Analysis of AES, SKINNY, and Others with Constraint Programming
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Cryptanalysis of Feistel Networks with Secret Round Functions Alex Biryukov, Gaëtan Leurent, Léo Perrin
Cryptanalysis of Feistel Networks with Secret Round Functions Alex Biryukov, Gaëtan Leurent, Léo Perrin To cite this version: Alex Biryukov, Gaëtan Leurent, Léo Perrin. Cryptanalysis of Feistel Networks with Secret Round Functions. Selected Areas in Cryptography - SAC 2015, Aug 2015, Sackville, Canada. hal-01243130 HAL Id: hal-01243130 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01243130 Submitted on 14 Dec 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Cryptanalysis of Feistel Networks with Secret Round Functions ? Alex Biryukov1, Gaëtan Leurent2, and Léo Perrin3 1 [email protected], University of Luxembourg 2 [email protected], Inria, France 3 [email protected], SnT,University of Luxembourg Abstract. Generic distinguishers against Feistel Network with up to 5 rounds exist in the regular setting and up to 6 rounds in a multi-key setting. We present new cryptanalyses against Feistel Networks with 5, 6 and 7 rounds which are not simply distinguishers but actually recover completely the unknown Feistel functions. When an exclusive-or is used to combine the output of the round function with the other branch, we use the so-called yoyo game which we improved using a heuristic based on particular cycle structures. -
Integral Cryptanalysis on Full MISTY1⋆
Integral Cryptanalysis on Full MISTY1? Yosuke Todo NTT Secure Platform Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] Abstract. MISTY1 is a block cipher designed by Matsui in 1997. It was well evaluated and standardized by projects, such as CRYPTREC, ISO/IEC, and NESSIE. In this paper, we propose a key recovery attack on the full MISTY1, i.e., we show that 8-round MISTY1 with 5 FL layers does not have 128-bit security. Many attacks against MISTY1 have been proposed, but there is no attack against the full MISTY1. Therefore, our attack is the first cryptanalysis against the full MISTY1. We construct a new integral characteristic by using the propagation characteristic of the division property, which was proposed in 2015. We first improve the division property by optimizing a public S-box and then construct a 6-round integral characteristic on MISTY1. Finally, we recover the secret key of the full MISTY1 with 263:58 chosen plaintexts and 2121 time complexity. Moreover, if we can use 263:994 chosen plaintexts, the time complexity for our attack is reduced to 2107:9. Note that our cryptanalysis is a theoretical attack. Therefore, the practical use of MISTY1 will not be affected by our attack. Keywords: MISTY1, Integral attack, Division property 1 Introduction MISTY [Mat97] is a block cipher designed by Matsui in 1997 and is based on the theory of provable security [Nyb94,NK95] against differential attack [BS90] and linear attack [Mat93]. MISTY has a recursive structure, and the component function has a unique structure, the so-called MISTY structure [Mat96]. -
SAEB: a Lightweight Blockcipher-Based AEAD Mode of Operation
SAEB: A Lightweight Blockcipher-Based AEAD Mode of Operation Yusuke Naito1, Mitsuru Matsui1, Takeshi Sugawara2 and Daisuke Suzuki1 1 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan {Naito.Yusuke@ce,Matsui.Mitsuru@ab,Suzuki.Daisuke@bx}.MitsubishiElectric.co.jp 2 The University of Electro-Communications, Japan [email protected] Abstract. Lightweight cryptography in computationally constrained devices is ac- tively studied. In contrast to advances of lightweight blockcipher in the last decade, lightweight mode of operation is seemingly not so mature, yet it has large impact in performance. Therefore, there is a great demand for lightweight mode of oper- ation, especially that for authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD). Among many known properties of conventional modes of operation, the following four properties are essential for constrained devices: 1. Minimum State Size: the state size equals to a block size of a blockcipher. 2. Inverse Free: no need for a blockcipher decryption. 3. XOR Only: only XOR is needed in addition to a blockcipher encryption. 4. Online: a data block is processed only once. The properties 1 and 4 contribute to small memory usage, and the properties 2 and 3 contribute to small program/circuit footprint. On top of the above properties, the fifth property regarding associated data (AD) is also important for performance: 5. Efficient Handling of Static AD: static AD can be precomputed. We design a lightweight blockcipher-based AEAD mode of operation called SAEB: the first mode of operation that satisfies all the five properties to the best of our knowledge. Performance of SAEB is evaluated in various software and hardware platforms. -
Differential Cryptanalysis of the BSPN Block Cipher Structure
Differential Cryptanalysis of the BSPN Block Cipher Structure Liam Keliher AceCrypt Research Group Department of Mathematics & Computer Science Mount Allison University Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada [email protected] Abstract. BSPN (byte-oriented SPN ) is a general block cipher struc ture presented at SAC’96 by Youssef et al. It was designed as a more ef ficient version of the bit-oriented SPN structure published earlier in 1996 by Heys and Tavares in the Journal of Cryptology. BSPN is a flexible SPN structure in which only the linear transformation layer is exactly specified, while s-boxes, key-scheduling details, and number of rounds are intentionally left unspecified. Because BSPN can be implemented very efficiently in hardware, several researchers have recommended the 64-bit version as a lightweight cipher for use in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Youssef et al. perform preliminary analysis on BSPN (using typical block sizes and numbers of rounds) and claim it is resistant to differential and linear cryptanalysis. However, in this paper we show that even if BSPN (similarly parameterized) is instantiated with strong AES- like s-boxes, there exist high probability differentials that allow BSPN to be broken using differential cryptanalysis. In particular, up to 9 rounds of BSPN with a 64-bit block size can be attacked, and up to 18 rounds with a 128-bit block size can be attacked. Keywords: BSPN, block cipher, SPN, differential cryptanalysis, wire less sensor network (WSN) 1 Introduction BSPN (byte-oriented SPN ) is a general block cipher structure presented at SAC’96 by Youssef et al. [19]. It was designed as a more efficient byte-oriented version of the bit-oriented SPN structure published by Heys and Tavares in the Journal of Cryptology [5]. -
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography Alex Biryukov1 and Léo Perrin2 1 SnT, CSC, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] 2 SnT, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] Abstract. Lightweight cryptography has been one of the “hot topics” in symmetric cryptography in the recent years. A huge number of lightweight algorithms have been published, standardized and/or used in commercial products. In this paper, we discuss the different implementation constraints that a “lightweight” algorithm is usually designed to satisfy. We also present an extensive survey of all lightweight symmetric primitives we are aware of. It covers designs from the academic community, from government agencies and proprietary algorithms which were reverse-engineered or leaked. Relevant national (nist...) and international (iso/iec...) standards are listed. We then discuss some trends we identified in the design of lightweight algorithms, namely the designers’ preference for arx-based and bitsliced-S-Box-based designs and simple key schedules. Finally, we argue that lightweight cryptography is too large a field and that it should be split into two related but distinct areas: ultra-lightweight and IoT cryptography. The former deals only with the smallest of devices for which a lower security level may be justified by the very harsh design constraints. The latter corresponds to low-power embedded processors for which the Aes and modern hash function are costly but which have to provide a high level security due to their greater connectivity. Keywords: Lightweight cryptography · Ultra-Lightweight · IoT · Internet of Things · SoK · Survey · Standards · Industry 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the foremost buzzwords in computer science and information technology at the time of writing. -
Data Encryption Standard
Data Encryption Standard The Data Encryption Standard (DES /ˌdiːˌiːˈɛs, dɛz/) is a Data Encryption Standard symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of electronic data. Although insecure, it was highly influential in the advancement of modern cryptography. Developed in the early 1970s atIBM and based on an earlier design by Horst Feistel, the algorithm was submitted to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) following the agency's invitation to propose a candidate for the protection of sensitive, unclassified electronic government data. In 1976, after consultation with theNational Security Agency (NSA), the NBS eventually selected a slightly modified version (strengthened against differential cryptanalysis, but weakened against brute-force attacks), which was published as an official Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States in 1977. The publication of an NSA-approved encryption standard simultaneously resulted in its quick international adoption and widespread academic scrutiny. Controversies arose out of classified The Feistel function (F function) of DES design elements, a relatively short key length of the symmetric-key General block cipher design, and the involvement of the NSA, nourishing Designers IBM suspicions about a backdoor. Today it is known that the S-boxes that had raised those suspicions were in fact designed by the NSA to First 1975 (Federal Register) actually remove a backdoor they secretly knew (differential published (standardized in January 1977) cryptanalysis). However, the NSA also ensured that the key size was Derived Lucifer drastically reduced such that they could break it by brute force from [2] attack. The intense academic scrutiny the algorithm received over Successors Triple DES, G-DES, DES-X, time led to the modern understanding of block ciphers and their LOKI89, ICE cryptanalysis. -
A Lightweight Encryption Algorithm for Secure Internet of Things
Pre-Print Version, Original article is available at (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2017 SIT: A Lightweight Encryption Algorithm for Secure Internet of Things Muhammad Usman∗, Irfan Ahmedy, M. Imran Aslamy, Shujaat Khan∗ and Usman Ali Shahy ∗Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology (FEST), Iqra University, Defence View, Karachi-75500, Pakistan. Email: fmusman, [email protected] yDepartment of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan. Email: firfans, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—The Internet of Things (IoT) being a promising and apply analytics to share the most valuable data with the technology of the future is expected to connect billions of devices. applications. The IoT is taking the conventional internet, sensor The increased number of communication is expected to generate network and mobile network to another level as every thing mountains of data and the security of data can be a threat. The will be connected to the internet. A matter of concern that must devices in the architecture are essentially smaller in size and be kept under consideration is to ensure the issues related to low powered. Conventional encryption algorithms are generally confidentiality, data integrity and authenticity that will emerge computationally expensive due to their complexity and requires many rounds to encrypt, essentially wasting the constrained on account of security and privacy [4]. energy of the gadgets. Less complex algorithm, however, may compromise the desired integrity. In this paper we propose a A. Applications of IoT: lightweight encryption algorithm named as Secure IoT (SIT). -
Miss in the Middle Attacks on IDEA and Khufu
Miss in the Middle Attacks on IDEA and Khufu Eli Biham? Alex Biryukov?? Adi Shamir??? Abstract. In a recent paper we developed a new cryptanalytic techni- que based on impossible differentials, and used it to attack the Skipjack encryption algorithm reduced from 32 to 31 rounds. In this paper we describe the application of this technique to the block ciphers IDEA and Khufu. In both cases the new attacks cover more rounds than the best currently known attacks. This demonstrates the power of the new cryptanalytic technique, shows that it is applicable to a larger class of cryptosystems, and develops new technical tools for applying it in new situations. 1 Introduction In [5,17] a new cryptanalytic technique based on impossible differentials was proposed, and its application to Skipjack [28] and DEAL [17] was described. In this paper we apply this technique to the IDEA and Khufu cryptosystems. Our new attacks are much more efficient and cover more rounds than the best previously known attacks on these ciphers. The main idea behind these new attacks is a bit counter-intuitive. Unlike tra- ditional differential and linear cryptanalysis which predict and detect statistical events of highest possible probability, our new approach is to search for events that never happen. Such impossible events are then used to distinguish the ci- pher from a random permutation, or to perform key elimination (a candidate key is obviously wrong if it leads to an impossible event). The fact that impossible events can be useful in cryptanalysis is an old idea (for example, some of the attacks on Enigma were based on the observation that letters can not be encrypted to themselves). -
Identifying Open Research Problems in Cryptography by Surveying Cryptographic Functions and Operations 1
International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing Vol. 10, No. 11 (2017), pp.79-98 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2017.10.11.08 Identifying Open Research Problems in Cryptography by Surveying Cryptographic Functions and Operations 1 Rahul Saha1, G. Geetha2, Gulshan Kumar3 and Hye-Jim Kim4 1,3School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India 2Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India 4Business Administration Research Institute, Sungshin W. University, 2 Bomun-ro 34da gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract Cryptography has always been a core component of security domain. Different security services such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, non-repudiation and access control, are provided by a number of cryptographic algorithms including block ciphers, stream ciphers and hash functions. Though the algorithms are public and cryptographic strength depends on the usage of the keys, the ciphertext analysis using different functions and operations used in the algorithms can lead to the path of revealing a key completely or partially. It is hard to find any survey till date which identifies different operations and functions used in cryptography. In this paper, we have categorized our survey of cryptographic functions and operations in the algorithms in three categories: block ciphers, stream ciphers and cryptanalysis attacks which are executable in different parts of the algorithms. This survey will help the budding researchers in the society of crypto for identifying different operations and functions in cryptographic algorithms. Keywords: cryptography; block; stream; cipher; plaintext; ciphertext; functions; research problems 1. Introduction Cryptography [1] in the previous time was analogous to encryption where the main task was to convert the readable message to an unreadable format. -
Improved Meet-In-The-Middle Distinguisher on Feistel Schemes
Improved Meet-in-the-Middle Distinguisher on Feistel Schemes Li Lin1;2 and Wenling Wu1 1 Trusted Computing and Information Assurance Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China flinli, [email protected] Abstract. Improved meet-in-the-middle cryptanalysis with efficient tab- ulation technique has been shown to be a very powerful form of crypt- analysis against SPN block ciphers. However, few literatures show the ef- fectiveness of this cryptanalysis against Balanced-Feistel-Networks (BFN) and Generalized-Feistel-Networks (GFN) ciphers due to the stagger of affected trail and special truncated differential trail. In this paper, we de- scribe a versatile and powerful algorithm for searching the best improved meet-in-the-middle distinguisher with efficient tabulation technique on word-oriented BFN and GFN block ciphers, which is based on recursion and greedy algorithm. To demonstrate the usefulness of our approach, we show key recovery attacks on 14/16-round CLEFIA-192/256 which are the best attacks. We also propose key recovery attacks on 13/15-round Camellia-192/256 (without F L=F L−1). Keywords: Block Ciphers, Improved Meet-in-the-Middle Attack, Effi- cient Tabulation Technique, Automatic Search Tool, Truncated Differ- ential Trail, CLEFIA, Camellia. 1 Introduction The meet-in-the-middle attack was first proposed by Diffie and Hellman to attack DES [7]. In recent years, it was widely researched due to its effectiveness against block cipher AES [4]. For AES, Gilbert and Minier showed in [10] a collision attack on 7-round AES. -
Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis of Reduced Round Hight
1 IMPOSSIBLE DIFFERENTIAL CRYPTANALYSIS OF REDUCED ROUND HIGHT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY CIHANG˙ IR˙ TEZCAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CRYPTOGRAPHY JUNE 2009 Approval of the thesis: IMPOSSIBLE DIFFERENTIAL CRYPTANALYSIS OF REDUCED ROUND HIGHT submitted by CIHANG˙ IR˙ TEZCAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Department of Cryptography, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Ersan Akyıldız Director, Graduate School of Applied Mathematics Prof. Dr. Ferruh Ozbudak¨ Head of Department, Cryptography Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Doganaksoy˘ Supervisor, Mathematics Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Ersan Akyıldız METU, Institute of Applied Mathematics Assoc. Prof. Ali Doganaksoy˘ METU, Department of Mathematics Dr. Muhiddin Uguz˘ METU, Department of Mathematics Dr. Meltem Sonmez¨ Turan Dr. Nurdan Saran C¸ankaya University, Department of Computer Engineering Date: I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: CIHANG˙ IR˙ TEZCAN Signature : iii ABSTRACT IMPOSSIBLE DIFFERENTIAL CRYPTANALYSIS OF REDUCED ROUND HIGHT Tezcan, Cihangir M.Sc., Department of Cryptography Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Doganaksoy˘ June 2009, 49 pages Design and analysis of lightweight block ciphers have become more popular due to the fact that the future use of block ciphers in ubiquitous devices is generally assumed to be extensive. -
Cryptanalysis of Selected Block Ciphers
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 24, 2021 Cryptanalysis of Selected Block Ciphers Alkhzaimi, Hoda A. Publication date: 2016 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Alkhzaimi, H. A. (2016). Cryptanalysis of Selected Block Ciphers. Technical University of Denmark. DTU Compute PHD-2015 No. 360 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Cryptanalysis of Selected Block Ciphers Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science-COMPUTE in The Technical University of Denmark by Hoda A.Alkhzaimi December 2014 To my Sanctuary in life Bladi, Baba Zayed and My family with love Title of Thesis Cryptanalysis of Selected Block Ciphers PhD Project Supervisor Professor Lars R. Knudsen(DTU Compute, Denmark) PhD Student Hoda A.Alkhzaimi Assessment Committee Associate Professor Christian Rechberger (DTU Compute, Denmark) Professor Thomas Johansson (Lund University, Sweden) Professor Bart Preneel (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium) Abstract The focus of this dissertation is to present cryptanalytic results on selected block ci- phers.