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Downloaded, and a Selected Whole Genome Sequence Database Was Constructed microorganisms Article Identification of A Novel Arsenic Resistance Transposon Nested in A Mercury Resistance Transposon of Bacillus sp. MB24 Mei-Fang Chien 1 , Ying-Ning Ho 1,2, Hui-Erh Yang 3, Masaru Narita 4,5, Keisuke Miyauchi 4, Ginro Endo 4 and Chieh-Chen Huang 3,* 1 Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 6-6-20 Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; [email protected] (M.-F.C.); [email protected] (Y.-N.H.) 2 Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan 3 Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Gakuin University, 1-13-1 Chuo, Tagajo, Miyagi 985-8537, Japan; [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (K.M.); [email protected] (G.E.) 5 Tohoku Afforestation and Environmental Protection Ltd., 2-5-1 Honmachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-0014, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-4-2284-0416 Received: 10 October 2019; Accepted: 12 November 2019; Published: 16 November 2019 Abstract: A novel TnMERI1-like transposon designated as TnMARS1 was identified from mercury resistant Bacilli isolated from Minamata Bay sediment. Two adjacent ars operon-like gene clusters, ars1 and ars2, flanked by a pair of 78-bp inverted repeat sequences, which resulted in a 13.8-kbp transposon-like fragment, were found to be sandwiched between two transposable genes of the TnMERI1-like transposon of a mercury resistant bacterium, Bacillus sp. MB24. The presence of a single transcription start site in each cluster determined by 50-RACE suggested that both are operons. Quantitative real time RT-PCR showed that the transcription of the arsR genes contained in each operon was induced by arsenite, while arsR2 responded to arsenite more sensitively and strikingly than arsR1 did. Further, arsenic resistance complementary experiments showed that the ars2 operon conferred arsenate and arsenite resistance to an arsB-knocked out Bacillus host, while the ars1 operon only raised arsenite resistance slightly. This transposon nested in TnMARS1 was designated as TnARS1. Multi-gene cluster blast against bacteria and Bacilli whole genome sequence databases suggested that TnMARS1 is the first case of a TnMERI1-like transposon combined with an arsenic resistance transposon. The findings of this study suggested that TnMERI1-like transposons could recruit other mobile elements into its genetic structure, and subsequently cause horizontal dissemination of both mercury and arsenic resistances among Bacilli in Minamata Bay. Keywords: class II transposon; arsenic resistance operon; mercury resistance operon; genome mining; horizontal gene transfer 1. Introduction Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism of giving-and-taking genetic elements between different species and genera, which is a strategy of organisms for survival and plays an important role in microbial evolution. The event of horizontal gene transfer has been confirmed by both laboratory and field studies, and is believed to be driven by environmental stresses, like hazardous pollutions [1]. Mercury and its related compounds are recognized as hazardous pollutants. Among these, the highly Microorganisms 2019, 7, 566; doi:10.3390/microorganisms7110566 www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms Microorganisms 2019, 7, 566 2 of 11 toxic methylmercury chloride is widely known as it has been identified as a causative agent of Minamata disease. Though mercury compounds are generally toxic to all living organisms, mercury resistance genes (mer operon) were found in many genera of environmental bacteria. Several studies have described the identification and the possible mechanism of horizontal transfer of mer genes in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria [2,3]. The majority of mercury resistance transposons that have been studied are class II transposons, which are characterized by the presence of 35–48-bp terminal inverted repeats (IRs), transposase (tnpA) and resolvase (tnpR) genes, and a res-internal resolution site [4]. Bacillus megaterium MB1, an isolate from Minamata Bay, Japan, contains a broad-spectrum mercury resistance determinant encoded in a chromosomal class II transposon, TnMERI1 [4]. Besides B. megaterium MB1, 30 Bacillus strains were isolated from mercury contaminated Minamata Bay sediment and the genetic characteristics of the mer determinants were analyzed [5]. Eleven of the 30 Bacillus strains showed broad-spectrum mercury resistance and contained mer operons identical to that of Bacillus megaterium MB1 [4,6]. However, the localization of these mer operons in these Bacillus strains remained unclear. On the other hand, with the development of sequencing technology, the whole genome database continues to grow and has proven to be suitable in surveying specific gene clusters. By using genome mining approaches, we have found broad-spectrum mercury resistance gene clusters in not only mercury-polluted Minamata Bay sediment strains but also Bacillus sp. strains from water, food and animal sources [7]. On the other hand, arsenic is also recognized as one of the most toxic oxyanions in the natural environment known to cause severe contamination of soil-water systems that has resulted in “blackfoot disease” in endemic areas of some countries such as Bangladesh, India, and Taiwan. Like mercury, many microorganisms have evolved different arsenic detoxification pathways to cope with the widespread distribution of the said pollutant. One of the most characterized pathways is cytoplasmic arsenate reduction and arsenite extrusion [8,9]. Genes for arsenic detoxification were first discovered and characterized in Gram-negative bacteria [8,10]. These genes are often plasmid-encoded and are widespread in prokaryotes [11–15]. In thoroughly studied systems, the ars operon has been reported to contain five genes arsRDABC, as in Escherichia coli [15,16], or at least the three genes arsRBC, as in Staphylococcus aureus [17]. ArsR is an arsenite-responsive repressor that works in dimeric form and binds to the ars promoter [18]. ArsA and ArsB are components of an arsenite-transporter, where ArsA is the ATPase and ArsB is the transmembrane component of the complex. In microorganisms in which ArsA is absent, ArsB acts as a single-component transporter. ArsC is the arsenate reductase that converts arsenate As(V) to arsenite As(III) [19–23], which is subsequently pumped out of the cell through an energy-dependent efflux process [24]. More recently, new arrangements of arsenic-resistance genes have been discovered in a number of microorganisms, including Bacteria [19–23] and Archaea [25]. It is worth noticing that there is a low similarity of 16S rRNA among these microbes, which suggests horizontal transfer among these bacteria. However, there is no report about arsenic resistance mobile elements with mercury resistance ones. In the present study, Minamata Bay-isolated Bacillus containing broad-spectrum mercury resistance were used to investigate the localization of these mercury resistance transposons. A novel type of TnMERI1-like transposon, TnMARS1, was identified, and a transposon-like fragment, namely TnARS1, was found nested in TnMARS1. The second motivation of this study was to investigate the functions of components in this novel transposon. The results showed that TnARS1 contains a functional arsenic resistance operon, and that TnMARS1 is a newly isolated TnMERI1-like mercury resistance transposon nesting an arsenic resistance transposon. The diversity of TnMERI1-like transposon in the public Bacillus database was also investigated, and the result of genome mining showed that TnMARS1 is the first case in which an arsenic resistance transposon has been identified from a TnMERI1-like transposon. The present study also suggested that the dissemination of TnMERI1-like transposons might contribute to the recruitment of other mobile genetic elements into the Bacilli of Minamata Bay. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 566 3 of 11 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Bacterial Strains, Plasmids, and Culture Conditions Eleven mercury resistant Bacillus strains (included Bacillus sp. MB24) isolated from our previous study were used [5]. Bacillus sp. MB24 was used in the 50-RACE experiment. Bacillus subtilis 168 [26] and its derivative with a knocked out arsB were used in the arsenic resistance assay. Plasmids pHYARS1, pHYARS2 and pHYARS3 were derivatives of the vector pHY300PLK (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan), where the arsR1-orf5, arsR2-orf12 and arsR1-orf12 regions of Bacillus sp. MB24 were cloned, respectively, into the BamHI and XbaI site of pHY300PLK. The bacterial cells were grown in Luria Broth (LB) medium at 37 ◦C with agitation. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol were added as required at the concentration of 25 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL, respectively. 2.2. PCR Amplification of Intact Transposon Regions The intact mercury resistance transposon regions of the 11 Bacillus strains were amplified by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with an IR-targeted single PCR primer [4]. The primer sequence is shown in Table S1, and the conditions of PCR amplification were described in our previous studies [4,27]. The amplicons were digested with restriction endonucleases BglII, HindIII, NcoI and SmaI (Takara Bio Inc.). The digested DNA fragments were electrophoresed on agarose gels and the gels were stained with ethidium bromide (0.5 µg/mL) and subsequently photographed. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of the PCR amplicons were compared with the PCR amplicons of TnMERI1, Tn5085, and Tn5084 as references. The PCR product was analyzed by DNA sequencing. 2.3. 5’ Rapid Amplification of cDNA ends (50 RACE) The transcription start sites of the ars operons were identified by using the 50-Full RACE Core Set (TaKaRa Bio Inc.). Bacillus sp. MB24 was inoculated at 1% (v/v) in 5 mL of LB broth and incubated at 37 ◦C with agitation for 3 h. NaAsO2 was added to 1 mL of culture to a final concentration of 5 mM, and the incubation was continued for another 15 min. Total RNA of Bacillus sp.
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