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Species Composition, Abundance and Diversity of Mangroves in Selected Sites in Amprara District in the East Coast of Sri Lanka

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Species Composition, Abundance and Diversity of Mangroves in Selected Sites in Amprara District in the East Coast of Sri Lanka Ceylon Journal of Science 48(2) 2019: 169-175 DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v48i2.7621 RESEARCH ARTICLE Species composition, abundance and diversity of mangroves in selected sites in Amprara District in the east coast of Sri Lanka M.G. Manoj Prasanna1, 4,*, K.B. Ranawana2 and K.M.G. Gehan Jayasuriya3,4 1Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment, Robert Gunawardana Road, Baththaramulla, Sri Lanka 2Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 3Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 4Post Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Received: 03/01/2019 ; Accepted: 13/05/2019 Abstract: Sri Lanka is gifted with about 15,670 ha of mangrove services like protection of lives and property during coastal habitats which are scattered along the coastal zone of the island. disasters, enhancement of fisheries and protection of However, most of the studies on mangroves are confined to the biodiversity as mangroves are habitats to numerous flora western, north-western and southern parts of the country. Although and fauna, climate control through carbon sequestration it is been neglected, Eastern province shares 28% of the mangrove and storage of carbon for long periods in soil, pollution cover of the country. Thus, the main objective of the current abatement, primary production and recreation (Das and study was to determine the distribution, abundance and diversity Crepin, 2017). Furthermore, mangrove ecosystems have of true mangrove species in Pottuvil, Heda oya, Ragamwela, been recognized as highly-efficient wetland systems that Panama, and Okanda mangroves in the Eastern province of Sri can be used for the treatment of urban wastewater and for Lanka. Mangrove vegetation was sampled using belt transects remediation of heavy metal-polluted coastal environments of 5 m in width laid perpendicular to the shoreline and across (Liu et al., 2009). Mangroves host a large array of the water-land gradient. True mangrove species in each transect associated floral and faunal communities by providing was identified and counted. Height and DBH (Diameter at Breast food, habitats and shelter for their survival (Spalding Height) were recorded. Relative density, relative frequency, et al, 2010). In some descriptive studies of mangrove relative dominance and the IVI (Importance value index) of the ecosystems, emphasis has more recently been given to their species in each mangrove ecosystem were calculated. Shannon functional role in sustaining these intertidal ecosystems diversity index (H’), Shannon Evenness (E’) and Simpson index (Dodd, 1998). Furthermore, consolidation of sediment was used to compare the diversity between sites. Nine true by mangroves reduces erosion and contributes to reduce mangrove species were recorded in Panama lagoon and the least turbidity of ocean waters which is important for coral reefs number of species (3) were recorded from Ragamwela creek. and sea grass ecosystems (Engelhart et al., 2007). In terms Highest Shannon diversity value (H’ = 1.7) was obtained for the of climate change mitigation, mangrove ecosystems play Panama mangrove which was followed by the Heda Oya Estuary an essential role in removing atmospheric carbon dioxide mangrove (H’ = 1.1). Lowest Simpson index was recorded in and climate regulation through photosynthesis (Vo et al., Panama lagoon (0.22). Nearly half of the true mangrove species 2012). Thus, this ecosystem has been recognized to be of (11) that have been recorded from Sri Lanka occurs in the five high ecological and economic importance and in general, study sites. They belongs to seven families and eight genera. the economic value has been calculated as in the range of More research is needed to understand the ecological aspects of USD 2,000 to USD 9,000 per hectare per year (Spalding et theses mangroves as these systems have not been studied for the al., 2010) last thirty years. It is recommended that immediate action should Mangroves in Sri Lanka show a scattered distribution be taken by the government to prevent distractive anthropogenic around the country in areas bordering lagoons and estuaries activities in these mangrove ecosystems. (Bambaradeniya et al., 2002). The extent of mangroves in Sri Lanka is about 15,670 ha (Edirisinghe et al., 2012) Keywords: Mangroves, Zonation, Diversity insiders, Importance which is less than 0.03% of the total land area. Twenty-one Value Index. true mangrove species (MOE, 2012) and approximately 23 INTRODUCTION mangrove associate species have been recorded in Sri Lanka (IUCN, 2009). Coastline of Sri Lanka is approximately Mangroves are specialized vegetation types confined to the 1,600 km long and the total extent of brackish water intertidal zone of the tropical and some subtropical areas in areas, including estuaries and lagoons, is about 158,016 the world (Aksarnkaae, 1993; Tomlinson, 1994; Kathiresan ha (Perera et al., 2013). The eastern province consists of and Bingham, 2001). Mangrove ecosystems provide many three administrative districts and it covers about 16% of *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9072-1631 This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 170 Ceylon Journal of Science 48(2) 2019: 169-175 the country’s land mass. The Eastern province shares many vegetation from the shoreline towards land. Length of the natural resources such as approximately 25% of the beach transects were determined according to the breadth of the (420 km), 25% of the lagoons, 28% of the mangroves, 31% mangrove stand, while the width was 5 m. About 10 % of of freshwater marshes, 5% of sand dunes of the country the area of each mangrove site was sampled. Each transect (Jayasingam, 2008). was divided in to 5 m x 5 m sub plots for convenience of In Ampara District mangrove ecosystems have been sampling. Within each transect true mangrove species were distributed discontinuously along the shoreline. Pottuvil identified and counted. Tree height and the DBH (Diameter and Panama are two of the major lagoons in the Ampara at Breast Height) of individuals of true mangrove species district. They support some well-grown mangrove were recorded. Data were collected from 608 transects laid ecosystems (personal observations by the authors). in the above five study sites (Table 1). However, majority of mangrove studies conducted in last Data analysis three decade in Sri Lanka were restricted to Southern, Western and North Western provinces (Amarasinghe and Quantitative data were used to calculate the relative density, Perera, 2017). After the past civil war in North and Eastern relative frequency (Magurran, 2004), relative dominance province of the country some research have been carried and the Importance value index (IVI,) of the species in out in North and Eastern province by a few researches each mangrove site. Furthermore, diversity indices based (Amarasinghe and Perera, 2017). However, most of these on species richness (Margalef Index, DMg), proportional were restricted to Trincomalee and Batticoloa Districts. No abundance (Shannon Index H¢) were computed. Species reports available on mangroves in Ampara District except dominance was estimated using Simpson (D – 1) index and the preliminary study conducted by Prasanna et al., (2017). Shannon Evenness (E) was also computed. These indices This is may be due to poor accessibility of these mangrove were used to explain and compare the diversity of selected areas. Thus, the objective of this study was to study the Mangrove ecosystems. Shannon index of each mangrove mangrove vegetation, their distribution, abundance and site were compared with others using Hutcheson t-test. diversity of true mangrove species in the lagoons, estuaries Gamma diversity of the studied region was described. and creeks in the coastal stretch of Pottuvil to Okanda in RESULTS the Ampara district. According to a preliminary study conducted by Prasanna Species Distribution et al., (2017), 16 true mangrove species have been recorded Eleven true mangrove species were recorded in the studied from Eastern Province and eight of those were common to sites located in Ampara District. Only two mangrove all three Districts. Twelve true mangrove species had been species, Lumnitzera racemosa and Excoecaria agallocha recorded in Ampara district (Prasanna et al., 2017). were common to all five study sites, while Aegiceras METHODOLOGY corniculatum, Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera sexangula and Pemphis acidula each were restricted to a single site Study sites (Table 2). Nine true mangrove species were recorded in Panama lagoon while the least number of species (3) were Five mangrove ecosystems located in the coastal stretch recorded from Ragamwela creek. L. racemosa was the from Pottuvil to Okanda in Ampara District were studied most abundant mangrove species in Ragamwela creek, in this project. These ecosystems were located on while Avicennia marina was the least abundant mangrove Eastern coastal belt of the country. The studied mangrove species in the same site. E. agallocha recorded the highest ecosystems were Pottuvil lagoon, Heda Oya estuary, relative density in the Pottuvil lagoon, Panama lagoon Ragamwela creek, Panama lagoon and Okanda creek. and Heda Oya estuary, while L. racemosa recorded with These mangrove areas extend over about 35 km on the the highest relative density in the Ragamwela and Okanda coastal stretch of the Eastern coast (Figure 1). creek mangroves. P. acidula, B. sexangula and A. officinalis All the study sites are located in the dry zone of Sri were recorded only at Panama lagoon (Table 2). Lanka. Seasonal rains dominate the climate with one prominent season with heavy rains from December to Diversity indices February (North East monsoon). Average annual rainfall As revealed from Hutcheson t-test, Shannon diversity of the sites range from 1200-1500 mm and mean annual values of different study sites were significantly different o temperature range from 30 – 32 C (Jayasingam, 2008). from each other (Table 3).
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