DOCSLIB.ORG

A Political Study of M-Mawarth with Special Reference to the Concept of Legitimacy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Political Study of M-Mawarth with Special Reference to the Concept of Legitimacy A Political Study of M-Mawarth with Special Reference to the Concept of Legitimacy by Mohammad Yaub Khan Arabic & Middle Eastern Studies University of Leeds November 2001 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that the appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others I Acknowledgement My first thanks go to Almighty Allah who enabled me to write and complete my thesis. Next I express my gratitude to my esteemed supervisor, Professor Ian Richard Netton, for his invaluable assistance and supervision throughout my studies at the university. Indeed, without his patience, constant encouragement and careful reading of my first and revised drafts, it would have been difficult for me to complete the thesis. I also wish to thank to Dr. Sirriyeh and Dr. Abdul Rauf for their continued co- operation as well as to the staff at the document supply center of the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds, for providing me with the necessary inter library loan service. I owe gratitude to the Ministry of Education in Pakistan for bearing my expenses for university education as well as for providing me the necessary funding for my personal maintenance. I am thankful to the Department of Education, N.W.F.P, Peshawar for permitting me to undertake my Ph.D. studies in U.K. I am much obliged to my wife and children for their co-operation and support during my stay in U.K. Finally I would like to thank to all my relatives and friends for their good will, assistance and co-operation. II Abstract The establishment of a legitimate government was a primary concern of the medieval jurists. Consequently they were obliged to deal with the issue of authority and make it a regular part of their juristic formulation. It was, however, aI-Mãwardi who dealt with this issue more systematically and made it a subject of thorough investigation. In this study we will examine his political ideas with reference to the concept of legitimacy not only in his contemporary context, but also with regard to the governments of past Islamic history. The study will also examine various responsibilities of the ruler as well as his concept of political change in a broad context. The material has been divided into six chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with the meanings of the Caliphate in a broader context, its significance and place in Islamic religious scheme, and various issues related to authority and government as al-Mawardi dealt with them in the light of the Qur'an, the Sunna and the Rashidtin period. The second and the third chapters deal with legitimate accession to authority and various responsibilities of the ruler in order of priority and importance. Stress has been laid on the ruler's acknowledgement of the same order in their execution. The fourth chapter deals with the exercise of authority in a legitimate manner. It examines why al-Mawardi recognized the 'Abbffsids as legitimate rulers despite criticizing them for their departure from the standard practices of the Räshidiin period. In chapter five the attention is focussed on the legitimacy of the weak 'Abbisid Caliph, the status of the Amir and the rebel provincial dynast and the relations of the latter two with the Caliph. The Sunnites and the Shfites of this period had different approaches towards the issue of authority. It will be examined how they still managed to arrive at a concordat at an official level which lasted for more than a century. In the sixth chapter, al-Mãwardi's concept of political change has been examined in a broader context. In the conclusion various research findings are brought together in consequence of studying al-Mãwardi's political concepts in relation to the concept of legitimacy. III Transliteration Note I have used the following Transliteration Through out my Thesis , b m r t th h J C w j h C y kh d Vowels dh short vowels long vowels r a ft H z o u u S o 1 sh L Diphthongs Doubled d aw uww t ay z '(ayn) Note: 1) In Proper names definite articles always appear with gh small 'a ' whether it is in beginning or in middle of sentence. f 2) 'Wal' is usually written as wa with the a! connected with q the next word. For example, wal Kitãb is being written as wa k al-Kit ib. Iv List of Abbreviations 1. A.D.: After Death. 2. A.H.:After Hijra. 3. A.S :AhkAm al-Sultäniyya. 4. A'lam: A'lãm al-Nubuwwa 5. Adab: Adab al-Dunyã wa al-Din 6. al- Bidya :al-Bidäya wa al-Nihaya 1 al-Kämil: aI-Kamil fi al-Tärikh. 8 al-Muntaam: al-Muntazam fi Tärikh al-MulUk wa al-Umam. 9. b. :bin 1O.Ed. : edited 11 .Edn. edition 12.Encyclopaedia Encyclonaedia of Islam lltyã' 'Ulüm: Ihyã' 'Ulüm al-Din. 14.Ltd : Limited 15.Nailiat : Nasihat al-Mulük 16.P.B.U.H. : Peace be Upon Him 1'Seerat: Seerat al-Nabi I8Tafhim : Tafhim al-Qur'ãn 19.Tafsir: al-Nukat wa al-'Uyi3n 20.Tarikh: Tärikh al-Rusul wa al-MulUk. 21.Tashil : Tashil al-Nazar wa Ta'jil al-Zafar. 22. Trans Translation Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. I Abstract ...........................................................................................II TransliterationNote............................................................................. Listof Abbreviation.............................................................................Iv TABLEOF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 BIBLIOGRAPHICALSURVEY.................................................................................................................. 7 PrimarySources..............................................................................................................................7 EnglishSources...............................................................................................................................9 CHAPTERONE ................................................................................................................................... 16 THE MEANINGS OF THE CALIPHATE: THE EVIDENCE OF THE QUR'AN, SUNNA , AND THE RASHIDtV PERIOD ........................................................................................................................... 16 ASTUDY OFTHE WORD CALIPH........................................................................................................16 THEPROPHETIC WAY OF ESTABLISHING AN ISLAMIC ORDER ............................................................23 TheFirst Stage..............................................................................................................................24 TheSecond Stage..........................................................................................................................25 TheThird Stage.............................................................................................................................26 PROPHETHOOD, SOVEREIGNTY, AND GOVERNMENT ..........................................................................27 THELIMITS OF OBEDIENCE TO THE RULER.........................................................................................32 THENECESSITY AND MERITS OF AUTHORITY ....................................................................................34 THECALIPHATE OF ABU-BAKR..........................................................................................................36 THECALIPHATE OF 'UMAR ................................................................................................................43 THECALIPHATE OF 'UTHMAN ............................................................................................................47 THECALIPHATE OF 'ALT..................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTERTWO.................................................................................................................................. 55 LEGITIMATEMEANS OF ACQUIRING THE IMAMATE .......................................................... 55 NoFIXED RULE FOR THE CHOICE OF THE CALIPH .............................................................................. 55 ANINQUIRY INTO MOTIVES OF THE AL-AHKAM ................................................................................. 59 THEQUALIFICATIONS OF THE IMAM ................................................................................................... 67 THETwo MAIN METHODS REGARDING THE CHOICE OF IMAM........................................................... 68 STRIVINGFOR THE CALIPHATE NOT A CAUSE OF DISQUALIFICATION.................................................72 THE CALIPHATE OF THE PREFERRED (AFPAL) AND LESS PREFERRED (MAFPUL) ........................... 72 REFUTATIONOF Two SIMULTANEOUS IMAMS .................................................................................... 74 THE IMAM'S RIGHT OF NOMINATION .................................................................................................. 75 DEPOSITIONOF THE IMAM .................................................................................................................. 84 PhysicalDisability:.......................................................................................................................85 Loss of Limbs................................................................................................................................87
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Iqta' System of Iraq Under the Buwayhids Tsugitaka Sato
    THE IQTA' SYSTEM OF IRAQ UNDER THE BUWAYHIDS TSUGITAKA SATO* In 334 A. H. (946 A.D.), having established his authority in Baghdad, Mu'izz al-Dawla granted iqta's in the Sawad to his commanders, his asso- ciates, and his Turks. This is the formation of the so-called "military" iqta' system in the Islamic history. The appearance of the military iqta's brought about not only the evolution of the Islamic state, but also the transformation of the Iraqi society during the 10-11th centuries and of the other countries in the following periods. Nizam al-Mulk understood this as the change from bistagan (cash pay) to iqta',(1) while al-Maqrizi described as the change from 'ata' to iqta' in the same meaning.(2) As for the iqta' system under the Buwayhids, H. F. Amedroz first translated the Miskawayh's text into English with annotations,(3) and then C. H. Becker tried to realize the iqta' system in the history of 'Lehen' from the early Islamic period to the Ottoman Turks.(4) A. A, al-Duri, who studied the economic history of the Buwayhid Iraq, made clear the character of iqta' comparing it with milk (private land) and waqf, though the reality of iqta' holding remained to be investigated in future.(5) On the other hand, Cl. Cahen published the general survey of iqta' in the history of the Islamic land holding, which gave us usefull informations concerning the right and obligation of soldiers, and the fall of peasants by way of himaya (protection) and the loan at high interest.(6) We also find the general description of iqta' in the study of H.
    [Show full text]
  • 35Th Fajr Intl. Theater Festival to Host 20 Foreign Plays
    Art & Culture January 15, 2017 3 This Day in History 35th Fajr Intl. Theater Festival (January 15) Today is Sunday; 26th of the Iranian month of Dey 1395 solar hijri; corresponding 16th of the Islamic month of Rabi as-Sani 1438 lunar hijri; and January 15, 2017, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar. Over three lunar millennia ago, on this day, the Thamoud tribe of the al-Hijr region in the to Host 20 Foreign Plays fertile northwestern part of Arabia, was afflicted with divine wrath for the abominable sins of its members, after having been given a lengthy respite to repent and reform, which the sinners the festival ‘unprecedented’. spurned and instead committed the cardinal crime of killing the she-camel that had miraculously Some of these plays include emerged from a splitting rock in answer to the supplication of Prophet Saleh to Almighty God when the Godless stuck to their demand for a supernatural miracle. The place is believed to be “One” by Judith de Joode from “Mada’en Saleh” between Medina and the Levant, in the Hejaz. Only a few people especially Netherlands, “Choir of the the poor believed in the monotheistic message of Prophet Saleh, while the majority, particular the rulers, laughed at him and refused to heed his words of guidance. The special camel would Orphans” by Jerzy Zon from give abundant milk every day for the poor to drink, and they were very happy. The sinners Poland, “I, Sisyphus” by Veselka became angry and brutally killed the camel. They then threatened Prophet Saleh with death, but before they could carry out their murderous plot, divine wrath struck them, as black clouds Kuncheva from Bulgaria, “The gathered in the sky, covering the moon and the stars.
    [Show full text]
  • Coins and Medals Including Renaissance and Later Medals from the Collection of Dr Charles Avery and Byzantine Coins from the Estate of Carroll F
    Coins and Medals including Renaissance and Later Medals from the Collection of Dr Charles Avery and Byzantine Coins from the Estate of Carroll F. Wales (Part I) To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Upper Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1 Days of Sale: Wednesday 11 and Thursday 12 June 2008 10.00 am and 2.00 pm Public viewing: 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Friday 6 June 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Monday 9 June 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Tuesday 10 June 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 31 Price £10 Enquiries: James Morton, Tom Eden, Paul Wood, Jeremy Cheek or Stephen Lloyd Cover illustrations: Lot 465 (front); Lot 1075 (back); Lot 515 (inside front and back covers, all at two-thirds actual size) in association with 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Important Information for Buyers All lots are offered subject to Morton & Eden Ltd.’s Conditions of Business and to reserves. Estimates are published as a guide only and are subject to review. The actual hammer price of a lot may well be higher or lower than the range of figures given and there are no fixed “starting prices”.
    [Show full text]
  • "Shura" As an Elective Institution
    "SHŪRĀ" AS AN ELECTIVE INSTITUTION Author(s): PATRICIA CRONE Reviewed work(s): Source: Quaderni di Studi Arabi, Vol. 19 (2001), pp. 3-39 Published by: Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25802929 . Accessed: 11/05/2012 07:46 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Quaderni di Studi Arabi. http://www.jstor.org PATRICIACRONE SHURA AS AN ELECTIVE INSTITUTION* Shurd means consultation, usually between a person in authority and his subordinates, as inQ. 3:159 (shdwirhum fi 'l-amr)y and occasionally between peers sharing power, as perhaps in Q. 42:38 on those "whose affairs are decided by consultation" (amruhum shurd baynahum)} Either way, it is a procedure leading to a decision by people in charge of government. Shurd also has a second and more specialized meaning, however. In sources relating to the Rashidun and the Umayyads it is normally a procedure for deciding who should be in charge of government. The participants here deliberate in order to elect a ruler, not to convey their advice to one or to act as joint rulers themselves; and al-amr shurd is a call for the ruler to be elected by this procedure, not for affairs to be decided by consultation in general.
    [Show full text]
  • Important Coins of the Islamic World
    Important Coins of the Islamic World To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Upper Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Thursday 21 April 2016 at 12.00 noon and 3.00 pm Public viewing: Nash House, St George Street, London W1S 2FQ Monday 18 April 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Tuesday 19 April 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Wednesday 20 April 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 79 Price £15 Enquiries: Stephen Lloyd or Tom Eden Cover illustrations: Lot 28 (front); lot 21 (back); lot 19 (inside front); lot 129 (inside back) Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding This auction can be viewed online at www.the-saleroom.com, www.numisbids.com and www.sixbid.com. Morton & Eden Ltd offers an online bidding service via www.the-saleroom.com. This is provided on the under- standing that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party; ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software; iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connec- tion.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC HOSPITAL Medicine, Religion, and Charity
    C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/6639172/WORKINGFOLDER//9781107109605PRE.3D ii [1–18] 4.9.2015 12:14PM C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/6639172/WORKINGFOLDER//9781107109605PRE.3D i [1–18] 4.9.2015 12:14PM THE MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC HOSPITAL Medicine, Religion, and Charity The first monograph on the history of Islamic hospitals, this volume focuses on the underexamined Egyptian and Levantine institutions of the twelfth to fourteenth centuries. By the twelfth century, hospitals serving the sick and the poor could be found in nearly every Islamic city. Ahmed Ragab traces the varying origins and development of these institutions, locating them in their urban environments and linking them to charity networks and patrons’ political projects. Following the paths of patients inside hospital wards, he investigates who they were and what kinds of experiences they had. The Medieval Islamic Hospital explores the medical networks surrounding early hospitals and sheds light on the particular brand of practice-oriented medicine they helped develop. Providing a detailed picture of the effect of religion on medieval medicine, it will be essential reading for those interested in the history of medicine, history of Islamic sciences, or history of the Mediterranean. ahmed ragab is the Richard T. Watson Assistant Professor of Science and Religion at Harvard Divinity School, where he also directs the Science, Religion, and Culture Program. He is a member of the Commission on History of Science and Technology in Islamic Societies and the International Society for Science and Religion. C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/6639172/WORKINGFOLDER//9781107109605PRE.3D ii [1–18] 4.9.2015 12:14PM C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/6639172/WORKINGFOLDER//9781107109605PRE.3D iii [1–18] 4.9.2015 12:14PM THE MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC HOSPITAL Medicine, Religion, and Charity AHMED RAGAB Harvard University C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/6639172/WORKINGFOLDER//9781107109605PRE.3D iv [1–18] 4.9.2015 12:14PM 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Persians to Islam During the Abbasid Period (750 - 1258 A.D.) : a Critical Study
    ■ I CONTRIBUTION OF PERSIANS TO ISLAM DURING THE ABBASID PERIOD (750 - 1258 A.D.) : A CRITICAL STUDY , • X ! THESIS SUBMITTED TO GAUHATI UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISOR DR.MAZHAR ASIF BY ABDUL KHALIQUE LASKAR 2009 CONTRIBUTION OF PERSIANS TO ISI A vi DURING THE ABBASID PERIOD (750 - 1258 \ I : A CRITICAL STUDY THESIS SUBMITTED TO GAUHATI UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF ARTS SUPERVISOR DR.MAZHAR ASIF BY ABDUL KHALIQUE LASKAR 2009 ProQuest Number: 10105759 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10105759 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 DEPARTMENT OF PERSIAN GAUHATI UNIVERSITY i v-° -' Gopinath Bardoloi Nagar, Guwahati - 781 014 Assam Residence : Qr. No. 72-B )r. Mazhar Asif. M.A.<jNU),Ph.D.(jNui Gauhati University Campus leader. G uw ahati -781 014 )eptt. of Persian « : 0 3 6 1 - 2 6 7 2 6 8 3 94351-18077 e f . N o . Date 3 1 . 0 8 . 0 9 CERTIFICATE C ertified that this thesis entitled C ontribution o f P ersians to Islam during the A bbasid P eriod (750-1258 A .D ): A C ritical Study subm itted by A bdul K halique Laskar, Lecturer in Persian , M adhab Chandra D as College, Sonaim ukh, Sonai, C achar, A ssam , em bodies the results o f his original w ork and personal investigation, carried out under m y direct supervision and guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Auction 30 | January 18-20, 2018 | Session A
    Ancient Coins Session A Begins at 09:00 PST on Thursday, January 18, 2018 6. EPHESOS: Anonymous, 3rd century BC, AR didrachm (6.28g), S-4382, diademed & draped bust of Artemis right, bow & quiver at shoulder // forepart of kneeling stag, magistrate’s name TRULIS to Ancient Coins left, E F in field, bee at upper right, strike 4/5, surface 4/5, one flan-crack (not cited on slab), NGC graded choice VF $200 - 250 Britain & Spain 1. ARMORICAN: Coriosolites, ca. 75-50 BC, BI stater (6.29g), 7. LYDIA: Anonymous, ca. 155-145 BC, AR cistophoric tetradrachm S-14/15, head right, with funny shaped nose // horse right, traces (12.31g), Tralles, S-4745, serpent emerging from cista mystica, all of a rider above, bear below, EF $140 - 180 within Dionysiac wreath of ivy leaves & berries // bowcase ornamented with aphlaston & flanked by two serpents, to right filleted zebu bull standing right on meander, EF $100 - 150 2. CARTHAGO NOVA: Scipio Africanus, ca. 209-208 BC, AE 13mm (1.84g), head left, said to be Scipio Africanus // horsehead right, excellent strike, VF-EF $110 - 150 8. MACEDONIAN KINGDOM: Alexander III, the Great, 336-323 BC, AR tetradrachm (17.13g), Babylon, Price-3704, Müller-714, head of Herakles right, wearing lion skin // Zeus Aëtophoros seated left, 3. CELTIC: Boudicca, AR unit, ND (61 A.D.), Spink-434, Van holding eagle and sceptre; monogram in wreath in left field, Arsdell-794, Iceni issue, stylized head right // horse right, H below throne $125 - 175 VF $140 - 180 Boudicca was a queen of the British Celtic Iceni tribe.
    [Show full text]
  • C:\Wpdocs\Abbasid\Names on Abbasid Coins, Hofstra Version (Revised 2007).Wpd 9 March 2010 Bates: Names on Abbasid Coins 2 Their Subjects
    Who Was Named on Abbasid Coins? What Did It Mean? The earliest Islamic gold and silver coins, those of )Abd al-Malik, of his Umayyad successors, and of the early years of the Abbasid caliphate, were anonymous. 1 They were “struck ā ā in the name of God,” bism All h duriba. hadh , rather than in the name of an earthly ruler. Muslim officials first began to be named on gold and silver coins in 763, thirteen years after the foundation of the Abbasid caliphate. The practice then spread rapidly and widely. In the next half century, almost all silver coins included the names of officials in their inscriptions, and by the end of that time, most gold coins also named some official. There followed a brief interval, from al-Ma'm ūn's entry into Baghdad in 819 until his death in 833, during which anonymity was reinstituted at almost every mint. His successor al-Mu )tasim quickly reintroduced the practice of naming someone on the coinage, but on a quite different basis. During the second Abbasid period, from 833 until the Buyids ended the political power of the caliphs in 946, nomenclature on coins and in other media evolved into classical Islamic practice. The object of this paper is to describe the evolution of official nomenclature in general, and especially on coins. The generic explanations, as propaganda or communication, for the occurrence of names of rulers and other officials on coins are not very helpful. There is no indication, in any of the many medieval Arabic and Persian texts on statecraft and administration, that Muslim rulers thought of using coins to address a mass audience, to win popular loyalty, or to communicate to 1Officials were often named on Umayyad and early Abbasid copper coins.
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook Download the Story of Islam Ebook Free Download
    THE STORY OF ISLAM PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Susan Meredith | 64 pages | 31 May 2007 | Usborne Publishing Ltd | 9780746077658 | English | London, United Kingdom The Prophet Muhammad and the Origins of Islam | The Metropolitan Museum of Art Highly persianized empires built by the Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids made significant developments. The Islamic Golden Age gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable polymaths , astronomers , mathematicians , physicians and philosophers during the Middle Ages. By the early 13th century, the Delhi Sultanate conquered the northern Indian subcontinent , while Turkic dynasties like the Sultanate of Rum and Artuqids conquered much of Anatolia from the Byzantine Empire throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. In the 13th and 14th centuries, destructive Mongol invasions and those of Tamerlane Timur from the East, along with the loss of population in the Black Death , greatly weakened the traditional centers of the Muslim world, stretching from Persia to Egypt , but saw the emergence of the Timurid Renaissance and major global economic powers such as West Africa 's Mali Empire and South Asia 's Bengal Sultanate. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the Islamic world fell under the influence or direct control of European " Great Powers. The Oil boom stabilized the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , making them the world's largest oil producers and exporters, which focuses on free trade and tourism. The following timeline can serve as a rough visual guide to the most important polities in the Islamic world prior to the First World War. It is necessarily an approximation, since rule over some regions was sometimes divided among different centers of power, and authority in larger polities was often distributed among several dynasties.
    [Show full text]
  • Islām/Dār Al-Ḥarb in a Wide Range of Sources and to the Editing of a Collective Book on the Topic (Dār Al-Islām/Dār Al-Ḥarb
    The Maghrib in the Mashriq Studies in the History and Culture of the Middle East Edited by Stefan Heidemann, Gottfried Hagen, Andreas Kaplony, Rudi Matthee, and Kristina L. Richardson Volume 40 The Maghrib in the Mashriq Knowledge, Travel and Identity Edited by Maribel Fierro and Mayte Penelas This book has been sponsored by the project “Local Contexts and Global Dynamics: al-Andalus and the Maghreb in the Islamic East” (FFI2016-78878-R AEI/FEDER, UE), co-directed by Maribel Fierro and Mayte Penelas with funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Universities. ISBN 978-3-11-071269-8 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-071330-5 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-071344-2 ISSN 2198-0853 DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110713305 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020946350 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Maribel Fierro and Mayte Penelas, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published open access at www.degruyter.com. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Contents List of contributors | IX Maribel Fierro/Mayte Penelas The Maghrib in the Mashriq. Knowledge, Travel and Identity. Introduction | 1 Part I: Establishing
    [Show full text]
  • Important Coins of the Islamic World
    Important Coins of the Islamic World To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Upper Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Thursday 23 April 2015 at 2.00pm Public viewing: Nash House, St George Street, London W1S 2FQ Monday 20 April 10.00am to 4.30pm Tuesday 21 April 10.00am to 4.30pm Wednesday 22 April 10.00am to 4.30pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 73 Price £15 Enquiries: Stephen Lloyd or Tom Eden Cover illustrations: Lot 166 (front); lot 98 (back); lot 13 (inside front); lot 154 (inside back) Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding This auction can be viewed online at www.the-saleroom.com, www.invaluable.com and www.sixbid.com. Morton & Eden Ltd offers an online bidding service via www.the-saleroom.com. This is provided on the under- standing that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party; ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software; iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connec- tion.
    [Show full text]