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Praktiskā Teoloģija Celš 7 PRAKTISKĀ TEOLOĢIJA CELŠ 7 Nr. 52, 2000 Latvijas Universitātes teoloģisks un kultūrvēsturisks izdevums CEĻŠ ir Latvijas Universitātes Teoloģijas fakultātes teoloģisks un kultūrvēsturisks izdevums. Tā interešu lokā ir reliģijas socioloģija un vēsture, socioantropoloģija, kultūra un citas ar teoloģiju un reliģiju izpēti saistītas disciplīnas. CEĻA izdošanu atbalsta Prof. Arvīda Ziedoņa fonds REDAKCIJAS KOLĒĢIJA: Galvenais redaktors E. Grīslis Ph.D., Prof., University of Manitoba, Canada; Latvijas Universitāte. I. Kalniņš, Dr. Theol., Latvijas Universitāte V.V. Klīve Ph.D., Prof., Latvijas Universitāte. J. Sīkstulis Dr. Philol., Latvijas Universitāte. A. Ziedonis Ph.D., Prof., Muhlenberg College. AllentownI. Leitane, PA, USA; DrLatvija. Philos.s Universitāte, Latvijas Universitāte. Copyright © 2000, Latvijas Universitāte © 2000, E. Cacure © 2000, U. Jumejs © 2000, I. Kalniņš © 2000, Ā. Karpova © 2000, V. Klīve © 2000, I. Leitāne © 2000, A. Līduma © 2000, G. Līdums © 2000, R. Slenczka © 2000. Ü. Skudiņa © 2000, J. Tambergs © 2000, V. Vārsbergs © 2000, M. Vidnere Datorsalikums E. Sinkēviča K. Freibergs A. Hansons Redaktore V. Kaņepe Māksliniece I.Murāne-Grantina LU Teoloģijas fakultātes izdevniecība Ceļš Redakcijas adrese Raiņa bulv. 19, LV-1586 Rīga, Latvija Reģ. Nr. 1431 Saturs Redakcijas lapa Teoloģija un pastorālais darbs Imants Kalniņš Praktiskās teoloģijas loma postmodernisma laikmetā 8 Reinhard Slenczka Luther als Seelsorger für unsere Zeit Gelebter und gelehrter Glaube 30 Visvaldis Varnesis Klive Etiķa un pastorālais darbs 76 Vilis Vārsbergs Draudze - teologa praktiskā darba vieta 84 Gatis Līdums Cilvēks Dieva līdzībā 110 Dace Skudina Dzīves un nāves krustceļus staigājot: kapelāna darbs slimnīcā 135 Imants Kalniņš Dažas piezīmes par pastorālās aprūpes jautājumiem M. Lutera teoloģijā 143 Garīguma psiholoģiskie meklējumi Māra Vidnere Sāpju ceļš garīgumā 152 Ārija Karpoua Psiholoģijas atvērtība un garīguma attīstība 168 Elmīra Caeure Visbūtiskākās pieredzes meklējumos: ieskats K. g. Junga atziņās par reliģiju 177 Uldis Jumejs Vainas sajūta pastorālās padomdošanas praksē 189 Anna Līduma Latviskā audzināšana 199 Teoloģija un zinātne Juris Tambergs Zinātnes un reliģijas dialoga problēma 21. gadsimtā 209 Autori 230 Redakcijas lapa Austrumu kristietībā pastāv fundamentāla nostādne, proti, ka "teoloģija ir praktiska". Teologs ir tas, kurš ir pieredzējis Dieva klātbūtni. Viņa padomi saviem ticības brāļiem un māsām nav tikai viņa privātā pieredze, tā nav psiholoģijas, sabiedrības sociālo nostādņu un medicīnas sasniegumu sintēze ar teorētisko, akadēmisko teoloģiju. Austrumu kristietībā pastorālā padomdošana ir dievišķa mistērija, kurā garīdzniekam ir jāievēro zināmi noteikumi, lai sniegtu "intuitīvu" atbildi, kas patiesībā nav viņa atbilde, bet ir Dieva Svētā Gara padoms. Sajā padomu došanā un ņemšanā ir daži elementi, kas praktiskajā dzīvē ir grūti sasniedzami. Pirmais ir Dieva dāvana, patiesa harizma jeb, kā mēs teiktu, īpašs talants, ko nevar ne iemācīt, ne pasniegt, bet tikai izkopt. Otrs elements ir paša padomdevēja daudz dziļākā iesakņotība Dieva mistiskajā dzīvē nekā padoma prasītāja reliģiskā pieredze. Un runa šeit nav par teoloģisku izglītību, bet par to askēzes stingrību, nelokāmību dvēseles un miesas šķīstībā, izturību lūgšanā un pārdabisko dāvanu piedzīvojumi, kas ir labi pazīstami mistiskās reliģijas ceļa gājējiem. Dzīvē šādu personību ir pārlieku maz, lai ikdienā varētu saņemt padomus no garīgās dzīves ģēnijiem. Mācītājs parasti cīnās (ja viņš to vispār dara) ar daudziem un dažādiem netikumiem, un viņa atšķirība no parastā baznīcas apmeklētāja vai ari neapmeklētajā ir tā, ka viņš ir savas nozares profesionālis. Ne katram profesionālim ir mistiskās dāvanas, gluži tāpat, kā ne katram profesionālam mūziķim vai māksliniekam ir talants. Šādos gadījumos ir jāpaļaujas uz zināmu noteikumu summu, uz profesionalitāti, ko dod sava amata prasme, savas nozares zinātniskās un teorētiskās iestrādnes. Tā tas ir pastorālajā teoloģijā, kuras C ELŠ 5 uzdevums ir dot padomus garīgu situāciju un problēmu risināšanā. Ikviens konfesionālais virziens, vai tā būtu ortodoksija, katolicisms vai protestantisms, ir attīstījis savu atšķirīgu pastorālās teoloģijas variantu. Specifiski protestantisko pieeju V.V. Klīve savā rakstā izsaka sekojoši: "Mēs nevaram un nedrīkstam izšķirties otra cilvēka vietā. Dievs ir radījis cilvēkus kā autonomas būtnes, kas ir atbildīgas par savu rīcību. Šajā ziņā mums var būt lieli kārdinājumi ieteikt, ja ne "uzspiest", mūsu pašu ieskatus otram cilvēkam. Varbūt mūsu vislabākie ieskati vienkārši neder otram. Tas gan ir laicīgi, gan mūžīgi. Seit mēs dzīvojam katrs savu dzīvi, un mūžībā mēs individuāli stāvam Dieva priekšā. Šeit vietā ir vairākas piebildes. Vispirms, pastorālais padomnieks atklājot dažādās iespējas, ir tikai padomnieks, un nevis noteicējs. Padoma meklētājs tās visas vai- noraidīt, un mums ir jārespektē viņa izšķiršanās." Kristīgajos Austrumos šādu "izšķiršanos" sauktu par "sekošanu savai gribai", kas ir lielākais askētisko principu pārkāpums. Tātad šai rakstu krājumā mēs varam iepazīties ar izteikti protestantisku pieeju iezīmētajam jautājumam. 52. "Ceļa" laidiens ir apzīmēts ar nosaukumu Praktiskā teoloģija". Šis jēdziens ir plašāks par 'pastorālo teoloģiju", jo ietver daudzas un dažādas dzīves jomas, kur teoloģiskā doma, reliģiskais dzīves veids vai kristīgā pārliecība sastopas ar ikdienas situāciju, — vienalga, vai tās rodas sadzīves, zinātnes vai draudzes kontekstā. Lasītāja rokās nākušais "Ceļa" eksemplārs ir sagatavots ar Latvijas Universitātes Teoloģijas fakultātes Praktiskās teoloģijas katedras spēkiem. Katrs no katedras štata docētājiem, kā ari no tiem, kuri aktīvi sadarbojas ar katedru, ir prezentējis savu teoloģiskā darba tēmu un ar savu rakstu ir izteicis savu teoloģisko "Credo". Pārlasot katedras devumu, nevar neatcerēties minēto Austrumu Baznīcas gudrību, ka "teoloģija ir praktiska". Katedras vadītājs I. Kalniņš praktiskās teoloģijas uzdevumu definē ar sekojošiem vārdiem: "Praktiskās teoloģijas centrālā interese ir teoloģijas pielietošana Baznīcas darbā un ari ārpus tās robežām. Tās uzdevums tamdēļ ietver arī dialogu ar citām zinātņu disciplīnām un pasauli." Šiem uzdevumiem I. Kalniņš paliek uzticīgs savos divos rakstos. Fakultātes ilggadīgais dekāns V. Vārsbergs 6 CEĻŠ uzmanību koncentrē uz draudzes lomu modernajā sabiedrībā. Tradicionālā, no imperatora Konstantīna laikiem nākusī valsts teritorijas, impērijas politisko mērķu un Baznīcas sapludināšana vienotā veselumā, ko autors sauc par "kristiānismu", ir devusi mums tradicionālos priekšstatus par draudzi, kuri ļoti mazā mērā atbilst gan Evaņģēlija saturam, gan mūsdienu pasaulei. V. Vārsbergs dod trāpīgu Latvijas Ev.-lut. baznīcas stāvokļa raksturojumu. Gatis Līdums piedāvā pārdomāt jautājumu jautājumu — Dieva līdzību cilvēkā. Šī kristietības fundamentālākā nostādne nemaz nav tik vienkārša un deklaratīva, kā tas varētu likties no pirmā acu uzmetiena. Par to vairāk varam uzzināt, izlasot šo teorētiski ievirzīto, bet ļoti interesanto rakstu. Dace Skudiņa daudziem ir palikusi prātā kā trausla, klusa, ļoti sekmīga studente. Šodien viņa strādā ASV, kur nes ļoti grūto slimnīcas kapelāna nastu svešas mentalitātes pasaulē, kur nākas dzīvot amerikāņu angļu valodā, raibā reliģiskā un konfesionālā vidē, kuru ir jāizprot, ar kuru ir jābūt aktīvā dialogā. Par to lai liecina tikai viena rindkopa no viņas rakstītā: "Paiet vismaz kādas divdesmit minūtes, pirms es dodu apstiprinošu atbildi ārstiem, ka piederīgie ir gatavi runāt par lietām, kas saistās ar pacienta atslēgšanu no medicīniskās aparatūras un orgānu ziedošanu. Ģimene vēlas ziedot, ticot, ka tādējādi viņu tuvākais turpinās dzīvot un palīdzēt citiem. Māte raudot stāsta par sava dēla labsirdīgumu un devīgumu un savu neizpratni, sāpi, ka tik drausmīga traģēdija ir skārusi viņu ģimeni. Cieši turot manu roku, viņa lūdz mani būt klāt, kad visa ģimene pēdējo reizi ies palātā atvadīties no tuvinieka: "Pats Dievs tagad nevar vairs ko mainīt, bet laikam jau tāpēc viņš sūta līdzcilvēkus, kas var uzklausīt manu dvēseles sāpi un tukšumu." Kā jau parasts, "Ceļš" ietver arī virkni citu rakstu, kuru problemātikai ir tiešs sakars ar kristietības ikdienu jeb praktisko teoloģiju. CEĻŠ 7 Imants Kalniņš Praktiskas teoloģijas loma postmodernisma laikmetā ākot ar divdesmitā gadusimteņa vidu, aprakstot mūsdienu kultūras virzienus, dzīves stilu un Svērtības, arvien biežāk parādās vārds "postmodernisms". Lai gan šis termins ir sastopams arvien biežāk, tā saturs vēl vienmēr nav skaidri definēts. Plašākā nozīmē to var apzīmēt kā posmu kultūras dzīvē, kas seko modernajam periodam un ietver samērā plašas dzīves nozares: mākslu, zinātni, arhitektūru, filozofiju, teoloģiju līdz pat uzskatiem par ikdienas dzīves stilu, vajadzībām un iespējām. No vienas puses, postmodernisms parāda iespēju plašumu un daudzumu visās dzīves nozarēs, no otras puses, tas noraida teorētiskas sistēmu struktūras, kas rādītu virzību pretim iepriekš nospraustiem mērķiem. Postmodernisms noraida vispārpieņemtās un neapšaubītās pieredzes ceļa zīmes un koordinātes, piemēram, laiktelpas regularitāti un nosacītību, uzsverot relatīvismu un plurālismu, tā vairojot nedrošību un nenoteiktību.1 Kā redzams no iepriekš teiktā, postmodernisms ietver vispārēju ieskatu par pasaules un dzīves pārveidošanu, un tā kontūras vēl nav skaidri iezīmētas, lai gan tās pamazām ir veidojušās jau vairāk nekā pusgadsimtu. Ir arī redzams, ka termins "postmodernisms" vairāk attiecas uz laikmetu tā kopumā, nevis uz noteiktu ideoloģiju. Postmodernisma meklējumus lielā mērā var uzskatīt
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