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Comparative Analysis of Aquatic Insect, Amphipod, and Isopod Community Composition Along Environmental Gradients in Rheocrene Spring Systems of Missouri

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Comparative Analysis of Aquatic Insect, Amphipod, and Isopod Community Composition Along Environmental Gradients in Rheocrene Spring Systems of Missouri COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC INSECT, AMPHIPOD, AND ISOPOD COMMUNITY COMPOSITION ALONG ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN RHEOCRENE SPRING SYSTEMS OF MISSOURI _____________________________________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri _____________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________________________ by MEGAN MISHELL ZELLER Dr. Richard M. Houseman, Dissertation Supervisor July 2010 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC INSECT, AMPHIPOD, AND ISOPOD COMMUNITY COMPOSITION ALONG ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN RHEOCRENE SPRING SYSTEMS OF MISSOURI Presented by Megan Mishell Zeller A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. ________________________________________ Dr. Richard M. Houseman, Dissertation Supervisor, Division of Plant Sciences ________________________________________ Dr. Robert W. Sites, Division of Plant Sciences ________________________________________ Dr. Deborah L. Finke, Division of Plant Sciences ________________________________________ Dr. John Fresen, Department of Statistics ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my Ph.D. advisor, Dr. Richard Houseman, for his guidance and assistance during my time at the University of Missouri. His patience and support was appreciated, especially when it was most needed. I also thank my committee members, Drs. Robert Sites, Deborah Finke, and John Fresen. I thank Dr. Sites for his help with obtaining the funding for this project. I thank Dr. Finke and Dr. Fresen for sharing their statistical knowledge and for always believing in me as a student. Support and encouragement from faculty mentors can push a student a long way. I also thank Dr. Finke for always having her door open, literally and figuratively. I would also like to thank all the Missouri state park employees who have helped in one way or another throughout the course of this project: Bruce Schuette (Cuivre River State Park), Roxie Campbell (Rock Bridge Memorial State Park), Denise Dowling (Trail of Tears State Park), Tara Flynn and Tiffani Addington (Onondaga Cave State Park), Cindy Hall and Jocelyn Korsch (Lake of the Ozarks State Park), Brian Wilcox (Meramec State Park), Yvonne Bobbitt and Jerry Wilson (Dillard Mill State Historic Site), Dianne Tucker (Bennett Spring State Park), Larry Webb (Ha Ha Tonka State Park), Stephen Bost (Montauk State Park), Kevin Bolling and Tim Smith (Roaring River State Park), Joseph Blum and Jamie Hubert (St. Francois State Park), Ed Schott (Hawn State Park), Cynthia Stevens and Connie Winfrey Grisier (Van Meter State Park), and Mike Dickey (Boone’s Lick State Historic Site and Arrow Rock State Historic Site). I also thank Ken McCarty and Tim Vogt (MDNR) for their assistance with funding for this project and collecting permits for collecting within Missouri state parks. ii I must also thank all the taxonomic experts who confirmed my identifications of specimens: Dr. Andrew Short at the University of Kansas (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae), Eric Chapman at the University of Kentucky (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), Bill Shepard at the University of California- Berkeley (Coleoptera: Elmidae and Dryopidae), Bernhard van Vondel at Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam- The Netherlands (Coleoptera: Haliplidae), John K. Moulton at the University of Tennessee- Knoxville (Diptera: Dixidae and Simuliidae), Mary Anne Blackwood at the Central Plains Center for Bioassessment, Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas (Diptera: Chironomidae), Art Borkent from Salmon Arm, British Columbia, Canada (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae and Chaoboridae), Chen Young at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History (Diptera: Tipulidae), Richard Zack at Washington State University (Diptera), Luke Jacobus at Indiana University (Ephemeroptera), Robert Sites at the University of Missouri- Columbia (Hemiptera), David Bowles at National Park Service, Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network, c/o Department of Biology, Southwest Missouri State University (Trichoptera and Megaloptera), Brett Landwer at the Missouri Department of Conservation (Odonata), Barry Poulton at U.S. Geological Survey (Plecoptera), John Holsinger at Old Dominion University (Amphipoda), and Julian J. Lewis at Lewis and Associates LLC in Indiana (Isopoda) . I also thank those guys and gals who helped me in the laboratory and/or field: Jen Glover, Tom Leak, Seth Farris, Matt McKim-Louder, and Cory Meyer. You all did a wonderful job and helped me tremendously. Your assistance made my job much easier. I would like to especially thank Jen. I thank you for not only being a great field and lab iii assistant, but also for being another set of eyes during the proofreading and revision of this dissertation, as well as being a great friend. I would also like to thank all the old and new entomology students, particularly Akekawat, Ian, Lisa, Darah, Paul, and Elizabeth, who have helped me in one way or another by offering their advice, assistance, support, and/or friendship. I must also thank my family and other outside friends, especially Jenna, for allowing me to push you to the side for so many years so that I could excel in my studies. You have always been understanding and supportive. Finally, I owe a sincere “thank you” from the bottom of my heart to my husband, Lucas. Spending the majority of my weeks half way across the state for the past four years has not been easy. Your patience, understanding, and support of my goals and dreams has made the journey even more enjoyable, even in spite of the amount of time we have had to spend apart. Without you this would not have been possible. iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Aquatic faunal regions of Missouri, based on Pflieger (1989), and locations of quantitatively sampled low to medium discharge rheocrene spring systems within these regions……………………………………………………..73 2. Cave Spring at Cuivre River State Park………………………………………….74 3. Lone Spring at Cuivre River State Park………………………………………….74 4. Chickadee Spring at Meramec State Park………………………………………..75 5. Mill Spring at Lake of the Ozarks State Park……………………………………75 6. Onondaga Spring at Onondaga Cave State Park…………………………………76 7. Unnamed spring at Dillard Mill State Historic Site……………………………...76 8. Unnamed spring at Rockbridge State Park………………………………………77 9. Unnamed spring at Trail of Tears State Park…………………………………….77 10. Sampling increments of the hypocrene…………………………………………..78 11. Species richness in the hypocrene, eucrene, and hypocrene + eucrene together during the 2007 sampling period in the quantitatively sampled low to medium discharge rheocrene spring systems…………………………………….………..79 12. Species richness in the hypocrene, eucrene, and hypocrene + eucrene together during the 2008 sampling period in the quantitatively sampled low to medium discharge rheocrene spring systems ….………………………………………….80 13. Shannon diversity and evenness values for the quantitatively sampled low to medium discharge rheocrene spring systems in the 2007 sampling period ……..81 14. Shannon diversity and evenness values for the quantitatively sampled low to medium discharge rheocrene spring systems in the 2008 sampling period ……..82 v 15. UPGMA cluster analysis using Renkonen’s similarity coefficient showing percent similarity in aquatic insect, amphipod, and isopod community composition among the hypocrenes of the quantitatively sampled rheocrene spring systems in the 2007 sampling period………………...83 16. UPGMA cluster analysis using Renkonen’s similarity coefficient showing percent similarity in aquatic insect, amphipod, and isopod community composition among the hypocrenes of the quantitatively sampled rheocrene spring systems in the 2008 sampling period………………...84 17. UPGMA cluster analysis using Sorenson’s similarity coefficient showing similarity in aquatic insects, amphipod, and isopod community composition among the eucrenes of the quantitatively sampled rheocrene spring systems in the 2007 sampling period……………………………………..85 18. UPGMA cluster analysis using Sorenson’s similarity coefficient showing similarity in aquatic insects, amphipod, and isopod community composition among the eucrenes of the quantitatively sampled rheocrene spring systems in the 2008 sampling period……………………………………..86 19. UPGMA cluster analysis using Renkonen’s similarity coefficient showing similarity in aquatic insect, amphipod, and isopod community composition among the hypocrenes of the quantitatively sampled low to medium discharge rheocrene spring systems in 2007 and 2008…………………………………......87 20. Proportion of aquatic insects, amphipods, and isopods in the Prairie faunal region springs, CSCR and LSCR, in the 2007 sampling period…………………88 21. Proportion of aquatic insects, amphipods, and isopods in the Big River faunal region springs, 1RB and 3TT, in the 2007 sampling period……………………..88 22. Proportion of aquatic insects, amphipods, and isopods in the Ozark faunal region springs, OSOC, MSLO, CSM, and 2DM, in the 2007 sampling period………………………………………………89 23. Proportion of aquatic insects, amphipods, and isopods in the Prairie faunal region springs, CSCR and LSCR, in the 2008 sampling period…………….…...90 24. Proportion of aquatic insects, amphipods, and isopods in the Big River faunal region spring 1RB in the 2008 sampling period…………………………………90 25. Proportion of aquatic
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