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825646079001.Pdf ANTONIO VIVALDI 1678–1741 Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) Il Cimento dell’Armonia e dell’Inventione , Op.8 nos.1–4 Violin Concertos Concerto No.1 in E major, RV 269 “La primavera” (“Spring”) ed. G.F. Malipiero et al 13 I Allegro 3.17 Concerto in C minor, RV 199 “Il sospetto” 14 II Largo 3.12 1 I Allegro 3.52 15 III Allegro 4.19 2 II Andante 2.50 3 II I Allegro 2.25 Concerto No.2 in G minor, RV 315 “L’estate” (“Summer”) 16 I Allegro non molto 5.16 Concerto in G minor, RV 317 17 II Adagio 2.35 Concerti, op.12 no.1 18 III Presto 3.04 4 I Allegro 4.59 5 II Largo 5.02 Concerto No.3 in F major, RV 293 “L’autunno” (“Autumn”) 6 III Allegro 3.07 19 I Allegro 4.56 20 II Adagio molto 2.58 Concerto in A minor, RV 356 21 III Allegro 3.15 L’Estro Armonico , op.3 no.6 7 I Allegro 3.17 Concerto No.4 in F minor, RV 297 “L’inverno” (“Winter”) 8 II Largo 2.35 22 I Allegro non molto 3.36 9 III Presto 2.47 23 II Largo 2.22 24 III Allegro 3.10 Concerto in A major, RV 347 83.58 La Stravaganza , op.4 no.5 10 I Allegro 3.55 ITZHAK PERLMAN violin 11 II Largo 2.44 Israel Philharmonic Orchestra 12 III Allegro 3.34 2 Itzhak Perlman Photo: Don Hunstein © Parlophone Records Limited 3 Vivaldi : Violin Concertos, including The Four Seasons Seven years on from his first recorded version of 1976 (see volume 13), Itzhak Perlman revisited Vivaldi’s Four Seasons . In the years in between, there had been many other recordings of these four hugely famous concertos, with both “conventional” versions by such luminaries as Isaac Stern (CBS, 1977), Arthur Grumiaux (Philips, 1978), Yehudi Menuhin (EMI, 1979) Gidon Kremer (DG, 1980) and Pinchas Zukerman (CBS, 1980), and the earliest period-instrument interpretations. All of these were indisputable proof of the tremendous interest that the greatest violinists of the day were taking in a Baroque gem that had languished in obscurity for two centuries or more — an enthusiasm that has in no way diminished in recent years, as witness the number of new recordings that continue to be released. We know from contemporary reports that by the early eighteenth century the young Vivaldi was already a virtuoso violinist. Following on from Arcangelo Corelli and Giuseppe Torelli, the first composers to write concertos for solo violin, Vivaldi introduced virtuosity into the form, enabling soloists to push their instrument to what were then its technical limits. By the time the Four Seasons was published in 1725, he was already selling his works to various patrons. Adding descriptive titles to his compositions allowed him to individualise them and their pictorial effects lent them an air of originality which his patrons found most appealing. The dedicatee of the Four Seasons , the Bohemian count Wenzel von Morzin, first encountered the concertos in an earlier, manuscript version, although it already included the four sonnets that provide their “programme” — poems quite possibly written by Vivaldi himself. Generally speaking, a composer would not be impertinent (or forgetful) enough to present the same works to a patron for a second time, but Vivaldi justified his decision to do so here by drawing attention to a newly incorporated detail: the explanatory notes (most of them excerpted from the sonnet texts) added to the instrumental parts which, he claimed, would cast an entirely new light on the music. It’s in that same spirit that today’s performers, ever more imaginative, continue to dissect these concertos in order to reveal further hidden treasures. The previous year, again conducting the Israel Philharmonic from the violin, Itzhak Perlman had added four more of the Red Priest’s concertos to his discography. Of course he had had an enormous number to choose from, given that Vivaldi wrote no fewer than five hundred concertos, half of them for solo violin and strings. The put-down, attributed to both Stravinsky and Dallapiccola, claiming that “Vivaldi didn’t compose five hundred concertos, he wrote the same one five hundred times” is, however, far from the truth. Every one of his solo concertos has its own originality, created by unusual rhythmical characteristics, unexpected dynamic impulses, and a distinctive use of orchestral contrasts. Vivaldi’s harmonic writing may err on the side of caution, but its simplicity has its own considerable charm, while the lively rhythmic impulse that animates his fast movements unquestionably shows the touch of a master composer. Averse to exaggeration, he avoided any form of excess that might endanger the balance of sound in his music. The four concertos included here are taken from his major collections: L’Estro Armonico (Op.3 no.6), La Stravaganza (Op.4 no.5) and his Opus 12 , the last of the eight sets of concertos published during his lifetime. As for the stand-alone Concerto in C minor, “Il sospetto”, prior to this version by Perlman, it had already been immortalised on disc by such equally eminent violinists as Nathan Milstein (Angel, 1962) and Pinchas Zukerman (CBS, 1976), having won them over with its humour, ambience and refinement. Jean-Michel Molkhou Translation: Susannah Howe 4 Vivaldi : Les Quatre Saisons et concertos divers Sept ans après sa première version enregistrée en 1976 — rééditée dans le volume 13 de cette collection — Itzhak Perlman revenait sur les Quatre Saisons de Vivaldi. Entre ces deux enregistrements, la discographie des quatre célébrissimes concertos s’était enrichie, aussi bien de versions « classiques » signées notamment Isaac Stern (CBS, 1977), Arthur Grumiaux (Philips, 1978), Yehudi Menuhin (EMI, 1979) Gidon Kremer (DG, 1980) ou Pinchas Zukerman (CBS, 1980), que des premières interprétations sur « instruments d’époque ». Témoignage indiscutable de l’intérêt considérable que les plus grands archets du moment portaient à ce véritable joyau de la littérature baroque, tombé pourtant pendant plus de deux siècles dans l’oubli. Force est de constater, à la lueur du nombre d’enregistrements parus depuis, que cet engouement ne s’est jamais démenti. On sait par le témoignage de ses contemporains que, dès les premières années du XVIII e siècle, le jeune Vivaldi est un brillant virtuose du violon. Dans les traces d’Arcangelo Corelli et de Giuseppe Torelli, qui les premiers avaient introduit le violon soliste dans le concerto, Vivaldi introduit la virtuosité dans la forme concertante, donnant aux parties solistes la possibilité d’exploiter toutes les ressources instrumentales connues en son temps. À l’époque de la publication des Quatre Saisons (1725), Vivaldi vendait déjà ses œuvres à des protecteurs. Leur donner des titres descriptifs lui permettait de les individualiser et les effets descriptifs mêmes leur prêtaient un air d’originalité dont les mécènes raffolaient. Le dédicataire, le comte bohémien Wenzel von Morzin, connaissait les quatre concertos dans une forme plus ancienne et manuscrite, version qui contenait déjà leur « programme » sous la forme de quatre sonnets, probablement rédigés par Vivaldi lui-même. Normalement, un compositeur n’aurait pas eu l’impertinence ou commis la négligence de présenter pour la seconde fois les mêmes œuvres à l’un de ses protecteurs, mais Vivaldi se justifia en attirant l’attention sur un détail qui n’apparaissait pas antérieurement, à savoir les en-têtes explicatifs (pour la plupart des extraits des textes de sonnets) qui sont ajoutés aux parties instrumentales et qui, affirme-t-il, feront paraître les concertos entièrement nouveaux. C’est d’ailleurs dans le même état d’esprit que les interprètes d’aujourd’hui, toujours plus imaginatifs, en dissèquent encore la substance pour en révéler quelque trésor enfoui. Avec ce même Orchestre philharmonique d’Israël qu’il dirigeait lui même de l’archet, Perlman enrichissait encore sa discographie de quatre autres concertos du « prêtre roux » en 1982. Il faut dire que le choix est quasiment illimité, Vivaldi n’ayant composé pas moins de cinq cents concertos, dont la moitié pour violon et cordes. Contrairement à la boutade attribuée — par les uns à Igor Stravinsky, par d’autres à Luigi Dallapiccola — selon laquelle « Vivaldi n’aurait pas composé cinq cents concertos mais cinq cents fois le même », il serait erroné de croire que Vivaldi a rejoué sans cesse la même partition. Bien au contraire, dans ses concertos pour soliste il inscrit à chaque fois de façon originale quelque trait singulier de rythme, insuffle un dynamisme propre aux élans inattendus et imprime une progression des contrastes orchestraux particulière. Si, du point de vue harmonique, Vivaldi reste très sage et d’une attachante simplicité, l’impulsion rythmique vive qui anime les tempos rapides est sans doute l’une des qualités majeures de son art. Ennemi né de toute exacerbation, il fuit les outrances sonores où il voit un danger pour l’équilibre de l’art. Les quatre concertos réunis ici sont extraits des principaux recueils vivaldiens, L’Estro Armonico (Op. 3 n° 6), La Stravaganza (Op. 4 n° 5) et l’Opus 12 , dernière des huit séries de concertos publiés du vivant de l’auteur. Quant au Concerto en ut mineur « Il sospetto », appartenant à un ensemble de pages que Vivaldi n’a jamais réunies en recueil, il avait déjà connu avant Perlman des enregistrements de violonistes aussi éminents que Nathan Milstein (Angel, 1962) ou Pinchas Zukerman (CBS, 1976), séduits par ses traits d’humeur, par son état d’esprit et par son raffinement sonore. Jean-Michel Molkhou 5 Itzhak Perlman Photo: Clive Barda © Parlophone Records Limited 6 Vivaldi: Die vier Jahreszeiten und andere Violinkonzerte Sieben Jahre nach seiner ersten, 1976 aufgenommenen Version — siehe Album 13 in dieser Sammlung —, widmete sich Itzhak Perlman zum zweiten Mal Vivaldis Vier Jahreszeiten .
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