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Concepts for Commemorating Spanish Colonization in New Mexico

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Concepts for Commemorating Spanish Colonization in New Mexico -- ----- ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS • FOR COMMEMORATING SPANISH COLONIZATION ~ /)-.38 F//e: Jo14.fJrn111sf' 111~1~,, .B&W Scan:sr­ is--/1?/~:i._ ON MICROFILM PLEASE RETURN TO: TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER DENVER SERVICE CENTER NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Alternative Concepts for Commemorating Spa11ish Colonization February 1991 • SPANISH COLONIZATION STUDY• NEW MEXICO UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR I NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • Summary and Major Findings • SUMMARY AND MAJOR FINDINGS At the direction of Congress, the undertake a separate Spanish colonial National Park Service is studying theme study. alternative concepts for commemorating Spanish colonization in New Mexico. Some of the alternative concepts Much is already happening in New analyzed in this study emphasize the Mexico at the federal, state, and local preservation and/or interpretation of levels to commemorate and interpret Spanish colonial sites, and some of the the period of Spanish colonization. alternatives describe other ways, However, several important aspects of independent of existing resources, for the story are not currently represented, commemorating Spanish colonization. and many important resources are at risk. Action is needed to ensure that The concepts have not been developed this important part of our nation's into actual plans. Specific proposals for history is appropriately commemorated. sites, programs, facilities, and related costs have been deferred pending the This study identifies completion of the resource data base and more extensive coordination with the themes considered by scholars property owners and local communities. of Spanish colonization to be the Even though this is a National Park most important ideas to be Service study prepared for Congress, it conveyed to the public includes alternatives that would involve only limited federal government action. a preliminary list of 22 sites that Spanish colonization could be • the National Park Service, in commemorated by federal, state, or consultation with scholars, has local governments, ethnic communities, found to be the best private organizations, or any representations known to date of combination of these entities, and this the various elements of the range of alternatives is included in this Spanish colonization story study for consideration by Congress. seven alternative concepts for The success of any of these concepts commemorating Spanish will depend on direction, support, and colonization in New Mexico assistance from local New Mexico communities. It is recommended that a The sites included in this study range task-directed committee or commission from archeological ruins of pueblos, be established to enter into a dialogue mission churches, and Spanish civil with these communities to define a settlements to contemporary Hispanic course of future action. Once a general communities and Indian pueblos. concept or concepts have been selected, Considerably more study is needed to more focused planning can be conducted complete the survey and documentation by the appropriate involved entities. of Spanish colonial sites. The state of Facility needs and cost estimates can New Mexico has expressed an interest most appropriately be developed at that in conducting this study. In addition, time. • the National Park Service should lll Summary and Major Findings The seven alternatives described and Identify state tour routes: The analyzed in the study are summarized state of New Mexico would below. No alternative is preferred over incorporate Spanish colonial the others at this time. themes into the state highway tour • program. Conduct a comprehensive research program: The National Establish new units of the Park Service, possibly in national park system: The cooperation with the state of New National Park Service would add Mexico, would contract with one or more units to the national academic institutions to inventory, park system to allow for more document, and study Spanish complete representation and colonial resources remaining in interpretation of the entire story of New Mexico. Research would be Spanish colonization. conducted with the consent of the existing landowners. Enhance state programs and assistance to local sites: The Coordinate a comprehensive federal government would allocate interpretation program: The funds to the state of New Mexico National Park Service would specifically for the study, develop a comprehensive preservation, and interpretation of interpretation program to increase Spanish colonial resources at the public understanding of the state and local levels. Spanish colonization of New Mexico and its importance to U.S. history. Some alternatives, including the Owners of Spanish colonial sites alternative of establishing new units of that are open to the public could the national park system, would require choose to participate in the further federal legislation. Many of the interpretation program. alternatives could be financially • supported through cooperative Develop a commemorative public/private partnerships with or center: A local or state entity, without new congressional funding. perhaps with federal assistance, Some of the alternatives, such as the would develop a commemorative commemorative center, the re-creation center, which could include of a cultural heritage scene, and state museums, a research center, tour routes, would be primarily state or cultural events, and interpretation. local government or private initiatives, The center would give communities the opportunity to celebrate their with minimal or no involvement by the heritage and to share their culture National Park Service. with the visiting public. The alternative concepts were reviewed Interpret a Spanish cultural by the public in August 1990. Most heritage scene: A local or state people commenting on the study entity, perhaps with federal supported some form of further action assistance, would re-create a to commemorate Spanish colonization in multi-faceted Spanish cultural New Mexico. Some supported an heritage scene to allow the alternative emphasizing either research, interpretation of the complete story resource protection, or interpretation, of Spanish colonization at a single but most saw a need to combine site. alternatives. • IV Contents • CONTENTS Summary and Major Findings m Spanish Colonization Study 1 Study Background 1 Study Purpose and Scope 1 Public Involvement in This Study 3 PART ONE: THE STORY 5 Overview of Spanish Colonization in New Mexico 7 Introduction 7 Major Story Elements 7 Spanish and English Colonization: A Comparison of Methods 11 The Significance of the Hispanic Southwest 12 Conclusions 13 Major Interpretive Themes 14 United States History 14 Conquest 14 Colonial Institutions 15 Pueblo Revolt and Subsequent Accommodation of Cultural Differences 15 • Cultural Interchange 16 PART TWO: RESOURCE EVALUATION 17 Evaluation Methodology and Criteria 19 Site Descriptions and Analyses 23 Units of the National Park System 23 National Historic Landmarks 26 Other Sites 31 PART THREE: ALTERNATIVES 41 Introduction 43 1. Conduct a Comprehensive Research Program 44 Concept 44 Analysis 45 2. Coordinate a Comprehensive Interpretation Program 46 Concept 46 Analysis 48 3. Develop a Commemorative Center 50 Concept 50 • Analysis 51 v Contents 4. Interpret a Spanish Cultural Heritage Scene 53 Concept 53 Analysis 54 5. Identify State Tour Routes 56 • Concept 56 Analysis 57 6. Establish New Units of the National Park System 59 Concept 59 Analysis 61 7. Enhance State Programs and Assistance to Local Sites 62 Concept 62 Analysis 63 APPENDIXES 67 A: Legislation 69 B: Spanish Colonial Resources 70 C: Story Elements and Their Representation Inside and Outside the National Park System 74 D: New Area Criteria 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 STUDY PARTICIPANTS 82 • • vi Spanish Colonization Study • SPANISH COLONIZATION STUDY STUDY BACKGROUND STUDY PURPOSE AND SCOPE In 1598, almost a decade before the The Spanish colonization study has two first permanent English settlement was purposes: The first is to identify the established at Jamestown, Spanish major elements of the story of Spanish colonists moved into New Mexico, colonization in New Mexico and the beginning more than two centuries of places, structures, landmarks, and other dominion and enculturation that would resources that appear to best represent indelibly mark the character of the that story. The second purpose is to American Southwest. In recognition of analyze a wide range of alternative this distinctive contribution to American strategies for commemorating this culture, the U.S. Congress has directed important part of American history. the National Park Service to study alternatives for commemorating Spanish Much is already happening in New colonization of the American Southwest, Mexico at the federal, state, and local Spanish colonial frontier culture, and levels to commemorate and interpret Spanish colonialism in New Mexico. the period of Spanish colonization. For example, pueblo/mission complexes and The Spanish Colonization other Spanish colonial resources are Commemorative Act of 1988 (Public preserved and interpreted for the public Law 100-559, reprinted in appendix A) at several national parks and specifies that the study of alternatives monuments and a state monument should make recommendations (described later in this report). Federal, • regarding preservation and state, and local agencies are currently interpretation of resources associated considering designation of a number of with the Spanish colonization of the tour routes
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