2015 Profile Prepared For: Rangitāne Tamaki Nui a Rua Prepared By: Dr

RANGITĀNE O TAMAKI NUI A RUA

2015 Profile Prepared for: Rangitāne Tamaki Nui a Rua Prepared by: Dr. Chrissy Severinsen July 2015

RANGITĀNE O TAMAKI NUI A RUA

CONTENTS

Population and demographics 3

Socioeconomic status 8

Health 11

Education 15

Employment 20

Housing 21

RANGITĀNE O TAMAKI NUI A RUA

IWI MĀORI ME NGĀ TAKOTORANGA PAPA POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Population size and ethnicity

Māori represent a larger proportion of the Tararua population, in comparison to Aotearoa New Zealand as a whole. Its Māori population ranks 44th in size out of the 67 districts in Aotearoa New Zealand. Less than one percent of Aotearoa New Zealand's Māori population usually lives in Tararua District. Of all Rangitāne Māori, 24.9% affiliated with one iwi, while 75.1% affiliated with more than one iwi.

2006 2013

Tararua (Total population) 17 634 16 854

Tararua (Māori population) 3489 3378

Rangitāne (Total population)* 5322 5784

* Includes people of Māori descent affiliating with at least one iwi in the Rangitāne kiwi grouping. Under Statistics New Zealand classification, the Rangitāne iwi grouping population includes all people of Māori descent who gave Rangitāne (Te Matau-a-Māui/Hawke's Bay/Wairarapa), Rangitāne (Manawatū), Rangitāne (Te Waipounamu/South Island), or Rangitāne, region unspecified as their iwi or as one of several iwi.

The projected total Tararua population change to 2031 is a slow average annual decrease of 0.2%. This population decline is characterised by loss to neighbouring areas (Palmerston North, Manawatū) and a decline in the number of family groups.

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2013 Ethnicity

90 80 70 60 50 Tararua 40 Manawatū/Whanganui 30 Aotearoa/NZ 20 10 0 Māori NZ European/Pākehā

2013 Tararua Census Area Māori NZ European/Pākehā Units Ethnicity Norsewood-Herbertville 16.7% 89% Owahanga 14.1% 91.4% Dannevirke West 23.2% 80.7% Dannevirke East 32.7% 75.2% Papatawa 11.9% 91.7% Woodville 25% 82.3% Mangatainoka 11.1% 93.5% Pahiatua 21.5% 86.0% Eketahuna 25.5% 84.8% Nireaha-Tiraumea 17.8% 90.3%

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Te pakeke me te ira tangata Age and sex

2013 Tararua Māori Rangitāne All Māori (Aotearoa NZ)

Median age (years) 23.4 24.5 24.4

% of Māori aged 65 5.2% 5.6% 5.4% years +

% of Māori aged < 15 35.5% 33.7% 33.1% years

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Ngā takotoranga papa Location

In 2013, nearly 80% of Rangitāne Māori lived in the North Island. The most common regions in which Rangitāne lived was the Manawatū/Whanganui Region (26.5%) and the Wellington Region (22.7%) and Auckland (8.9%).

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Te Reo Māori Language

Rangitāne All Māori (Aotearoa NZ)

2006 2013 2006 2013

Proportion of population who could hold a conversation about 25.3% 26.5% 20.0% 18.4% everyday things in Te Reo Māori

In 2013, for Rangitāne who could hold a conversation in Te Reo Māori:

• 28.1% were under 15 years

• 65.8% were aged between 15 and 64 years

• 6.1% were over 65 years

Te Whakapono Religion

In 2013, the three most common religions within Rangitāne are Catholic (12.6%), Anglican (11.3%), Latter-Day Saints (9%), Ratana (7.8%) and Ringatū (1%). Within the Rangitāne population in the NZ Census 2013, 42.8% reported they had no religion, and 6.1% not stated.

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SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

Ngā whiwhinga moni Income

2013 Median income ($ per annum)

30000

25000

20000 Tararua Māori 15000 Rangitāne All Māori 10000

5000

*Median income (half earn more, and half less than this amount) for Māori aged 15 years and over

2013 Annual income Tararua Māori Rangitāne All Māori (% population)

$20 000 or less 49.7% 43.9% 46.3%

Source of income (Rangitāne population, 2013)

Wages or salaries Interest, rents, other investments Self-employment or business Income support

* Income support includes Jobseeker, Supported Living and Sole Parent payments, student allowance, and other government benefits or payments.

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Means-tested benefits

In June 2015, 1588 working-age people in Tararua were receiving a main benefit. 69% of all main benefit recipients had been receiving their current benefit continuously for more than one year.

Main beneﬁt recipient population Main beneﬁt recipient population (Tararua, June 2015) (Aotearoa/NZ, June 2015)

Māori Māori

NZ European/ NZ European/ Pākehā Pākehā Other Other

Numbers of Tararua Māori main benefit recipients

June 2014 June 2015

Jobseeker 250 265

Sole parent support 182 165

Supported living 164 173

Other* 66 55

*Other main benefits' includes Youth Payment/Young Parent Payment (YP/YPP).

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Ngā waka Motor vehicles

In 2013, 92.8 percent of Rangitāne were living in a household with access to a motor vehicle, compared with 90.9 percent of the total population of Māori descent. This compares to 93.8 percent were living in a household with access to a motor vehicle in 2006.

Ngā hangarau kōrero Access to phone and internet

In 2013, 73.8 percent of Rangitāne lived in a household with Internet access, an increase of around 17% since 2006.

In 2013, 87.5 percent of Rangitāne lived in a household with access to a cellphone or mobile phone. 2.4 percent lived in a household with no access to telecommunication systems (cellphone/mobile phone, telephone, fax machine, or the Internet).

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HAUORA HEALTH

Te momi tūpeka Cigarette smoking

Within the Rangitāne population, the percentage of regular smokers decreased to 27.6% in 2013, from 35.3% in 2006. Rangitāne wāhine are more likely to be regular smokers (29.7%) than tāne (25%). Smoking rates also vary with age: 36% of those aged 25-34 years reported to be regular smokers, compared with 19.1% of those aged 55 years and over.

2013 Smoking behaviour

50 45 40 35 30 Never been a smoker 25 Regular smoker 20 15 Ex-smoker 10 5 0 Rangitāne All Māori

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Mortality

‘All cause mortality’ is used as a general indicator of population health: the healthier a population, the lower its all cause mortality rate. Both MidCentral DHB and Whanganui DHB have higher all cause mortality rates than Aotearoa New Zealand overall. Māori have higher mortality rates across Aotearoa New Zealand overall and for MidCentral DHB. When deaths from 2006 to 2010 were accumulated and adjusted for differences in age balances of the populations, the number of Māori deaths was 90% higher than expected, when compared to Aotearoa New Zealand overall. MidCentral Māori number of deaths was 61% higher than expected, compared to Aotearoa New Zealand overall. MidCentral Māori and Aotearoa New Zealand Māori all had higher than expected numbers of amenable deaths, compared to Aotearoa New Zealand overall (by 113% and 129% respectively). Māori have over double the expected number of amenable deaths compared to Aotearoa New Zealand overall. NZDep decile 9 and 10 areas also have higher than expected mortality (both all-cause and amenable) numbers than expected, compared to Aotearoa New Zealand overall. In Tararua, this includes Woodville, Pahiatua, Dannevirke East, and Eketahuna.

Causes of Māori mortality (Midcentral DHB, 2008-10)

Cancers Diseases of the circulatory system External causes Diseases of the respiratory system Other

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Tamariki Ora Well Child (WCTO) Framework Indicators

Indicator Midcentral Māori Midcentral DHB Aotearoa/NZ

Fully immunised for age 88% 89% 81% Newborn GP enrolment within 48% 58% 71% three months LMC referral to WCTO provider 99% 99% 98% Infants recieve all WCTO core 80% 86% 76% contacts due in first year 4 year olds recieve a B4 School 91% 90% 91% check Infants are fully breastfed at 6 63% 69% 75% weeks Infants are recieving breastmilk at 6 47% 61% 66% months Children are a healthy weight at 4 69% 76% 73% years Children are enrolled with child oral 67% 86% 73% health services Children are caries free at 5 years 36% 57% 57% Child mental health is supported 92% 95% 96% (normal SDQ-P score)

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NZ Health Survey MidCentral DHB Summary 2011-2014

Most MidCentral Māori residents report being in good health: 81% of Māori adults rate their health as good, very good, or excellent. Nearly all parents (98%) consider their children to be in good health.

The hazardous drinking rates for MidCentral Māori is higher the national rate: Around 28% of Māori adults have an established drinking pattern that carries a risk of harming the drinker’s physical or mental health, or of having harmful social effects on the drinker or others.

MidCentral Māori adults are more likely to meet the recommendations for vegetable intake, but less likely to meet the recommended daily fruit intake than the total Māori population: 64% of adults reported eating the recommended three or more servings of vegetables per day (62% of total Māori population). Only 46% of adults ate the recommended three or more servings of fruit per day (49% of total Māori population).

Māori children living in the MidCentral area were less likely to eat breakfast: 23% of Māori children aged between 2 and 14 years did not eat breakfast at home every day in the past week, compared to 18% of all Māori children nationally.

MidCentral Māori children are more likely to watch more than two hours of TV each day: Over 67% of children aged between 2 and 14 years usually watch two or more hours of television each day, compared to 62% of all Māori children nationally.

MidCentral Māori adults are less physically active than the total Māori population average: Only 39% of adults reported being physically active for at least 30 minutes on five or more days in the past week, compared to 52% of the total Māori population.

The obesity rate for the MidCentral Māori adult population (43%) is similar to the total Māori rate, but lower for Māori children.

MidCentral Māori adults are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety and depressive disorders: The Māori adult rate of being diagnosed with a mental disorder in MidCentral is 24%, compared to 16% for the total Māori population. Over 7% of Māori children aged 2 to 14 years in MidCentral experience diagnosed emotional or behavioural problems such as depression, anxiety disorder, and ADHD/ADD, compared to 4.6% of all Māori children nationally.

Over 3/4 of MidCentral Māori adults visited a GP in the past year. MidCentral Māori adults were more likely to visit a practice nurse without seeing a GP at the same time (42%, compared to 30% for Māori across NZ).

Both Māori children and adults in MidCentral were significantly more likely to experience unmet need for primary health care in the past year: Around 42% of MidCentral Māori adults (compared to 38% of Māori across NZ) experienced barriers to accessing primary health care in the past 12 months, including inability get appointment at usual medical centre within 24 hours, cost, lack of transport, inability to access after-hours services, and unfilled prescriptions due to cost.

RANGITĀNE O TAMAKI NUI A RUA

TE MĀTAURANGA EDUCATION

Qualifications

The number of Rangitāne with formal qualifications has increased since 2006. Rangitāne wāhine are more likely than tāne to have a formal qualification (76.8% compared with 69.1%).

Proportion of population Tararua Māori Rangitāne All Māori aged 15 years + (2013)

Formal qualification 57.5% 73.5% 66.7%

Bachelor’s degree or 5.1% 15.3% 10.0% higher

*A 'formal qualification' includes qualifications achieved at secondary school and in tertiary education (both below degree level and bachelor's degree or higher).

School leavers with at least NCEA Level 2 or equivalent

A formal school qualification is a measure of the extent to which young adults have completed a basic prerequisite for higher education and training, and many entry-level jobs.

2011 2012 2013

Tararua Māori students 71% 58% 59%

Tararua Total 75% 75% 71%

Aotearoa/NZ total 73% 74% 74%

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18-year-olds with a minimum of NCEA Level 2 or equivalent

A Level 2 qualification gives people opportunities in terms of further education and employment, contributing to better health outcomes and a better quality of life. To boost skills and employment the Government has set a Better Public Service target that 85% of 18-year-olds will have achieved NCEA level 2 or an equivalent qualification in 2017.

2011 2012 2013

Tararua Māori students 58% 68% 73%

Tararua Total 74% 75% 82%

Aotearoa/NZ total 74% 77% 79%

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Early childhood education

Prior ECE participation rate* Tararua Māori All Māori

2013 93.8% 91.8%

2014 94.3% 93%

2015 96.6% 93.8%

* 12 months ending March

Enrolments by ECE service type* Tamariki Māori (0-6 years) Tararua, 2014

Education and care 62

Kindergarten 59

Kōhanga Reo 57

TOTAL 178

*End of June 2014 enrolments

At the end of June 2014, there were no Tararua Tamariki Māori enrolments in home-based care or Playcentre. The number of Tararua Tamariki Māori attending a playgroup was 18.

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Engagement in education

Stand-down rate 2014

Gender Age-standardised stand-down rate per 1000 students (2014)

Tararua Māori students Female 21.1 Male 69.9

Tararua Total Female 9.1 Male 46.7

Aotearoa/NZ Total Female 10.1 Aotearoa/NZ Total Male 29.4

Suspension rate 2014

Gender Age-standardised suspension rate per 1000 students (2014)

Tararua Māori students Female 4.8 Male 9

Tararua Total Female 1.7

Male 11.7

Aotearoa/NZ total Female 1.7

Aotearoa/NZ total Male 5.7

Exclusion rate 2014

Gender Age-standardised exclusion rate per 1000 students (2014)

Tararua Māori students Female 0 Male 7.7

Tararua Total Female 0

Male 5.3

Aotearoa/NZ total Female 0.6

Aotearoa/NZ total Male 2.3

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Retention in education

Completion of upper secondary education is associated with a range of economic and social benefits both in Aotearoa New Zealand and across the OECD. Retention to senior secondary schooling is linked to higher levels of skills and knowledge required for participation in our increasingly knowledge-based society and the wider global community.

Proportion staying at school until at least 17 years of age

2011 2012 2013

Tararua Māori students 79% 70% 64%

Tararua Total 78% 80% 72%

Aotearoa/NZ total 81% 82% 83%

Boards of Trustees

In 2013, less than 30% of Tararua schools had fair Māori representation on their Board of Trustees, compared to nearly 40% nationally.

Truancy

Year level-standardised unjustified absence rate per 100 students (2012)

Tararua Māori students 3.8

Tararua Total 2.4

Aotearoa/NZ Māori students 4.1

Aotearoa/NZ Total 2.3

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MAHI EMPLOYMENT

Te hunga mahi, kore mahi Labour force

Unemployment rate (2013)

Tararua Māori 14.9%

Rangitāne 12.9%

All Māori 15.6% * Aged 15 years and over

For Rangitāne aged 15 years and over, 3,921 people were of working age (15 years and over). Of this group, 70.4 percent were in the labour force (compared with 68.4 percent of the total Māori population, and 67.1 percent of the total Aotearoa New Zealand population). Rangitāne young people aged 15–24 years had an unemployment rate of 26.8 percent. 75.2 percent worked full time (30 or more hours per week), with the rest working part time.

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NGĀ WHARE NOHO HOUSING

Home ownership

In 2013, 34.6 percent of Rangitāne aged 15 years or older owned or partly owned the home that they lived in. 53.4 percent of people aged 50–59 years owned or partly owned their own home, compared with 8.0 percent of those aged 20–29 years.

Rental housing

In 2013, 45.3 percent of Rangitāne aged 15 years or older were living in households in rental accommodation. Eight percent were living in households in rental accommodation where the household paid less than $100 per week in rent, 21.3 percent paid $100–$199, 37.1 percent paid $200–$299, 22.2 percent paid $300–$399, and 11.4 percent paid $400 or more.