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G20 Peer Review of Fossil Fuels Subsidies Self-Report Italy

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G20 Peer Review of Fossil Fuels Subsidies Self-Report Italy G20 Peer Review of Fossil Fuels Subsidies Self-Report Italy November 2018 Summary LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION: WHY FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES ............................................................................... 3 1. DEFINITIONS OF SUBSIDIES, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES ............... 4 Definitions of subsidies in literature ........................................................................................................................... 4 The definition of subsidy adopted in the current work ............................................................................................... 5 Subsidies in Italy – The national experience ............................................................................................................... 8 International Organizations and the case of EHS/FFS ................................................................................................. 8 International Organizations recommendations related to Italy .................................................................................19 The debate in G20, G7, international summits and institutions .................................................................................22 2. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND CONTEXT IN ITALY ........................................................................... 37 The National Strategy on Sustainable Development ..................................................................................................37 SDGs and FFS: the work on SDG 12.c .........................................................................................................................43 The Environmental Annex to the Financial Law and the Catalogue on EHS and EFS .........................................................44 The National Energy Strategy (SEN) ...........................................................................................................................49 3. AN OVERVIEW OF ITALY’S ENERGY SECTOR: RESOURCES, MARKET STRUCTURE, PRICES AND TAXES .................................................................................................................................. 52 Energy sources ........................................................................................................................................................52 Market structure ....................................................................................................................................................58 Energy prices and taxes .........................................................................................................................................60 4. FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES IN ITALY .................................................................................................. 67 Fossil fuel subsidies in Italy ........................................................................................................................................68 Summary of fossil fuel subsidies in Italy .................................................................................................................. 105 Case studies and subsidies to be discussed .............................................................................................................. 114 The case of different fiscal treatment between gasoline and diesel ......................................................................... 114 List of subsidies deserving specific discussions .......................................................................................................... 120 FFS that should be reformed in international contexts ............................................................................................. 129 List of FFS in International jurisdiction ....................................................................................................................... 130 A macroeconomic assessment of fossil fuels subsidies removal .............................................................................. 135 5. FINDINGS .............................................................................................................................................. 141 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................................. 143 The ERMES Model ................................................................................................................................................... 143 The Supply ............................................................................................................................................................... 143 The power sector ..................................................................................................................................................... 144 The demand side ..................................................................................................................................................... 145 The dynamics ........................................................................................................................................................... 146 The regional and sectoral aggregation ..................................................................................................................... 147 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 149 List of acronyms and abbreviations APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ARERA Italian Regulatory Authority for Energy, Networks and Environment (ex AEEGSI) (ex Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity Gas and Water) CAP Common Agriculture Policy CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CMO [OCM] Common Market Organization CNG Compressed Natural Gas DECC Department for Energy and Climate Change (UK) DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK) Directorate General for Sustainable Development & International Affairs of DG-SVI MATTM e.g. for example (exempli gratia) Directorate General for Economic & Financial Affairs (European ECFIN Commission) EEA European Environmental Agency EFS Environmentally Friendly Subsidy EHS Environmentally Harmful Subsidy ENS Environmentally Neutral Subsidy EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA) ETS (or EU-ETS) European Union - Emission Trading System FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FIP Feed-in-Premium FIT Feed-in-Tariff G7 Group of 7 Countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK,USA G8 Group of 7 Countries + Russia Group of 20 Countries (G8 + Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, G20 Indonesia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, EU) GBE Green Budget Europe Gcm Cubic gigameters GHG Green House Gases GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (Aid Agency Germany) 1 GSI Global Subsidies Initiative HGV Heavy Goods Vehicles HSC High Sulphur Content (or ATZ) ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IEA International Energy Agency IEEP Institute for European Environmental Policies IGA Inspection Générale de l’Administration (France) IGAS Inspection Générale des Affaires Sociales (France) IGF Inspection Générale des Finances (France) IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas LSC Low Sulphur Content (or BTZ) MATTM Italian Ministry of Environment, Land & Sea MEFOP Company for the development of the Pension Funds Market MiSE Italian Ministry of Economic Development (Industry, Trade and Energy) OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries RDP Rural Development Programme RES Renewable energy sources TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity TSO Transmission System Operator UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNRIC United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe WB World Bank WRI World Resource Institute WTO World Trade Organization 2 INTRODUCTION: WHY FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES The ratification of the Paris Agreement and the subscription of the 2030 UN Agenda with its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a turning point in combating climate change and tackling environmental issues: since then, different policy changes around the world took place heavily involving fossil fuel subsidies (FFS). As reported in OECD (2018a) “India and Indonesia have made great strides in phasing-out their consumer price supports […], a number of fuel tax exemptions have been phased-out in OECD countries, and carbon taxes have been introduced in Mexico and France to internalize the external costs of fossil fuel consumption”. Moreover, G20 and APEC countries are contributing with self-reports on FFS: these peer reviews highlight the importance of transparency and accountability in this domain, where environmental, climate, health and economic issues are at stake. It is essential, indeed, to share best practices, progress reports, issues and receive feedbacks from partners on a topic that has a global echo and is unanimously seen as a major obstacle in reaching common climate goals. Indeed, FFS cause excessive consumption of fossil
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