DOCSLIB.ORG

Model Paper Community Based Tourism – Travel & Tour

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Model Paper Community Based Tourism – Travel & Tour Model Paper Community Based Tourism – Travel & Tour Management Foundation – 2019 Batch Read the case study & provide the answers. Community-based Tourism in Post-War Cambodia. Cambodia had been affected by a civil war for nearly three decades. As in the case of most war-torn countries, the war had seriously damaged most of the social and economic infrastructure, particularly in remote areas. The Cambodian government has paid special attention on tourism in their post-war development programmes with the objectives of promoting rural development and facilitating conservation of natural resource management in war-affected areas. Community-based tourism has been identified as an important tool in this regard. Accordingly, steps were taken to develop ecotourism in a number of selected regions, where the development activities were guided by Master Plans prepared using a participatory approach. The community-based ecotourism initiated in the Kirirom National Park of Kampong Speu province of Cambodia presents a successful example of such tourism initiatives undertaken by the government. The project contained several key features which include construction and renovation of infrastructure and facilities, building the capacity of members and service providers, establishment and marketing of income generation services, keeping the ecotourism site environment-friendly, establishment of a women’s association to coordinate livelihood development, etc. The project has been able to benefit rural communities who were negatively affected by the war. Accordingly, around 500 households in 9 villages were benefited. Direct benefits were accrued to tourism service providers including entrance fee collectors, tour guides, ox-cart drivers, home-stay owners and coordinators, restaurant workers and souvenir vendors. The rest of the community benefited through renovation of infrastructure facilities through a community fund established through ecotourism activities, and from increased access to forest resources. However, the project faced multiple challenges of low level of education among the villagers and lack of experience on ecotourism. The challenge has been met to a large extent through repeated capacity building and education programmes. To date, the project is viewed to be a best practice model of ecotourism in post- war Cambodia since it has been able to contribute towards rural livelihood development and environmental conservation through a community involved approach. (Sources: C. Sovanny, “Good Practice in the Chambok CommunityBased Ecotourism Project in Cambodia”) 01) Define community based tourism. 02) After the post-war, explain how to Cambodia government plan to develop country through the CBT in rural area? 03) According to the case study, what are the benefits can gain villagers from CBT projects? 04) Briefly discuss combination of CBT with below areas. Homestay and community based tourism Ecotourism and community based tourism Culinary and community based tourism. 05) What should be included in the feedback form? 06) Base on the case study prepare the feedback form tourist who are visiting your CBT units. Read the paragraph & provide the answers. Panama Village Life – Sri Lanka Panama village is in Ampara district of Sri Lanka and it is the gateway to Kumana National Park which is a bird sanctuary. There are around 2000 families in Panama. The majority of the population is Sinhalese and few Tamils who follow Buddhism and Hinduism. The main livelihoods for these people are farming, Chena cultivation, paddy cultivation and fishing. Panama is 17 kilometers from Pottuvil town which is an East coast of Sri Lanka and also 14 kilometers from Arugam Bay which is one of the famous tourist destinations in Sri Lanka. Panama village is closer to various surfing points such as Panakala,Okanda, Peanut Farm, Elephant Rock which attracts a lot of tourists. There is also beautiful lagoon, beach close to Panama village. The peak tourist season for Panama is April to October and throughout the year also both local and international tourists pay visits to enjoy wildlife watching in Kumana National Park and stay at Panama for a real Sri Lankan village experience. Kumana Bird Sanctuary and Heritage park starts southwards from Panama Village. Panama is still famous for its Pattini Cult which is in Tamil “Kannaki Amman”. This ancient village can be seen in the historical maps of Portuguese and Dutch as Panao, Panova, Paneme. The main goal from Safari Panama is to promote Panama village as a tourist destination outside the crowed Arugam Bay. Panama has a lot of attractions and it’s a perfect place to relax and do many activities such a wildlife observation, surfing and just enjoying the beach. 07) What are the main tourist attractions in Panama village? 08) Prepare a complete two day tour itinerary for Panama village. (should be include timing, activities, transport and the total cost for per person) You should download the pictures and do the creative and colourful tour itinerary. 09) How you can promote panama village by using modern technology. 10) Imagine you are a journalist of world famous discovery magazine. You suppose to write an article about “Bird watching activities in Sri Lanka”. Prepare the article by referring below guidelines. You should add relevant colourful pictures for article. Description about endemic and migrate birds in Sri Lanka. Places for doing bird watching activities in Sri Lanka. How you can promote this activity among the tourist. Double check you’re writing points and grammar mistake. If you quote some information put the relevant sources within brackets. Prepared By: N.Muthuhari .Priyanwada. (Lecturer – TTM, UCK) Submission: Email your completed answers as word document with your name and student number. Email Address: [email protected] Submission Date: on or before 25th of April 2020. Note: Copying from other students’ document should be strictly prohibited. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tourism Under Military: a Critique on Land Utilization and Tourism in Postwar Sri Lanka
    Sabaragamuwa University Journal Volume 15 Number 1; December 2016, pp 18-35 ISSN 1391-3166; eISSN 2386-2041 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v15i1.7705 Tourism Under Military: A Critique on Land Utilization and Tourism in Postwar Sri Lanka Iraj Ratnayake1* and Mahesh Hapugoda2 1*. Department of Tourism Management, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka. [email protected] 2. Department of Languages, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka. [email protected] Abstract This critique argues that the intervention of military in land utilization and recreational tourism in the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka was instigated by marker- driven geo-political negligence. It discovers that the nature of the introduction of post- catastrophic tourism (Zizek, 2014) has been affected by profound non-articulation of political significance to the traumatic historical memory of the inhabitants who were affected, which has resulted in generating a degree of dark tourism in the area concerned. The southern invasions in the form of usual pilgrims which ‘combined battlefield and leisure tourism practices’ (Pieris, 2014: 266) has characterized ‘the presentation and the consumption of real and commoditized death and disaster area’ (Foley and Lennon, 1996: 198) which has originated in consequences of a long term conflict. Correspondingly, the apparent mass tourism promotion by the government between 2009 and 2014 too has significantly disregarded the definitive symbolic principle of ‘the visitation to places where tragedies or historically noteworthy death has occurred and that continue to impact our lives’ (Tarlow, 2005: 48) before obvious profit motives. The study observes that serious memories and sensitivities of the thirty years of the war-affected community have not been paid attention to and has caused dangerous humanitarian negligence in a wider political sense.
    [Show full text]
  • PART SEVEN the Eastern Province
    Preliminary Survey of Tsunami-affected Monuments and Sites in the Maritime Region of Sri Lanka PART SEVEN The Eastern Province Prof. S. Maunaguru and The Faculty of Arts and Culture Eastern University of Sri Lanka March 2005 INTRODUCTION The Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara Districts, affected by the tsunami of 26 December 2004 lie on the East Coast. If the three affected districts on the East Coast are taken together, they account for more then 50 percent of the total displacement that occurred along the Sri Lankan coastline as a result of the tsunami. According to official figures up to January 2005, the largest number IDPs are from the Batticaloa and Ampara Districts. The Eastern University of Sri Lanka, which is located in Vantharumoolai, Batticaloa, was indirectly affected mostly because the students and staff of the Faculty of Arts and Culture were badly affected by the disaster. One third of the students were severely affected and some of them still live in camps for displaced persons. Of the members of the academic staff, 12 were severely affected and some are still living away from their homes. It took awhile for the staff to be able to get involved in academic work again. Due to this very difficult situation, the survey of damaged cultural property was not possible till March according to the request made by ICOMOS, Sri Lanka. This is also due to difficulties with transport as many roads and bridges are still in a dilapidated condition and the roads towards the coast in some places are still blocked by piles of garbage created by the tsunami.
    [Show full text]
  • Sri Lanka's Eastern Province: Land, Development, Conflict
    SRI LANKA’S EASTERN PROVINCE: LAND, DEVELOPMENT, CONFLICT Asia Report N°159 – 15 October 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. HISTORIES IN CONFLICT......................................................................................... 2 A. PRE-COLONIAL AND COLONIAL HISTORY...................................................................................2 B. MODERN HISTORY.....................................................................................................................4 1. Irrigation, settlement and demographic changes........................................................................4 2. Violence and colonisation...........................................................................................................5 3. The Indo-Lanka accord and the merger of the north and east.....................................................6 C. CHANGING TAMIL-MUSLIM RELATIONS IN RESPONSE TO MILITANCY AND WAR.......................6 D. FROM “PEACE” TO WAR TO ELECTIONS: 2002-2008.................................................................7 III. “DEMOCRACY, DEVOLUTION, DEVELOPMENT”............................................ 9 A. “DEMOCRATIC” ELECTIONS .......................................................................................................9 B. THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT AND DEVOLUTION OF POWER.................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Province Biodiversity Profile and Conservation Action Plan
    EASTERN PROVINCE BIODIVERSITY PROFILE AND CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN ,---~ ~- . f P-r~tP~tc\\ • ,_-- ··" : 9Hfct!O:"" 'l · . \ I -:: ~te, ·,t\.!~.' . ·· : -.;; ,,,;~(' \ J..,I ,.,. ~ , ,.. , ., Ht~,\~ _•! .. r 1t •.• \ Arc,-. <it::~:,~·--~:·.·:•·. .,~---·' i ( "oi· ... , --:-- ·- · ··-·· . ··· ···•• I . , . ., · - • , . .. ,., • ••·• • • • ' ' \ \ \ "\·•'-'"• •... ..... ' " ....,... t · · - · ~· ~ . ...... ~ .. .... .. i .'.\.\'•·,-··· :-·· ....... ........ ' Thangamuthu Jay~singam--· · ··· ···············-········ ; ~ • .... ... .r- l ~ ~~,· .. ~; ..~/ ~:,·1:u~ • •. __ .. ·-~ -..., ;\ai !I \ · . ~- l , ,i ,;,,~11·- • \ Vt '\!_;':!"!J ~ i • .• • ' l i"\.-~ lL -~:r,;.c-~(.;--- t • ~ • A Publication of Biodiversity Secretariat Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Sri Lanka November 2008 ~~.. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources acknowledges the ADB/GEF, \.mM,L Government of the Netherlands funded Protected Area Management and Wildlife "'¥_. Conservation Project (Component "C") for providing financial assistance. Copyright: © Ministty of Environment and Natural Resources, Colombo, Sri Lanka Publisher: Biodiversity Secretariat Ministiy of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka Citation: Jayasingham, T. (2008) : Eastern Province Biodiversity Profile and Conservation Action Plan. The Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka. ISBN: 978-955-9120-92-6 First Print: December, 2008 Coordinated by: Lathika Hapuarachchi Saranga Jayasundara Printed by: Karunaratne & Sons (Pvt) Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Seasonal Variation on Travel and Tourism Sector: a Study of the Post Civil Unrest in Arugam Bay in Sri Lanka
    Abdul Majeed MOHAMED MUSTAFA / Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 8 No 1 (2021) 431–442 431 Print ISSN: 2288-4637 / Online ISSN 2288-4645 doi:10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.431 Impact of Seasonal Variation on Travel and Tourism Sector: A Study of the Post Civil Unrest in Arugam Bay in Sri Lanka Abdul Majeed MOHAMED MUSTAFA1 Received: September 10, 2020 Revised: November 02, 2020 Accepted: December 05, 2020 Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of seasonality on the tourism and hospitality industry in ArugamBay after the civil unrest across the different firms in tourism. This study uses both quantitative and qualitative analyses using primary data. Fifty questionnaires give valid responses that were used for analysis. Out of 80 questionnaires, the average response rate was 62.5%. An exploratory study, descriptive analysis, and an Independent Sample Test were used to identify the potentials of tourism, the overall impact of seasonality, and the impact of seasonality across different travel and tourism sector of the study area. According to the results, 83%, 75%, 68%, and 59.9% of firms agreed on the impact of seasonality on environment, workers, supply, and quality of services, respectively in ArugamBay. It also concluded that the impact of seasonality on workers, supply, and quality of services is not the same among all the categories of firms except environment. The variation in seasonality in the travel and tourism sector is because of the lack of regional planning considering the types of firms in the tourism sector. Also, insufficient resources and lack of consistent capacity between various firms in the sectors are also course variations because of the effect of seasonality.
    [Show full text]
  • Download From
    Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 version Available for download from http://www.ramsar.org/ris/key_ris_index.htm. Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 (1990), as amended by Resolution VIII.13 of the 8th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2002) and Resolutions IX.1 Annex B, IX.6, IX.21 and IX. 22 of the 9 th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2005). Notes for compilers: 1. The RIS should be completed in accordance with the attached Explanatory Notes and Guidelines for completing the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands. Compilers are strongly advised to read this guidance before filling in the RIS. 2. Further information and guidance in support of Ramsar site designations are provided in the Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Wise Use Handbook 14, 3rd edition). A 4th edition of the Handbook is in preparation and will be available in 2009. 3. Once completed, the RIS (and accompanying map(s)) should be submitted to the Ramsar Secretariat. Compilers should provide an electronic (MS Word) copy of the RIS and, where possible, digital copies of all maps. 1. Name and address of the compiler(s) of this form: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY . DD MM YY Dr. Channa Bambaradeniya, PWS Centre for Applied Biodiversity Research and Education (CABRE) 307, Mahaweli Uyana Designation date Site Reference Number Watapuluwa, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Email: [email protected] Phone: +1-443-691-0455 (in USA) Fax: +1-410-997-8714 (in USA). Mr. Udaya Sirivardana Ceylon Bird Club 127, Nawala Rd Colombo 5, Sri Lanka.
    [Show full text]
  • Behind the Scenes
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd 325 Behind the Scenes SEND US YOUR FEEDBACK We love to hear from travellers – your comments keep us on our toes and help make our books better. Our well-travelled team reads every word on what you loved or loathed about this book. Although we cannot reply individually to your submissions, we always guarantee that your feedback goes straight to the appropriate authors, in time for the next edition. Each person who sends us information is thanked in the next edition – the most useful submissions are rewarded with a selection of digital PDF chapters. Visit lonelyplanet.com/contact to submit your updates and suggestions or to ask for help. Our award-winning website also features inspirational travel stories, news and discussions. Note: We may edit, reproduce and incorporate your comments in Lonely Planet products such as guidebooks, websites and digital products, so let us know if you don’t want your comments reproduced or your name acknowledged. For a copy of our privacy policy visit lonelyplanet.com/ privacy. Bavinck, Marc-Olivier Bergeron, Marieke Holl, OUR READERS Marius Muraska, Mariusz Lewicki, Mark Rimer, Many thanks to the travellers who used the Markus Lindner, Matthew Ashbolt, Meike last edition and wrote to us with helpful hints, Sier, Melissa Lazell, Michael Konefal, Moana useful advice and interesting anecdotes: Mutscheller N Nadine Blanc, Natalie Hedges, A Annele Keller, Alex Jones, Alexa Vlaming, Neil Hankinson, Neil Hart, Noor van Hapert Andrea Meier, Andrew Crouch, Anette Czepu- O Olle
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism and Coastal Development on the Southeast Coast of Sri Lanka
    Tourism and Coastal Development on the Southeast Coast of Sri Lanka: Report of the Workshop held on 23 Dec 2010 in Pottuvil Cover photo: Sunrise in Arugam Bay (R Mahindapala) Facing Page 7: Beach at Ullai-Panama (R Mahindapala) Page 15 : Arugam Bay beach (R Mahindapala) Page 16: Beach at Pottuvil (R Mahindapala) Page 22: Arugam Bay beach at sunset (R Mahindapala) Page 24: Sunrise at Panama (R Mahindapala) Tourism and Coastal Development on the Southeast Coast of Sri Lanka: Report of the Workshop held on 23 Dec 2010 in Pottuvil Tourism and Coastal Development on the Southeast Coast of Sri Lanka PREFACE IUCN Sri Lanka organised a short seminar on Tourism and Coastal Zone Management in Sri Lanka on 5 November, 2010 in conjunction with the Regional Steering Committee meeting of the Mangroves for the Future Initiative (MFF). The participants included Sri Lanka Tourism, Coast Conservation Department, Ministry of Fisheries, Hoteliers Association, and Arugam Bay Tourism Association. In the ensuing discussions, a strong need was expressed to examine the tourism development plans for the coastal stretch from Pottuvil to Panama, in the light of the current interest in tourism expansion vis-à-vis coastal zone management. In response, IUCN in partnership with the National Academy of Sciences, Sri Lanka arranged a workshop in Pottuvil on 23 December, 2010 under MFF to initiate a dialogue between the various stakeholders. The Sri Lanka National Steering Committee of MFF supported the dialogue which covered subjects such as the current plans for tourism expansion, issues relating to tourism in the area, in particular Arugam Bay, the aspirations of the fisher communities, legislative aspects, and coast conversation aspects.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Grants, Large Gains
    Small Grants, Large Gains Small Grants, Large Gains Lessons from MFF Small Grant Facility Projects in About Mangroves for the Future Sri Lanka (2011-2013) Mangroves for the Future (MFF) is a unique partner-led initiative to promote investment in coastal ecosystem conservation for sustainable development. It provides a collaborative platform among the many Kumudini Ekaratne and Shamen P. Vidanage different agencies, sectors and countries who are addressing Lessons from MFF Small Grant Facility Projects in Sri Lanka (2011-2013) challenges to coastal ecosystem and livelihood issues, to work towards a common goal. MFF builds on a history of coastal management interventions before and after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, especially the call to continue the momentum and partnerships generated by the immediate post-tsunami response. It initially focused on the countries worstaffected by the tsunami; India, Indonesia, Maldives, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. MFF has expanded to include Bangladesh, Cambodia, Pakistan and Viet Nam. MFF will continue to reach out other countries of the region that face similar issues, with an overall aim to promote an integrated ocean wide approach to coastal zone management. The initiative uses mangroves as a flagship ecosystem, but MFF is inclusive of all coastal ecosystems, including coral reefs, estuaries, lagoons, sandy beaches, sea grasses and wetlands. Its long-term management strategy is based on identified needs and priorities for long-term sustainable coastal ecosystem management. These priorities emerged from extensive consultations with over 200 individuals and 160 institutions involved in coastal management. MFF seeks to achieve demonstrable results in influencing regional cooperation, national programme support, private sector engagement and community action.
    [Show full text]
  • Lagoons of Sri Lanka: from the Origins to the Present
    Lagoons of Sri Lanka: From the Origins to the Present E. I. L. Silva, J. Katupotha, O. Amarasinghe, H. Manthrithilake and Ranjith Ariyaratna Lagoons of Sri Lanka: From the Origins to the Present E. I. L. Silva, J. Katupotha, O. Amarasinghe, H. Manthrithilake and Ranjith Ariyaratna The authors: Professor E.I.L. Silva is a Visiting Professor at the Limnology/Zoology Department of the University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka, and at the University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka; Professor J. Katupotha is at the Department of Geography, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka; Professor O. Amarasinghe is at the Sociology Department, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka; Dr. H. Manthrithilake is Head, Sri Lanka Development Initiative at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka; and Mr. Ranjith Ariyaratna is a Consultant with IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka, and was Benchmark Basin Coordinator with the Institute at the time this report was prepared. Silva, E. I. L.; Katupotha, J.; Amarasinghe, O.; Manthrithilake, H.; Ariyaratna, R. 2013. Lagoons of Sri Lanka: from the origins to the present. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 122p. doi: 10.5337/2013.215 / coastal lagoons / hydrology / hydrography / ecosystems / biodiversity / fauna / mangroves / marshes / salinity / geomorphology / species / poverty / fisheries / governance / institutions / legislation / Sri Lanka / ISBN 978-92-9090-778-7 Copyright © 2013, by IWMI. All rights reserved. IWMI encourages the use of its material provided that the organization is acknowledged and kept informed in all such instances. Photos: Cover photo by Prof. J. Katupotha showing fishermen engaged in fishing in the Negombo Lagoon. All photos in the text are by Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Composition, Abundance and Diversity of Mangroves in Selected Sites in Amprara District in the East Coast of Sri Lanka
    Ceylon Journal of Science 48(2) 2019: 169-175 DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v48i2.7621 RESEARCH ARTICLE Species composition, abundance and diversity of mangroves in selected sites in Amprara District in the east coast of Sri Lanka M.G. Manoj Prasanna1, 4,*, K.B. Ranawana2 and K.M.G. Gehan Jayasuriya3,4 1Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment, Robert Gunawardana Road, Baththaramulla, Sri Lanka 2Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 3Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 4Post Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Received: 03/01/2019 ; Accepted: 13/05/2019 Abstract: Sri Lanka is gifted with about 15,670 ha of mangrove services like protection of lives and property during coastal habitats which are scattered along the coastal zone of the island. disasters, enhancement of fisheries and protection of However, most of the studies on mangroves are confined to the biodiversity as mangroves are habitats to numerous flora western, north-western and southern parts of the country. Although and fauna, climate control through carbon sequestration it is been neglected, Eastern province shares 28% of the mangrove and storage of carbon for long periods in soil, pollution cover of the country. Thus, the main objective of the current abatement, primary production and recreation (Das and study was to determine the distribution, abundance and diversity Crepin, 2017). Furthermore, mangrove ecosystems have of true mangrove species in Pottuvil, Heda oya, Ragamwela, been recognized as highly-efficient wetland systems that Panama, and Okanda mangroves in the Eastern province of Sri can be used for the treatment of urban wastewater and for Lanka.
    [Show full text]
  • 133 10 Years ESJ Special Edition Anton
    European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431 December 2020 Special Edition: Contemporary Sri Lankan Society and Politics: Felicitation volume in honour of renowned Sri Lankan Sociologist Professor ST Hettige Constructing gama or ūr amidst inescapable ethno-national politics: Everyday experience of 10 years ESJ Pānama people living on the Special edition Eastern coast of Sri Lanka Anton Piyarathne Abstract The Open University of Sri Lanka Despite the undertakings of the colonial administration which took into consideration the caste system in their Submitted: 31 August 2020 census and gradually gave much Accepted: 12 November 2020 prominence to creating ethno-religious Published: 31 December 2020 categories through scientific enumerations and linked them with the political Corresponding author: Anton Piyarathne administration of the country and shaped by the majoritarian democratic model, the DOI: 10.19044/esj.2020.v16n39p133 caste too survived in Sri Lanka. The formation and mobilisation of ethno- Copyright 2020 Piyarathne A. Distributed under Creative Commons religious political categories contributed BY-NC-ND 4.0 OPEN ACCESS towards creating an ethno-religious nationalism and multi-ethnic people engaged in a competition to obtain a better share of the post-independence state. This power competition eventually created victorious as well as defeated feelings within the communities, which were eventually translated to ethno-national tensions and conflicts in Sri Lanka. Against this backdrop research was conducted in the Eastern coastal area in general, and Pānama in particular, suggested that people of rivalry ethno- national groups had developed traditional long-term connections and disconnections through caste lines which ultimately created a “community” identified as gama in (Sinhala) or ūr (Tamil), with a social equilibrium.
    [Show full text]