Efficient FPGA Implementations of Block Ciphers KHAZAD and MISTY1
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The Design of Rijndael: AES - the Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen
Joan Daernen · Vincent Rijrnen Theof Design Rijndael AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard With 48 Figures and 17 Tables Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Springer TnL-1Jn Joan Daemen Foreword Proton World International (PWI) Zweefvliegtuigstraat 10 1130 Brussels, Belgium Vincent Rijmen Cryptomathic NV Lei Sa 3000 Leuven, Belgium Rijndael was the surprise winner of the contest for the new Advanced En cryption Standard (AES) for the United States. This contest was organized and run by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) be ginning in January 1997; Rij ndael was announced as the winner in October 2000. It was the "surprise winner" because many observers (and even some participants) expressed scepticism that the U.S. government would adopt as Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data an encryption standard any algorithm that was not designed by U.S. citizens. Daemen, Joan, 1965- Yet NIST ran an open, international, selection process that should serve The design of Rijndael: AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen. as model for other standards organizations. For example, NIST held their p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1999 AES meeting in Rome, Italy. The five finalist algorithms were designed ISBN 3540425802 (alk. paper) . .. by teams from all over the world. 1. Computer security - Passwords. 2. Data encryption (Computer sCIence) I. RIJmen, In the end, the elegance, efficiency, security, and principled design of Vincent, 1970- II. Title Rijndael won the day for its two Belgian designers, Joan Daemen and Vincent QA76.9.A25 D32 2001 Rijmen, over the competing finalist designs from RSA, IBl\!I, Counterpane 2001049851 005.8-dc21 Systems, and an English/Israeli/Danish team. -
A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance
United States Military Academy USMA Digital Commons West Point ETD 12-2018 A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility Daniel Hawthorne United States Military Academy, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd Part of the Information Security Commons Recommended Citation Hawthorne, Daniel, "A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility" (2018). West Point ETD. 9. https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd/9 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by USMA Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in West Point ETD by an authorized administrator of USMA Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD PERFORMANCE AS IT RELATES TO CRYPTOGRAPHIC ATTACK FEASIBILITY A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Computer Science By Daniel Stephen Hawthorne Colorado Technical University December, 2018 Committee Dr. Richard Livingood, Ph.D., Chair Dr. Kelly Hughes, DCS, Committee Member Dr. James O. Webb, Ph.D., Committee Member December 17, 2018 © Daniel Stephen Hawthorne, 2018 1 Abstract The advanced encryption standard (AES) is the premier symmetric key cryptosystem in use today. Given its prevalence, the security provided by AES is of utmost importance. Technology is advancing at an incredible rate, in both capability and popularity, much faster than its rate of advancement in the late 1990s when AES was selected as the replacement standard for DES. Although the literature surrounding AES is robust, most studies fall into either theoretical or practical yet infeasible. -
Integral Cryptanalysis on Full MISTY1⋆
Integral Cryptanalysis on Full MISTY1? Yosuke Todo NTT Secure Platform Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] Abstract. MISTY1 is a block cipher designed by Matsui in 1997. It was well evaluated and standardized by projects, such as CRYPTREC, ISO/IEC, and NESSIE. In this paper, we propose a key recovery attack on the full MISTY1, i.e., we show that 8-round MISTY1 with 5 FL layers does not have 128-bit security. Many attacks against MISTY1 have been proposed, but there is no attack against the full MISTY1. Therefore, our attack is the first cryptanalysis against the full MISTY1. We construct a new integral characteristic by using the propagation characteristic of the division property, which was proposed in 2015. We first improve the division property by optimizing a public S-box and then construct a 6-round integral characteristic on MISTY1. Finally, we recover the secret key of the full MISTY1 with 263:58 chosen plaintexts and 2121 time complexity. Moreover, if we can use 263:994 chosen plaintexts, the time complexity for our attack is reduced to 2107:9. Note that our cryptanalysis is a theoretical attack. Therefore, the practical use of MISTY1 will not be affected by our attack. Keywords: MISTY1, Integral attack, Division property 1 Introduction MISTY [Mat97] is a block cipher designed by Matsui in 1997 and is based on the theory of provable security [Nyb94,NK95] against differential attack [BS90] and linear attack [Mat93]. MISTY has a recursive structure, and the component function has a unique structure, the so-called MISTY structure [Mat96]. -
The First Biclique Cryptanalysis of Serpent-256
The First Biclique Cryptanalysis of Serpent-256 Gabriel C. de Carvalho1, Luis A. B. Kowada1 1Instituto de Computac¸ao˜ – Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) – Niteroi´ – RJ – Brazil Abstract. The Serpent cipher was one of the finalists of the AES process and as of today there is no method for finding the key with fewer attempts than that of an exhaustive search of all possible keys, even when using known or chosen plaintexts for an attack. This work presents the first two biclique attacks for the full-round Serpent-256. The first uses a dimension 4 biclique while the second uses a dimension 8 biclique. The one with lower dimension covers nearly 4 complete rounds of the cipher, which is the reason for the lower time complex- ity when compared with the other attack (which covers nearly 3 rounds of the cipher). On the other hand, the second attack needs a lot less pairs of plain- texts for it to be done. The attacks require 2255:21 and 2255:45 full computations of Serpent-256 using 288 and 260 chosen ciphertexts respectively with negligible memory. 1. Introduction The Serpent cipher is, along with MARS, RC6, Twofish and Rijindael, one of the AES process finalists [Nechvatal et al. 2001] and has not had, since its proposal, its full round versions attacked. It is a Substitution Permutation Network (SPN) with 32 rounds, 128 bit block size and accepts keys of sizes 128, 192 and 256 bits. Serpent has been targeted by several cryptanalysis [Kelsey et al. 2000, Biham et al. 2001b, Biham et al. -
New Security Proofs for the 3GPP Confidentiality and Integrity
An extended abstract of this paper appears in Fast Software Encryption, FSE 2004, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, W. Meier and B. Roy editors, Springer-Verlag, 2004. This is the full version. New Security Proofs for the 3GPP Confidentiality and Integrity Algorithms Tetsu Iwata¤ Tadayoshi Kohnoy January 26, 2004 Abstract This paper analyses the 3GPP confidentiality and integrity schemes adopted by Universal Mobile Telecommunication System, an emerging standard for third generation wireless commu- nications. The schemes, known as f8 and f9, are based on the block cipher KASUMI. Although previous works claim security proofs for f8 and f90, where f90 is a generalized versions of f9, it was recently shown that these proofs are incorrect. Moreover, Iwata and Kurosawa (2003) showed that it is impossible to prove f8 and f90 secure under the standard PRP assumption on the underlying block cipher. We address this issue here, showing that it is possible to prove f80 and f90 secure if we make the assumption that the underlying block cipher is a secure PRP-RKA against a certain class of related-key attacks; here f80 is a generalized version of f8. Our results clarify the assumptions necessary in order for f8 and f9 to be secure and, since no related-key attacks are known against the full eight rounds of KASUMI, lead us to believe that the confidentiality and integrity mechanisms used in real 3GPP applications are secure. Keywords: Modes of operation, PRP-RKA, f8, f9, KASUMI, security proofs. ¤Dept. of Computer and Information Sciences, Ibaraki University, 4–12–1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316- 8511, Japan. -
Differential Cryptanalysis of the BSPN Block Cipher Structure
Differential Cryptanalysis of the BSPN Block Cipher Structure Liam Keliher AceCrypt Research Group Department of Mathematics & Computer Science Mount Allison University Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada [email protected] Abstract. BSPN (byte-oriented SPN ) is a general block cipher struc ture presented at SAC’96 by Youssef et al. It was designed as a more ef ficient version of the bit-oriented SPN structure published earlier in 1996 by Heys and Tavares in the Journal of Cryptology. BSPN is a flexible SPN structure in which only the linear transformation layer is exactly specified, while s-boxes, key-scheduling details, and number of rounds are intentionally left unspecified. Because BSPN can be implemented very efficiently in hardware, several researchers have recommended the 64-bit version as a lightweight cipher for use in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Youssef et al. perform preliminary analysis on BSPN (using typical block sizes and numbers of rounds) and claim it is resistant to differential and linear cryptanalysis. However, in this paper we show that even if BSPN (similarly parameterized) is instantiated with strong AES- like s-boxes, there exist high probability differentials that allow BSPN to be broken using differential cryptanalysis. In particular, up to 9 rounds of BSPN with a 64-bit block size can be attacked, and up to 18 rounds with a 128-bit block size can be attacked. Keywords: BSPN, block cipher, SPN, differential cryptanalysis, wire less sensor network (WSN) 1 Introduction BSPN (byte-oriented SPN ) is a general block cipher structure presented at SAC’96 by Youssef et al. [19]. It was designed as a more efficient byte-oriented version of the bit-oriented SPN structure published by Heys and Tavares in the Journal of Cryptology [5]. -
Multiple New Formulas for Cipher Performance Computing
International Journal of Network Security, Vol.20, No.4, PP.788-800, July 2018 (DOI: 10.6633/IJNS.201807 20(4).21) 788 Multiple New Formulas for Cipher Performance Computing Youssef Harmouch1, Rachid Elkouch1, Hussain Ben-azza2 (Corresponding author: Youssef Harmouch) Department of Mathematics, Computing and Networks, National Institute of Posts and Telecommunications1 10100, Allal El Fassi Avenue, Rabat, Morocco (Email:[email protected] ) Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Moulay Ismail University2 National High School of Arts and Trades, Mekns, Morocco (Received Apr. 03, 2017; revised and accepted July 17, 2017) Abstract are not necessarily commensurate properties. For exam- ple, an online newspaper will be primarily interested in Cryptography is a science that focuses on changing the the integrity of their information while a financial stock readable information to unrecognizable and useless data exchange network may define their security as real-time to any unauthorized person. This solution presents the availability and information privacy [14, 23]. This means main core of network security, therefore the risk analysis that, the many facets of the attribute must all be iden- for using a cipher turn out to be an obligation. Until now, tified and adequately addressed. Furthermore, the secu- the only platform for providing each cipher resistance is rity attributes are terms of qualities, thus measuring such the cryptanalysis study. This cryptanalysis can make it quality terms need a unique identification for their inter- hard to compare ciphers because each one is vulnerable to pretations meaning [20, 24]. Besides, the attributes can a different kind of attack that is often very different from be interdependent. -
A Low-Latency Block Cipher for Pervasive Computing Applications Extended Abstract?
PRINCE { A Low-latency Block Cipher for Pervasive Computing Applications Extended Abstract? Julia Borghoff1??, Anne Canteaut1;2???, Tim G¨uneysu3, Elif Bilge Kavun3, Miroslav Knezevic4, Lars R. Knudsen1, Gregor Leander1y, Ventzislav Nikov4, Christof Paar3, Christian Rechberger1, Peter Rombouts4, Søren S. Thomsen1, and Tolga Yal¸cın3 1 Technical University of Denmark 2 INRIA, Paris-Rocquencourt, France 3 Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany 4 NXP Semiconductors, Leuven, Belgium Abstract. This paper presents a block cipher that is optimized with respect to latency when implemented in hardware. Such ciphers are de- sirable for many future pervasive applications with real-time security needs. Our cipher, named PRINCE, allows encryption of data within one clock cycle with a very competitive chip area compared to known solutions. The fully unrolled fashion in which such algorithms need to be implemented calls for innovative design choices. The number of rounds must be moderate and rounds must have short delays in hardware. At the same time, the traditional need that a cipher has to be iterative with very similar round functions disappears, an observation that increases the design space for the algorithm. An important further requirement is that realizing decryption and encryption results in minimum additional costs. PRINCE is designed in such a way that the overhead for decryp- tion on top of encryption is negligible. More precisely for our cipher it holds that decryption for one key corresponds to encryption with a re- lated key. This property we refer to as α-reflection is of independent interest and we prove its soundness against generic attacks. 1 Introduction The area of lightweight cryptography, i.e., ciphers with particularly low imple- mentation costs, has drawn considerable attention over the last years. -
Known and Chosen Key Differential Distinguishers for Block Ciphers
Known and Chosen Key Differential Distinguishers for Block Ciphers Ivica Nikoli´c1?, Josef Pieprzyk2, Przemys law Soko lowski2;3, Ron Steinfeld2 1 University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg 2 Macquarie University, Australia 3 Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. In this paper we investigate the differential properties of block ciphers in hash function modes of operation. First we show the impact of differential trails for block ciphers on collision attacks for various hash function constructions based on block ciphers. Further, we prove the lower bound for finding a pair that follows some truncated differential in case of a random permutation. Then we present open-key differential distinguishers for some well known round-reduced block ciphers. Keywords: Block cipher, differential attack, open-key distinguisher, Crypton, Hierocrypt, SAFER++, Square. 1 Introduction Block ciphers play an important role in symmetric cryptography providing the basic tool for encryp- tion. They are the oldest and most scrutinized cryptographic tool. Consequently, they are the most trusted cryptographic algorithms that are often used as the underlying tool to construct other cryp- tographic algorithms. One such application of block ciphers is for building compression functions for the hash functions. There are many constructions (also called hash function modes) for turning a block cipher into a compression function. Probably the most popular is the well-known Davies-Meyer mode. Preneel et al. in [27] have considered all possible modes that can be defined for a single application of n-bit block cipher in order to produce an n-bit compression function. -
Differential-Linear Crypt Analysis
Differential-Linear Crypt analysis Susan K. Langfordl and Martin E. Hellman Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Stanford, CA 94035-4055 Abstract. This paper introduces a new chosen text attack on iterated cryptosystems, such as the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The attack is very efficient for 8-round DES,2 recovering 10 bits of key with 80% probability of success using only 512 chosen plaintexts. The probability of success increases to 95% using 768 chosen plaintexts. More key can be recovered with reduced probability of success. The attack takes less than 10 seconds on a SUN-4 workstation. While comparable in speed to existing attacks, this 8-round attack represents an order of magnitude improvement in the amount of required text. 1 Summary Iterated cryptosystems are encryption algorithms created by repeating a simple encryption function n times. Each iteration, or round, is a function of the previ- ous round’s oulpul and the key. Probably the best known algorithm of this type is the Data Encryption Standard (DES) [6].Because DES is widely used, it has been the focus of much of the research on the strength of iterated cryptosystems and is the system used as the sole example in this paper. Three major attacks on DES are exhaustive search [2, 71, Biham-Shamir’s differential cryptanalysis [l], and Matsui’s linear cryptanalysis [3, 4, 51. While exhaustive search is still the most practical attack for full 16 round DES, re- search interest is focused on the latter analytic attacks, in the hope or fear that improvements will render them practical as well. -
Serpent: a Proposal for the Advanced Encryption Standard
Serpent: A Proposal for the Advanced Encryption Standard Ross Anderson1 Eli Biham2 Lars Knudsen3 1 Cambridge University, England; email [email protected] 2 Technion, Haifa, Israel; email [email protected] 3 University of Bergen, Norway; email [email protected] Abstract. We propose a new block cipher as a candidate for the Ad- vanced Encryption Standard. Its design is highly conservative, yet still allows a very efficient implementation. It uses S-boxes similar to those of DES in a new structure that simultaneously allows a more rapid avalanche, a more efficient bitslice implementation, and an easy anal- ysis that enables us to demonstrate its security against all known types of attack. With a 128-bit block size and a 256-bit key, it is as fast as DES on the market leading Intel Pentium/MMX platforms (and at least as fast on many others); yet we believe it to be more secure than three-key triple-DES. 1 Introduction For many applications, the Data Encryption Standard algorithm is nearing the end of its useful life. Its 56-bit key is too small, as shown by a recent distributed key search exercise [28]. Although triple-DES can solve the key length problem, the DES algorithm was also designed primarily for hardware encryption, yet the great majority of applications that use it today implement it in software, where it is relatively inefficient. For these reasons, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology has issued a call for a successor algorithm, to be called the Advanced Encryption Standard or AES. -
Development of the Advanced Encryption Standard
Volume 126, Article No. 126024 (2021) https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.126.024 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Development of the Advanced Encryption Standard Miles E. Smid Formerly: Computer Security Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA [email protected] Strong cryptographic algorithms are essential for the protection of stored and transmitted data throughout the world. This publication discusses the development of Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) 197, which specifies a cryptographic algorithm known as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The AES was the result of a cooperative multiyear effort involving the U.S. government, industry, and the academic community. Several difficult problems that had to be resolved during the standard’s development are discussed, and the eventual solutions are presented. The author writes from his viewpoint as former leader of the Security Technology Group and later as acting director of the Computer Security Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, where he was responsible for the AES development. Key words: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); consensus process; cryptography; Data Encryption Standard (DES); security requirements, SKIPJACK. Accepted: June 18, 2021 Published: August 16, 2021; Current Version: August 23, 2021 This article was sponsored by James Foti, Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The views expressed represent those of the author and not necessarily those of NIST. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.126.024 1. Introduction In the late 1990s, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was about to decide if it was going to specify a new cryptographic algorithm standard for the protection of U.S.