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Graeca Tergestina Storia E Civiltà 5 Graeca Tergestina Storia E Civiltà GRAECA TERGESTINA STORIA E CIVILTÀ 5 GRAECA TERGESTINA STORIA E CIVILTÀ Studi di Storia greca coordinati da Michele Faraguna Opera sottoposta a peer review secondo il protocollo UPI – University Press Italiane impaginazione Gabriella Clabot © copyright Edizioni Università di Trieste, Trieste 2018. Questo volume è integralmente disponibile online a libero accesso nell’archivio digitale OpenstarTs, al link: Proprietà letteraria riservata. https://www.openstarts.units.it/handle/10077/8648 I diritti di traduzione, memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento totale e parziale di questa pubblicazione, con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm, le fotocopie e altro) sono riservati per tutti i paesi. ISBN 978-88-8303-922-5 (print) ISBN 978-88-8303-923-2 (online) EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste via Weiss 21, 34128 Trieste http://eut.units.it https://www.facebook.com/EUTEdizioniUniversitaTrieste Eubulo e i Poroi di Senofonte LʼAtene del IV secolo tra riflessione teorica e pratica politica Livia De Martinis EUT EDIZIONI UNIVERSITÀ DI TRIESTE A mia madre Indice Abbreviazioni IX Premessa XIII Introduzione 1 Capitolo I – Eubulo: ricostruzione biografica (400/399 a.C. ca. – ante 330 a.C.) 5 1. L’uomo 7 1.1. I dati anagrafici 7 1.2. La carica arcontale 9 2. Gli inizi dell’attività politica 10 2.1. Il decreto per il ritorno di Senofonte e l’appartenenza alla cerchia di Callistrato 10 2.2. Gli esordi in politica internazionale 13 2.3. L’attivismo diplomatico e la rinuncia a una politica militare attiva 15 2.4. La pace di Filocrate 20 3. L’apice dell’attività economico-amministrativa 21 3.1. Il θεωρικόν 21 3.2. L’attenzione per il Pireo e la flotta 29 3.3. L’attenzione per il distretto minerario 35 3.4. L’attenzione per lo sfruttamento del territorio dell’Attica 39 3.5. La promozione di opere pubbliche 44 4. I rapporti con i contemporanei 50 5. La presenza nei tribunali 57 6. Il riconoscimento da parte dei concittadini 58 7. Il bilancio degli antichi sull’operato di Eubulo 59 Appendice al Capitolo I – Le testimonianze antiche relative a Eubulo 66 CAPITOLO II – LE MISURE ECONOMICHE DEI POROI SENOFONTEI 93 1. Il titolo dell’opera: specchio dei suoi contenuti 95 VI 2. La collocazione cronologica dell’opera 98 3. La composizione dell’opera e gli ultimi anni della biografia di Senofonte 100 4. Le misure economiche suggerite da Senofonte 110 4.1. I meteci 110 4.2. I commercianti 130 4.3. Le miniere del Laurio 138 5. La pace come presupposto 147 6. Lo scopo dello scritto 151 7. L’importanza dei Poroi come fonte sull’Atene del IV secolo 155 8. Il realismo senofonteo 157 CAPITOLO III – IL IV SECOLO: TRA RIFLESSIONE TEORICA E PRATICA POLITICA 161 1. Senofonte ed Eubulo 163 2. I Poroi e l’Anonimo di Giamblico 170 3. I Poroi, Eubulo e la pubblicistica del IV secolo 174 3.1. Isocrate 174 3.2. Demostene 186 3.3. Eschine 202 4. Pace o guerra: vie per una nuova affermazione ateniese 203 Conclusioni 209 Bibliografia 213 Indici 1. Indice dei nomi di persona e divinità 270 2. Indice dei nomi di luogo e dei nomi geografici ed etnici 276 3. Indice delle fonti letterarie 280 4. Indice delle fonti epigrafiche 298 5. Indice dei termini greci notevoli 303 VII Abbreviazioni Agora Inv. Agora Inscriptions – Inventory numbers Agora XV B.D. MERITT – J.S. TRAILL (eds.), The Athenian Agora. Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. The Athenian Councillors, Princeton 1974 («The Athenian Agora» 15). Agora XIX, L M.B. WALBANK (ed.), Leases of Public Lands, in G.V. LALONDE – M.K. LANGDON – M.B. WALBANK (eds.), Inscriptions. Horoi, Poletai, Leases of Public Lands, Princeton 1991 («The Athenian Agora» 19), 145-198 e 198-207. Agora XIX, P M.K. LANGDON (ed.), Poletai Records, in G.V. LALONDE – M.K. LANGDON – M.B. WALBANK (eds.), Inscriptions. Horoi, Poletai, Leases of Public Lands, Princeton 1991 («The Athenian Agora» 19), 53-143. AO R. DEVELIN, Athenian Officials. 684-321 B.C., Cambridge 1989. APF J.K. DAVIES, Athenian Propertied Families, 600-300 B.C., Oxford 1971. ArchEph Archaiologike Ephemeris (Ephemeris Archaiologike ante 1860). Axon Axon. Silloge di iscrizioni storiche greche (risorsa online). http://virgo.unive.it/venicepigraphy/axon/public Baiter-Sauppe Oratores attici, edd. J.G. BAITER - H. SAUPPE, Zürich 1850 (rist. Hildesheim 1967). Bekker Photius, Bibliotheca, ed. E. BEKKER, Berlin 1825. IX Bekker, Anecd.Gr. I Anecdota Graeca, I, ed. E. BEKKER, Berlin 1814. Clinton K. CLINTON (ed.), Eleusis. The Inscriptions on Stone. Documents of the Sanctuary of the Two Goddesses and Public Documents of the Deme, I-II, Athens 2005-2008, («The Archaeological Society at Athens Library» 236 e 259). Colin Hypéride, Discours, éd. G. COLIN, Paris 2003. Dilts Scholia Demosthenica, I-II, ed. M.R. DILTS, Leipzig 1983-1986. Dilts Scholia in Aeschinem, ed. M.R. DILTS, Leipzig 1992. EAA Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale, Roma 1961. FGrHist F. JACOBY (hrsg.), Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Berlin-Leiden 1923-. Hesperia 2 O. BRONEER, Excavations on the North Slope of the Acropolis in Athens, Hesperia 2.3 (1933), 329-417. Hesperia 6 M. CROSBY, Greek Inscriptions, Hesperia 6.3 (1937), 442-468. Hesperia 29 B.D. MERITT, Greek Inscriptions, Hesperia 29.1 (1960), 1-77. Hesperia 32 B.D. MERITT, Greek Inscriptions, Hesperia 32.1 (1963), 1-56. Hesperia 52 M.B. WALBANK, Leases of Sacred Properties in Attica. Part. I, Hesperia 52.1 (1983), 100-135. IACP M.H. HANSEN – T.H. NIELSEN, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford-New York 2004. IG II U. KOEHLER (ed.), Inscriptiones Graecae, II: Inscriptiones Atticae aetatis quae est inter Euclidis annum et Augusti tempo- ra, I-IV, Berlin 1877-1895. IG II2 J. KIRCHNER (ed.), Inscriptiones Graecae, II et III: Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posteriores, I-III, Berlin 1913-19402. IG II3 D. LAMBERT – V.N. BARDANI – S.V. TRACY (eds.), Inscriptiones Graecae, II et III: Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posterio- res, Berlin 20123. IG IV2 F.H. VON GAERTRINGEN (ed.), Inscriptiones Graecae, IV: Inscriptiones Argolidis, Berlin 19292. IG XII.7 J. DELAMARRE (ed.), Inscriptiones Graecae XII, 7: Inscriptiones Amorgi et insularum vicinarum, Berlin 1908. Jensen Hyperides, Orationes sex cum ceterarum fragmentis, ed. C.C. JENSEN, Stuttgart 1917. X Kallierges Etymologicum Magnum Graecum, ed. Z. KALLIERGES, Venice 1994. LIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, Zürich- München 1986. LSJ H.G. LIDDELL – R. SCOTT – H.S. JONES, A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford 199610. PA J. KIRCHNER, Prosopographia Attica, I-II, Berlin 1901-1903. PAA J.S. TRAILL, Persons of Ancient Athens, I-XXI, Toronto 1994-2012. R&O P.J. RHODES – R. OSBORNE (eds.), Greek Historical Inscriptions 404-323 B.C., Oxford 2003. Rose Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta, ed. V. ROSE, Lipsiae 1886. Schwenk C.J. SCHWENK (ed.), Athens in the Age of Alexander. The Dated Laws and Decrees of the “Lykourgan Era”, 338-322 B.C., Chicago 1985. SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, I-LXIII, 1923-2013. SOD P. STORK – J.M. VAN OPHUIJSEN – T. DORANDI, Demetrius of Phalerum: The Sources, Text and Translation, in FORTENBAUGH- SCHÜTRUMPF 2000, 1-310. Spengel Rhetores Graeci, III, ed. L. SPENGEL, Leipzig 1856. Syll.3 W. DITTENBERGER (ed.), Sylloge inscriptionum graecarum, Leipzig 1921-1924. TDGR 1 C.W. FORNARA (ed.), Translated Documents of Greece & Rome, I, Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War, Cambridge 1985. TDGR 2 P. HARDING (ed.), Translated Documents of Greece & Rome, II, From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus, Cambridge 1985. Theodoridis Photii Patriarchae Lexicon, III, ed. Ch. Theodoridis, Berlin 2013. Tod M.N. TOD (ed.), Greek Historical Inscriptions. From the Sixth Century B.C. to the Death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C., I-II, Oxford 19853. ABBREVIAZIONI XI Premessa Negli ultimi anni una serie di studi ha sollecitato la riconsiderazione della realtà ateniese del IV secolo. Quelli di Lambert, in particolare, hanno insistito sul valore che anche questa fase ebbe nella definizione dell’identità di Atene, non più fondata sulla forza politico-militare, come era stato nel V secolo, ma sulla consapevolezza del proprio apporto alla cultura e alla società greche: il IV secolo fu per Atene una fase fondamentale di acquisizione di coscienza del proprio passato1. Recentissimo è poi il volume miscellaneo Die athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert. Zwischen Modernisierung und Tradition, cu- rato da Claudia Tiersch2, che tocca le più interessanti tematiche storico-politi- che, sociali ed economiche dell’Atene del IV secolo e offre quindi una summa delle principali acquisizioni degli studi su questa fase della storia ateniese. Con questo lavoro vorrei contribuire al processo di rivalutazione del- l’Atene del IV secolo, sottolineando che, nonostante la pesante sconfitta nella guerra del Peloponneso e la scarsa efficacia della seconda lega navale, la città non rinunciò a una politica attiva, partendo però innanzitutto da una ricostru- zione della propria forza economica, non più fondata sullo sfruttamento degli 1 LAMBERT 2012a, 245 e LAMBERT 2011. 2 TIERSCH 2016. XIII alleati, ma su un’efficace messa a frutto delle risorse a propria disposizione. Tutto questo in virtù del fatto che la crescita della potenza macedone, che dalla metà del IV secolo impose progressivamente la sua egemonia sul mondo gre- co delle πόλεις, ebbe un effetto dirompente sul peso rivestito da Atene sullo scacchiere greco e internazionale, ma non fu in grado di influire negativamen- te sulle attività propositive della città3. Il volume, che nasce dalla revisione della mia tesi di dottorato, discus- sa presso la Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici dell’Università di san Marino nell’ottobre del 2015, si articola in tre capitoli.
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