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Family: Myrtaceae Taxon: Eucalyptus gunnii Synonym: NA Common Name: Cider gum Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 2 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 n 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 5/20/2012 Eucalyptus gunnii (Myrtaceae) Page 1 of 7 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 y 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 2 Print Date: 5/20/2012 Eucalyptus gunnii (Myrtaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2012. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, [Is the species highly domesticated?? No, but cultivars have been developed] Water and Environment. Tasmanian Threatened "Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata is of iconic significance due to its extreme Species Listing Statement - Eucalyptus gunnii frost resistance, popularity with florists, tapping of sap by Aborigines and early subsp. Divaricata. European settlers (stands at Cider Marsh and Jacks Marsh were sap producers) http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/S and as a subject of ongoing study of evolutionary processes in Tasmania (Potts LEN-5P3ACA?open et al. 2001). It has also been used in breeding programs because of its frost resistance (Potts & Potts 1986)." 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2006. Boland, D.J./Brooker, M.I.H./Chippendale, [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 0-Low] "The cider gums are G.M./William McDonald, M.. Forest trees of endemic to Tasmania." … "Cider gums are adapted to some of the coldest Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, conditions experienced by any eucalypt." Australia 202 2006. Boland, D.J./Brooker, M.I.H./Chippendale, [Quality of climate match data 2-High] G.M./William McDonald, M.. Forest trees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "This Tasmanian CAB International, Wallingford, UK eucalypt is a subalpine species growing on poorly drained, frost prone plateaux, flats and hollows. Its distribution lies in the cold humid to wet climatic zone, with the icy winter conditions amongst the most severe experienced by any eucalypt. The soils are alpine humus with large rocks covering most of the ground surface. Eucalyptus gunnii, with its high level of frost tolerance, is the subject of a selection and cloning programme in southern France, where the species is planted for production of short fibred pulpwood on a coppice rotation. It is a useful windbreak and erosion control species on cold, drought-prone sites." 203 2008. Calder, J.A./Kirkpatrick, J.B.. Climate [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Eucalyptus gunnii is a change and other factors influencing the decline tree species putatively threatened by climate change. It has a wide distribution of the Tasmanian cider gum (Eucalyptus gunnii). across Tasmania (Fig. 1), to which it is endemic (Williams and Potts 1996)." … "It Australian Journal of Botany. 56: 684-692. has a high tolerance of both frost and waterlogging, and slow growth rates (Kirkpatrick and Gibson 1998, 1999). Thus, it is mainly found in cold, waterlogged habitats, such as lake edges, or poorly drained valley flats in the subalpine zone (Williams and Potts 1996)." 204 2006. Boland, D.J./Brooker, M.I.H./Chippendale, [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] "The G.M./William McDonald, M.. Forest trees of cider gums are endemic to Tasmania." … "Cider gums are adapted to some of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, the coldest conditions experienced by any eucalypt." Australia 205 1911. Hosmer, R.S., Superintendent. Report of [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural the Division of Forestry For the Biennial Period range? Yes] "E. gunnii, Hook. Cider gum. Maui. Makawao. At an elevation of Ending December 31st, 1910. Territory of Hawaii between 2,500 and 3,000 feet trees 3 years old are growing quite well. The Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu seedlings are difficult to raise in the nursery. At elevations of 2,000 feet and higher trees are growing very rapidly. Kauai. Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 feet." 205 2008. Forrest, M./Moore, T.. Eucalyptus gunnii: A [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural possible source of bioenergy?. Biomass and range? No] "Native to Tasmania, E. gunnii Hook.f. is one of the widely planted Bioenergy. 32(10): 978-980. Eucalyptus species in Britain [2] and is widely planted in Ireland [3]." 205 2012. Online Atlas of the British and Irish flora. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Eucalyptus gunnii (Cider Gum). range? Yes] "This is one of the hardiest Eucalyptus species in our area, and is http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=plant very popular in gardens for its silvery-blue juvenile foliage. It was introduced into /eucalyptus-gunnii Britain not long after 1840 and trees planted in the wild in 1887 in N. Essex still survive." 301 1982. Sykes, W.R.. Checklist of dicotyledons [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Occasional cultivation escape near naturalised in New Zealand 12. Haloragales, plantations in North & South Is" Myrtales, Proteales, Theales, Violales (excluding Violaceae). New Zealand Journal of Botany. 20(1): 73-80. 301 2006. Howell, C.J./Sawyer, J.W.D.. New Zealand [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Eucalyptus gunnii" … "Fully naturalised" naturalised vascular plant checklist. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network, Wellington, NZ www.nzpcn.org.nz Print Date: 5/20/2012 Eucalyptus gunnii (Myrtaceae) Page 3 of 7 301 2012. Online Atlas of the British and Irish flora. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "A fast-growing evergreen tree widely Eucalyptus gunnii (Cider Gum). planted in gardens, parks, amenity areas and, rarely, for forestry. It has become http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=plant naturalised in woodland and on roadsides in S.E. England. It occasionally /eucalyptus-gunnii regenerates from seed. Lowland." 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 303 2007. Randall, R.P.
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  • 100 Years of the Eucalyptus Tortoise Beetle in New Zealand Toni Withers and Elise Peters

    100 Years of the Eucalyptus Tortoise Beetle in New Zealand Toni Withers and Elise Peters

    Professional papers 100 years of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle in New Zealand Toni Withers and Elise Peters Abstract Arrival and spread The eucalyptus tortoise beetle, Paropsis charybdis, The eucalyptus tortoise beetle, Paropsis charybdis, has been one of the most successful insect pests to was first located at Coopers Knob on Banks Peninsula in invade New Zealand. One hundred years have now 1916 (Thomson, 1922). Clark (1938) speculated that ‘the passed, and yet this pest continues to cause anxiety insect was probably imported in the egg or early larval to forest managers and impact the growth of eucalypt stages upon young eucalypt plants, although possibly plantations. Research shows there are serious cost hibernating adults may have entered the country implications for plantation managers if they neglect under the bark of imported Australian hardwoods.’ All to manage tortoise beetle outbreaks across multiple we know for sure is that the pest established quickly seasons. Many attempts have been made to control in Canterbury. Those founding individuals arrived this insect pest with biological control agents imported without any of the natural enemies that regulate their from its native Australia, with some success. number in Australia. Scion is hoping to introduce yet another natural In New Zealand, the only insects since observed enemy in 2018, a braconid parasitoid that targets the attacking tortoise beetle larvae are some predatory larval life stage. The importance of integrating aerial pentatomids (bugs) (Valentine, 1967). So with spray technologies with biological control agents to conditions perfect for its rapid population growth, minimise negative impacts on these beneficial insects the eucalyptus tortoise beetle spread steadily through cannot be under-estimated.