grooves Elizabeth Willcockson John Sykes Thomas Hall (SK 1379 8231). Partly walled gin circle and shaft (SK 1342 Dolly Hall John Broadbent Benjamin Somerset 8232). Possible coe (SK 1275 8221). Large natural shakehole Isaac Somerset Charles Tym sen. Charles Tym jun. (SK 1285 8224). Samuel Tym Robert Tym Robert Jackson Isaac Rose John Clayton Thomas Eyre jun. South branch of Foreside Rake. Good example of double Mr. Macqueen Matthew Frost John Charge Esq vein exposure (SK 1419 8231). Untouched hillocks. Narrow Joseph Hall Esq. Septimus How John Hall openings into deep stopes (SK 1410 8225). George Broadbent John Holmes James Gyte Ellis Needham Robert Needham Samuel Needham New Rake. Untouched hillocks. Possible miners stile (SK Robert Hadfi eld James Frost Ann Tym 1420 8225). Numerous covered shafts. Small bouse teem John Maltby Thomas Hill Isaac Eyre (SK 1381 8209). Large water storage pond (SK 1380 8202) Abraham Eyre George Gyte James Nall with shallow drainage channels leading to pond from higher James Hall Benjamin Barber Jacob Dakin ground to the south. Samuel Durham John Oldfi eld William Oldfi eld. www.pdmhs.com Wet Rake (Rowter). Completely obliterated by later quarrying 1853-1869. (Chats. Bar. Coll.). and lime burning operations. Jonathan How Jacob Eyre Levi Bennett William Eyre Peter Kirk Robert Hall Horsepit Rake (Hurdlow). Untouched hillocks. Several Issac Royse George Sheldon Elizabeth Royse capped shafts. Hillocks totally removed to south of Rowter John Royse John Fairburn Samuel RoysefromFarm. Joseph Royse John Morrison Robert How Ashton jun, Samuel Ashton Horsepit Rake (Linicar). Several capped shafts. Untouched George White Robert Eyre Edwin Maltby hillocks. Area of ‘cast holes’ or trial shafts (SK 1272 8175). Jeremy Royse Abraham Royse Thomas Hadfi eld Possible coe (SK 130 817 ). Joseph Hadfi eld Robert Hadfi eld Abraham Hadfi eld Isaac Hadfi eld Betty Hall John Hall Veins on Linicar. Untouched hillocks. Many parallel and Mary Catherine Ann Greaves interconnecting veins. Coe with internal open climbing shaft William Henry Greaves Bagshawe John Ashwell (SK 1275 8171). Several belland yards. Numerous sleeper Isaac Eyre John Broadbent Isaac Furniss covered shafts. Large natural shakehole (SK 1291 8175). Abraham Furniss Isaac Sidebotham Charles Howe Possible crushing circle (SK 128 817) with nearby large fl at- George Wilkson Higinbotham Jacob Dakin topped hillock with stone built access ramp. Samuel Howe Stephen Middleton. Slack Hole Vein (Linicar). Untouched hillocks and hollows Surface Remains (centred SK 131 815). The following are details of the surface remains to be seen at the present time Downloaded(2006) on the many veins within Castleton Liberty. Weather Rake (Cowlow). Untouched hillocks and hollows For clarity the veins will be recorded from north to south within (centred SK 148 823). the liberty. Some of the veins are now contained within areas of ‘open access’ land therefore persons are allowed to roam at will. Weather Rake (Cave Dale). Several narrow vein exposures In other areas footpaths either follow the course of a vein/s or run on dale sides. Short obvious level in dale bottom (SK 1489 nearby or adjacent to them. To visit a vein/s on private land then 8225). the appropriate landowners permission should be sought. Redseats Vein (Cave Dale). Narrow vein exposure (SK 1499 Extreme caution should be observed when exploring the 8251). surface features on the veins owing to open stopes, shafts etc. Redseats Vein (Michill Bank). Untouched hillocks. Open Oden Vein. Impressive opencut into vein (SK 1335 8348). Iron stope (SK 1535 8255). crushing circle and iron-tyred stone and Knowles Engine Shaft with partly walled gin circle (SK 136 835).

24 Redseats Vein (below Pindale road). Untouched hillocks. Large and Phil Shaw along with Jim Rieuwerts have been good walled water storage pond and possible Callamy Works (SK companions on our numerous walks within the liberty to view 1568 8261). Wide vein exposures (SK 1585 8261) with possible the surface remains of each of the veins noted in this paper. John adit. Barnatt kindly supplied the photographs contained herein. The staff at both Chatsworth House and Derbyshire Records Offi ce Kitle End Vein. Large open stopes on steep hillside (SK 1599 have been most helpful and generous in allowing me access, on 8249). Partly re-worked hillocks. Openings into deep stopes many occasions, to their archival records. Neil Spurr of Digital on crest of hill (SK 1593 8247). Vein exposure with removed Archives Association, Warrington kindly allowed usage of the base of ‘rither’ point (SK 1575 8235). Covered engine shaft, maps from their Derbyshire maps compact disk, which are crushing circle, water storage pond at Siggate Head Mine (SK reproduced here. Trevor Ford generously supplied part copies 1569 8228). of Hedinger and Mawe’s accounts regarding Cave Dale. Thanks are also extended to the various landowners who have allowed Pindale Side (Lawyer) Vein. Narrow open stopes with sweeping the writer access to view and record the veins/mines and other pickmarks (SK 1575 8228). Recent (2004) major collapse partly features on their land. blocking lower stope. References Fire Scrin (Walker Stickings). Wide, deep stope with sweeping Printed sources: pickmarks, gad-holes and shotholes (SK 1575 8227). Cleared of Baker, E.A. 1903. Moors, Crags and Caves of the High Peak ‘fl y tipped’ rubbish in 2005 by PDMHS. and Neighbourhood. Second facsimile edition by Halsgrove, Tiverton, Devon (2002). Hentley Vein. Hillocks partly removed. Solitary covered shaft (SK 1475 8179). Barnatt, J. and Penny, R. 2004. The Lead Legacy. The prospects for the Peak Districts Lead Mining Heritage. Bakewell. Peak Nether Dirtlow Rake. Hillocks totally removed. Several grilled District National Park Authority. engine shafts. Large grille covered stope (SK 1559 8221 ). Re- instated crushing circle from Lower Slitherstones (Windle and Barnatt, J. 2002. Excavation and conservation at How Grove, Rush) Mine, Eldon Hill, Peak Forest Liberty (SK 1172 8148). Dirtlow Rake, Castleton, Derbyshire. Mining History 15.2. Large opencuts with sweeping pickmarks and impressive ‘riders’. Possible early-dated shotholes and grilled stope (SK Cameron, K. 1959. The Place-Names of Derbyshire. (3 volumes). 1550 8219). English Place-Name Society. Cambridge University Press. Middle Dirtlow Rake. Hillocks totally removed. Crushing Evans, S. 1912. Bradwell. Ancient and Modern. Facsimile reprint circle, coe and circular buddles at How Grove (SK 1480 8175) by Country Books, Little Longstone, Bakewell, Derbyshire archeologically excavated by PDMHS. (2004). Wet Rake. Untouched hillocks alongside plantation (SK 1475 Ford, T.D. and Rieuwerts, J.H. 1976. Odin Mine, Castleton, 8165). Derbyshire. Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society 6.4. Dirtlow Rake ‘Head’. Hillocks and surface features totally removed. Walled gin circle at Hazard Mine (SK 1365 8122) Ford,www.pdmhs.com T.D. 2000. Derbyshire Blue John. Ashbourne Editions, partly rebuilt in 2003 by PDMHS. Ashbourne, Derbyshire. Daisy (Deasey, Dayside, Daysy) Rake. Untouched hillocks. Heathcote, C. 2001(a). Surface remains of the Pindale area, Large belland yard. Water storage pond. Crushing circle and Castleton, Derbyshire. Mining History 14.6. covered engine shaft (SK 1344 8085). fromHeathcote, C. 2001(b). A History and Gazetteer of the Mines Bradshaw Vein. Hillocks and other surface features totally in the Liberty of Peak Forest, Derbyshire, 1605-1878. Mining removed in 2000 during agricultural improvements. History 14.5. Wrangling Rake (Upper and Lower). Hillocks almost totally Hedinger, J.M. c1800. A short description of Castleton in removed. Several covered shafts. Partly walled gin circle and Derbyshire. Its natural curiosities and mineral productions. covered engine shaft at Penny Mine (SK 1309 8099). (Part copy courtesy of T.D. Ford). Wham Rake. Several covered shafts. Hillocks almost totally Mawe, J. 1802. The Geology and Mineralogy of Derbyshire. removed. London. (Part copy courtesy of T.D. Ford). A comprehensive report by Barnatt and Penny (2004) lists in Nixon, D.A. and Warriner, D. 1997. The connection of James greater detail the surface features remaining at many of the Hall’s Over Engine Mine to Peak and Speedwell Cavern. Mining mines noted in this paper. History 13.3. Conclusion Penney, D. 1985. Peakshole Sough, Castleton. Bulletin of the This paper, likeDownloaded the previously published Peak Forest Liberty Peak District Mines Historical Society 9.3. paper (Heathcote 2001b) is the culmination of several years research into Castleton Liberty, and will, it is hoped. It is as Porteous, C. 1950. Caves and Caverns of Peakland. The ‘Come comprehensive as possible and it is hoped it will act as a starting to Derbyshire’ Association. (Derbyshire Countryside Ltd.). point for further investigations into the area. Castleton Liberty Derby. like the neighbouring Peak Forest and Bradwell Liberties saw many centuries of lead mining activity which has left us with Rieuwerts, J.H. and Ford, T.D. 1985. The Mining History of many relics of this now lost industry. the Speedwell Mine or Oakden Level, Castleton, Derbyshire. Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society 9.3. Acknowledgements Thanks are given to the following: Jim Rieuwerts, has as usual, Rieuwerts, J.H. 1987. History and Gazetteer of the Lead Mine been of great help and assistance by supplying a large amount Soughs of Derbyshire. Sheffi eld. Privately Published. of historical data, reading several drafts and discussing, often at great length, various aspects concerning this paper. John Barnatt

25 Rieuwerts, J.H. c1992. The Principal Mines and Veins SW from Dirtlow Rake Head. Foreside (Faucet) Rake, New Rake and associated small veins in Castleton and Peak Forest Liberties. The Eldon Hill, Slitherstone and Linacre Mines. Unpublished report. Bakewell: Peak District National Park Authority. Rieuwerts, J.H. 1993. Ashton’s Mine, Pindale Side and the Nether Dirtlow Mines. Unpublished report. Bakewell: Peak District National Park Authority. Rieuwerts, J.H. 1994. Lead Mining within the Royal Forest of the Peak during the 13th Century. Mining History 12.3. Rieuwerts, J.H. 1998. Glossary of Derbyshire Lead Mining Terms. Peak District Mines Historical Society. Matlock Bath, Derbyshire. Rieuwerts, J.H. 2007. Lead Mining in Derbyshire: History, Development and Drainage. 1. Castleton to the River Wye. Landmark Publishing. Ashbourne. Stokes, A.H. 1890. Lead and Lead Mining in Derbyshire. Reprinted by the Peak District Mines Historical Society, Peak District Mining Museum, Matlock Bath, Derbyshire (1995). Stevenson, I.P. and Gaunt, G.D. 1971. Geology of the country around Chapel-en-le-Frith. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britian.HMSO London.

Map sources. Ordnance Survey. Second Edition.1898. 25 inches to one mile. Derbyshire sheets IX-8, IX-9, IX-12, IX-16. Digital Archives Association, Warrington. Map of Castleton Commons. 1691. Shefﬁ eld Archives. Bagshawe Collection 241. Documentary sources. Thomas Hall’s notebook of 1856. In private possession of Mr. J. Harrison at Speedwell Mine, Castleton. (Part copy kindly www.pdmhs.com supplied by Jim Rieuwerts). Barmaster Books of Entries. D1154 G/L 4. 1752-1761. D1154 G/L 5. 1761-1778. Derbyshire Records Ofﬁ ce, Matlock. Barmaster Books of Entries. 1798-1814. 1814-1838.from 1838- 1851. 1853-1869. Barmaster Collection, Chatsworth House, Derbyshire. Chris Heathcote, 15 Links Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith, High Peak, Derbyshire. SK23 9TX.

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26 Appendix 1. Grove Ore output from the Castleton Liberty mines 1798-1894. (Source: Chats Bar Coll). Key: A. Year. B. Grove Ore output (taken to nearest load). Excluding Lott and Tithe ore. C. The ﬁ ve mines measuring the greatest amount of Grove Ore (in order of largest output) + total mines measuring Grove Ore within the liberty. A B C 1798 434 Oden, Ashton Grove, Longcliff, Kirk Grove, Pindale + 7 others 1799 512 Ashton Grove, Kirk Grove, Oden, Pindale, Longcliff Top + 10 others 1800 800 Ashton Grove, Kirk Grove, Oden, Pindale, Rangling Rake + 12 others 1801 1042 Ashton Grove, Oden, Kirk Grove, Royse Grove, Pindale + 11 others 1802 792 Ashton Grove, Oden, Nall Engine West End, Pindale, Royse Grove + 16 others 1803 812 Oden, Ashton Grove, Longcliff Vein, Kirk Grove, Nall Engine West End + 14 others 1804 1098 Oden, Ashton Grove, Lane Head, Kirk Grove, Longcliff + 8 others 1805 1173 Oden, Ashton Grove, Lane Head, Smith Grove, Nall Engine West End + 21 others 1806 1301 Oden, Ashton Grove, Smith Grove, Nall Engine West End, Lane Head + 22 others 1807 1266 Oden, Ashton Grove, Smith Grove, Nall Engine West End, Longcliff + 21 others 1808 1219 Ashton Grove, Oden, Nall Engine West End, Smith Grove, Kirk Grove + 15 others 1809 1518 Ashton Grove, Oden, Nall Engine West End, Kirk Grove, Nall Engine East End + 21 others 1810 1479 Oden, Ashton Grove, Nall or Prince West End, Holland Twine West End, How Grove + 18 others 1811 1558 Nall Engine West End, Oden, Ashton Grove, Holland Twine, Royse Grove + 15 others 1812 1539 Oden, Ashton Grove, Nall Engine West End, Royse Grove, Holland Twine + 11 others 1813 1511 Oden, Royse Grove, Ashton Grove, Nall Engine West End, Holland Twine + 18 others 1814 1227 Oden, How Grove, Ashton Grove, Portaway Vein, Nall Engine West End + 17 others 1815 897 Oden, Portaway Vein, Ashton Grove, Portaway Vein, Pindale + 15 others 1816 745 Portaway Vein, Oden, Portaway Vein, Ashton Grove, Pindale + 15 others 1817 963 Oden, How Grove, Ashton Grove, Portaway Vein, Holland Twine + 17 others 1818 712 How Grove, Ashton Grove, Oden, Holland Twine, Portaway Vein + 8 others 1819 749 How Grove, Oden, Ashton Grove, Holland Twine, Portaway Vein + 5 others 1820 1127 Ashton Grove, Oden, Holland Twine, How Grove, Pindale Side + 4 others 1821 1042 Oden, Ashton Grove, Holland Twine, How Grove, Portaway Vein + 5 others 1822 1148 Oden, Holland Twine, Ashton Grove, Deasy Rake, How Grove + 8 others 1823 1418 Oden, Holland Twine, Deasy Rake, How Grove, Ashton Grove + 9 others 1824 1171 Oden, Holland Twine, Deasy Rake, How Grove, Ashton Grove + 9 others 1825 942 Holland Twine, Oden, Deasy Rake, Hazzard, Ashton Grove + 8 others 1826 1333 Oden, Holland Twine, Hazzard, Deasy Rake, Ashton Grove + 5 others 1827 1454 Oden, Hazzard, Holland Twine, Deasy Rake, Ashton Grove + 5 others 1828 1703 Hazzard, Oden, Holland Twine, Ashton Grove,www.pdmhs.com Portaway + 2 others 1829 1814 Oden, Hazzard, Holland Twine, Ashton Grove, Pindale End + 2 others 1830 1652 Oden, Hazzard, Holland Twine, Ashton Grove 1831 2278 Oden, Hazzard, Ashton Grove, Holland Twine, Bradshaw Grove 1832 1410 Oden, Ashton Grove, Holland Twine, Hazzard, Pindale End 1833 1216 Hazzard, Oden, Holland Twine, Ashton Grove 1834 1331 Hazzard, Oden, Holland Twine,from Ashton Grove 1835 1966 Hazzard, Holland Twine, Oden, Ashton Grove 1836 1809 Hazzard, Holland Twine, Ashton Grove, Deasy Rake, Oden + 2 others 1837 2194 Hazzard, Oden, Ashton Grove, Holland Twine, Deasy Rake 1838 2309 Hazzard, Oden, Holland Twine, Ashton Grove 1839 1416 Hazzard, Oden, Holland Twine, Ashton Grove 1840 1502 Hazzard, Oden, Holland Twine, Deasy Rake, Droister 1841 1424 Hazzard, Oden, Ashton Grove, Chance 1842 1708 Hazzard, Oden, Sidegate Top, Ashton Grove, Pendleton Scrin + 4 others 1843 1643 Hazzard, Oden, Sidegate Top, How Grove, Deasy Rake + 3 others 1844 1333 Oden, Hazzard, Sidegate Top, Lawyer Vein, Ashton Grove + 1 other 1845 1017 Hazzard, Oden, Lawyer Vein, Sidegate Top, Ashton Grove + 4 others 1846 638 Oden, Hazzard, Lawyer Vein, Sidegate Top, Holland Twine + 3 others 1847 858 Oden, Hazzard, Sidegate Top, Lawyer Mine, Holland Twine + 4 others 1848 729 Oden, Hazzard, Lawyer Mine, Holland Twine, Ashton Grove + 6 others 1849 619 Hazzard, Oden, Lawyer Mine, Ashton Grove, Smith Grove + 3 others 1850 Downloaded 285 Hazzard, Oden, Ashton Grove, Holland Twine, Lawyer Mine + 2 others 1851 168 Hazzard, Oden, Holland Twine, Lawyer Mine, Freezeland, Ashton Grove 1852 152 Hazzard, Oden, Lawyer Mine, Holland Twine, Freezeland + 1 other 1853 283 Ashton Grove, Oden, Lawyer Mine, Hazzard, Holland Twine + 2 others 1854 384 Ashton Grove, Oden, Lawyer Mine, Holland Twine, Hazzard + 3 others 1855 460 Hazzard, Oden, Lawyer Mine, Holland Twine, Ashton Grove + 4 others 1856 690 Hazard, Oden, Lawyer Mine, Smith Grove, Deaseyrake + 7 others 1857 945 Hazard, Oden, Ashton Grove, Smith Grove, Lawyer Mine + 6 others 1858 1139 Hazard, Oden, Smith Grove, Lawyer Mine, Deaseyrake + 6 others 1859 844 Oden, Hazard, Smith Grove, Ashton Grove, Lawyer Mine + 8 others 1860 891 Hazard, Oden, Smith Grove, Ashton Grove, How Grove + 7 others 1861 729 Ashton Grove, Smith Grove, Hazard, Oden, Kitle End + 5 others 1862 739 Ashton Grove, Smith Grove, Hazard, Bullock Grove, Lawyer Mine + 7 others 1863 699 Smith Grove, Hazard, Ashton Grove, Bullock Grove, Dirtlow South Vein + 3 others

27 A B C 1864 616 Hazard, Smith Grove, Ashton Grove, Bullock Grove, Pindale End + 2 others 1865 542 Ashton Grove, Smith Grove, Hazard, Dirtlow South Vein + 4 others 1866 187 Smith Grove, Ashton Grove, Hazard, Bullock Grove 1867 309 Smith Grove, Ashton Grove, How Grove, Hazard, Bullock Grove + 5 others 1868 363 Smith Grove, Ashton Grove, Bullock Grove, How Grove, Hazard + 3 others 1869 237 Ashton Grove, Smith Grove, How Grove, Bullock Grove, Hollandtwine + 1 other 1870 246 Smith Grove, Ashton Grove, How Grove, Pindale End, Bullock Grove 1871 204 Ashton Grove, Smith Grove, How Grove, Pindale End, Bullock Grove + 2 others 1872 81 Ashton Grove, How Grove, Smith Grove, Freezeland, Bullock Grove 1873 153 Smith Grove, Ashton Grove, How Grove, Bullock Grove, Wrangling Rake + 4 others 1874 103 Smith Grove, How Grove, Bullock Grove 1875 61 How Grove, Penny Mine, Bullock Grove, Freezeland, Ashton Grove + 1 other 1876 69 Ashton Grove, How Grove, Bullock Grove, Hollandtwine, Kirk or Clark Grove 1877 218 Pindale, Ashton Grove, How Grove, Bullock Grove, Freezeland + 3 others 1878 148 Ashton Grove, How Grove, Smith Grove, Pindale, Hazard + 4 others 1879 86 Ashton Grove, How Grove, Smith Grove, Hazard, Penny Mine 1880 119 Ashton Grove, Smith Grove, How Grove, Hazard, Penny Mine 1881 113 Ashton Grove, Smith Grove, How Grove 1882 97 Ashton Grove, How Grove, Daisyrake, Hollandtwine 1883 26 Ashton Grove, How Grove 1884 52 Ashton Grove, Deaseyrake, How Grove, Hazard 1885 19 How Grove, New York 1886 20 Ashton Grove, How Grove, Deaseyrake 1887 7 Ashton Grove 1888 23 Ashton Grove 1889 10 Smith Grove 1890 18 Smith Grove, Ashton Grove 1891 23 Ashton Grove 1892 7 Ashton Grove 1893 0 1894 8 Ashton Grove

Appendix 2. Ownership of the mines 1798-1894. (Source: Chats. Bar Coll). Key: A. Mine name or names (as recorded by the Barmaster). B. Year or years when grove ore was measured (last date signiﬁ es underground mining as ceased at the mine). Note: Grove ore measured periodically between any two given dates. C. Owner or owners name recorded at time of measuring. www.pdmhs.com A B C A B C Oden 1798-1835 William Chambers Bagshaw Redseats Wood 1798-1799 Isaac Hall 1835-1850 William John Bagshaw South Vein 1851-1856 William John Bagshaw (Heirs) Robert How AshtonfromLongcliff 1798-1812 William Chambers Bagshaw 1856-1865 Longcliff Vein 1802-1803 Ralph Oakden Kirk or Clark 1798-1811 Isaac Eeeds Grove 1812-1813 Robert Barber Longcliff End 1807 William Morten 1856-1857 Dolly Hall 1813-1827 John Bullock 1859-1861 Dolly Hall (Heirs) 1873-1877 Dolly Hall (Heirs) Longcliff Top 1799 John Nall 1800 Jeremy Royse Ashton Grove 1798-1804 Isaac Eeeds 1803 John Nall 1805-1809 Samuel White 1810-1828 Jeremy Royse Longcliffback 1803 John Barber 1829-1836 Jeremy Royse (Heirs) 1806 Ellis Needham 1836-1864 Isaac Royse 1808 Jeremy Royse 1865-1894 Isaac Royse (Heirs) 1845-1847 Robert Needham 1859 James Gyte Pindale 1798-1825 John Dakin Downloaded1842-1878 Robert How Ashton Longcliff Side 1799 Thomas Eyre

Kitle or 1798-1799 Robert Andrew Smith Engine 1798-1803 Isaac Eeeds Kytle End 1801 John Bradbury or Old Grove 1805-1809 Samuel White 1807-1826 Jeremy Royse 1810-1817 Jeremy Royse 1860 Isaac Royse 1848-1863 Isaac Royse 1862 Samuel Royse 1864-1866 Thomas Bradwell 1867-1890 Isaac Royse (Heirs) Foxholes 1805-1815 John Slate (Kitle End) 1815-1818 John Slate (Heirs) Bramhall Scrin 1798 John Dakin

Redseats Wood 1798-1825 Isaac Hall Siggit or 1798 Ellis (Elias) Bradwell Great Vein Sidegate Side

28 A B C A B C Herbage 1798 John Nall Hazzard or Hazard 1802-1803 Micah Hall 1805 Johnson Evans 1825-1829 Isaac Hall 1806 Joseph Hibbs 1830-1835 Isaac Hall (Heirs) 1807 William Marshall 1835-1850 Richard Hall 1810 Thomas Hallam 1851-1884 Joseph Hall 1813-1817 Johnson Evans Little Bank 1803-1807 William Chambers Bagshaw Dirtlow Rake 1799 John Dakin South (Side) Vein 1857-1858 Dolly Hall Dirtlow Stone 1803-1804 Isaac Eeeds 1859-1865 Dolly Hall (Heirs) Vein in Jasper 1803 Jeremy Royse Redseats Croft 1799 John Nall Turnbull Field 1807 James Hibbs Lane Head 1804 Ralph Oakden Nall Engine 1799-1806 Isaac Eeeds 1804-1847 Jeremy Royse West End 1806-1817 George Eeeds or Prince Grove 1856-1860 John Broadbent Heart of Oak 1805 John Dakin

Royse Grove 1799-1808 Joseph Royse Ploughfoot 1805-1806 Daniel Royse 1809-1811 Joseph Royse (Heirs) 1812-1815 Micah Royse Windy Gates 1805 Joseph Royse 1822 Jeremy Royse Low Meadows

Castle Side 1799-1800 George Whittingham Peaks Hole Water 1805-1806 John Morten (Bottom) 1801 John Whittingham orPeaks Hole Joseph Whittingham 1802-1826 Joseph Whittingham Robert Hall John Dakin Pendleton Scrin 1800-1805 John Wright 1809 Abraham Dakin 1811 Joseph Marrison 1811 Robert Hall 1823 John Morten Hentley Vein 1800 George Eeeds 1825 Robert Hall 1805-1806 John Needham 1829 George Sheldon 1813 Isaac Eeeds New Rake 1806-1807 Jeremy Royse Redseats Fold 1800-1801 Thomas Dakin 1811 Isaac Hall

Cave Side 1800 Isaac Eeeds How Grove 1806-1825 William Chambers Bagshaw 1843-1846 Isaac Royse Rangling or 1800-1802 Thomas Needham www.pdmhs.com1848-1861 John Broadbent Wrangling Rake 1803-1819 Thomas Needham (Heirs) 1867-1886 Abraham Furness 1853 George Whittingham 1860-1873 George Broadbent Peaks Hole Tor 1806 William Chambers Bagshaw Forside Rake Hank Hall 1801 John Ashton North Side 1802 Joseph Birch fromDog Yard 1806 William Chambers Bagshaw 1809 Isaac Royse Goosehill Top

Bakers Venture 1801 George Eeeds Flowering Ash 1807 Robert Nall (Kitle End) Rustle Amongst 1801-1808 Elias Bradwell Them 1809 Joseph Bradwell Dales 1807-1814 William Chambers Bagshaw 1810-1813 Elias Bradwell (Heirs) 1814-1824 Richard Bennett Forside Rake 1807 Jeremy Royse Longcliffback Holland Engine 1802 Isaac Eeeds Botany (Herbage) 1807-1808 Johnson Evans Chatsworth 1802 Isaac Eeeds Radcliffe 1808 Adam Morten Forside Rake 1802 Joseph Hadﬁ eld (Herbage) 1813-1816 John Jackson Linnicar Downloaded 1802 Impossible to give accurate Nall Engine 1808-1811 Isaac Eeeds (many separate 1804-1810 ownership owing to East End 1814-1817 George Eeeds locations-details 1812-1813 numerous entries not speciﬁ c) 1816-1817 Little Winster 1809 Jeremy Royse 1836 1849 Holland Twine 1809 Isaac Eeeds East End Clark Ground 1802-1803 Isaac Eeeds Hentley Penny Mine 1809-1817 Isaac Hall 1867-1879 Joseph Hall

Holland Twine 1809 Isaac Eeeds West End

29 A B C A B C Wham Yate (Gate) 1810 Thomas Needham Knab 1824 William Chambers Bagshaw

Clogg Buckle 1812 John Walker Hopeful 1825-1826 Joseph Eeeds (Kitle End) 1815 John Walker (Heirs) Bradshaw Grove 1827-1831 Robert Barber Pindale Side 1812-1829 Isaac Hall (Vein) 1862 Dolly Hall (Heirs) 1842-1843 Richard Hall Droister 1836-1848 John Frost Portaway Vein 1813-1816 John Wright Wham 1817-1828 Thomas Wright Chance 1841 Isaac Royse

Portaway Vein 1814-1826 Isaac Hall Siggit or 1842-1855 John Royse Wham Sidegate Top

Michill Bank 1813 Joseph Eeeds Bennett End 1842 Dolly Hall (Top of) Lawyer Mine 1844-1850 Richard Hall Holland Twine 1811-1812 Isaac Eeeds (Vein) 1851-1863 Joseph Hall 1813-1816 Robert Barber 1817-1823 William Eyre Miners Venture 1847-1862 Samuel Tym 1824-1837 Robert Barber 1838-1842 Robert Barber (Heirs) Freezeland 1852 Jeremy Royse 1843-1857 Dolly Hall 1867-1877 Thomas Hadﬁ eld 1858-1865 Dolly Hall (Heirs) 1868-1878 Robert How Ashton Nether New Rake 1855 Isaac Royse

Jacob Royse Part 1816-1820 Isaac Eeeds Bullock Grove 1856-1878 Joseph Hall

Pindale Tor Top 1817 John Dakin Pindale Limekiln 1867 Nathan W. Ashton

Hentley 1819 Isaac Eeeds New York 1878-1885 Robert How Ashton North Vein

Hentley Rake 1820 Joseph Eeeds

Hentley Scrin 1821 Joseph Eeeds

Deasy (Daisy) 1821-1836 Jeremy Royse Rake 1836-1848 Isaac Royse www.pdmhs.com 1853-1857 Joseph Royse 1857-1860 John Marrison 1862-1864 George White Robert Hadﬁ eld 1865-1882 William Warhurst 1884-1886 William Warhurst (Heirs)from

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