The Salesian Translator's Prayer Dear Lord, Thank You for Entrusting Me

The Salesian Translator’s Prayer

Dear Lord, thank you for entrusting me with a wonderful mission as a translator in the Salesian Family. Help me to understand what this article, this book is telling me – show me the true meaning and how to express it in my own language, so that it will help to build up the Church and give growth to the Salesian charism.

Table of Contents ...... 2

Part 1...... 4

BEFORE – Workshop preparation...... 4

Rector Major’s Message...... 5

General Councillor for East Asia-Oceania Region...... 7

Why are we here today?...... 7

Institutional background of ‘Salesian translations’ in EAO region...... 9

Translation process ‘5 points working scheme’...... 10

Formation of Salesian translators – way forward...... 12

Working conclusions – at province, region and Congregation level...... 13

Timetable and program...... 14

Part 2...... 18

BEFORE – Sharing the rich experience of Salesian translators...... 18

Analysis of 2014 interviews...... 18

Q 1: Formation...... 19

Q 2. Working method...... 24

Q 3. Suggestions for improving quality and efficiency of translation...... 29

Q 4. Other contributions, doubts, ideas...... 34

Statistics...... 36

Part 3...... 44

BEFORE – Reflection on translation ministry before the Workshop...... 44

Translation as a topic at GC27...... 44

Salesian Glossary (Italian-English)...... 46

Translation Memory (TM)...... 63

Charism in Translation...... 64

Simultaneous Translation Tips...... 66

Part 4...... 69

DURING – Reflection by EAO translators during the meeting...... 69

Motivation, spirituality of the translator...... 69

Why do we translate the Salesian texts and talks?...... 69

The Spirituality of the translator...... 70

Translation methods...... 72

How to improve the quality and efficiency of translation...... 74

Practical suggestions going forward...... 77

Part 5...... 79

AFTER – Operative conclusions of the 1st EAO Translators Workshop...... 79

TRANSLATOR'S PRAYER Dear Lord, thank you for entrusting me with a wonderful mission as a translator in the Salesian Family. Help me to understand what this article, this book is telling me – show me the true meaning and how to express it in my own language, so that it will help to build up the Church and give growth to the Salesian charism.

Part 1

BEFORE – Workshop preparation

Historic first meeting of EAO translators, K'Long Vietnam 9-11 October 2014

Rector Major’s Message

DIREZIONE GENERALE OPERE DON BOSCO Via della Pisana 1111 - 00163 Roma

Il Rettor Maggiore

A GREETING FOR THE FIRST MEETING OF TRANSLATORS OF SALESIAN TEXTS IN THE EAST ASIA-OCEANIA REGION (Vietnam, 9-11 October 2014) My dear Confreres, Frs Václav Klement and Filiberto González, both of them General Councillors, have kept me informed of their respective services to the Congregation, and have let me know that shortly a meeting of translators of Salesian texts will take place in the East Asia-Oceania Region. I have to tell you sincerely, dear confreres, that this is one of the best news I have received, and I applaud it and support it with all my heart. You may count on my encouragement, my congratulations, and I ask you, please, to do everything possible to see that this service really comes to fruition. It has been a strongly felt need, and for quite some time throughout the Congregation, at the General Administration, in the Regions and also in each of the Provinces. In the study that GC27 made of the state of the Congregation, the lack of qualified translation and timely translations were noted. If there should ever be a lack of translators it will be very difficult to communicate and pass on the charism, animation and government of the Congregation in general, along with animation of each of the confreres. Faced with this situation, dear confreres, I would like to strongly emphasise that this service is much more than just an assignment, much more than a job to do. We are really dealing with a ministry here, a true service of quality, a very important task that means a lot and has many implications for the life of the Congregation. In the brief time that has passed since the 27th General Chapter concluded, I have already expressed my belief on various occasions concerning the importance that translations have and that translators especially have for the Congregation, keeping in mind the important objective that translation of family and official letters needs to happen in as many languages as possible, so their contents can be communicated in the language that confreres speak. This is precisely why I would like to highlight the importance of this first meeting of the kind in the Congregation’s history for EAO, where twenty or so SDB and Lay Mission Partner translators from at least six Provinces in the Region will meet. So here are my hopes for you: 1. Thank you for this valuable, difficult and delicate ministry of translation in the service of the Salesian charism, especially in this Global Village and a time of globalisation, given that as a

Salesian Congregation we find ourselves in 132 countries, speaking a hundred or more mother tongues, but at the same time we share the gift of the Holy Spirit in shaping the Salesian charism. It becomes a fundamental condition for the growth and inculturation of this charism in the various cultures. 2. I would like to help Provincials to appreciate, value and strengthen this ministry, encouraging the formation of young confreres in the translation field (facilitating their being sent abroad, both to Italy and in English-speaking areas), making strides in the direction of interculturalism and multiculturalism in formation. I have no doubt these features are already there, and will be even more the case in our Congregation's future. 3. In the specific circumstances of the East Asia-Oceania Region, amongst the ten or so Provinces, almost half (China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and East Timor-Indonesia) have particular need of this service to reinforce communion with the World Community of our Congregation (C. 59),and also to have access to Salesian sources. 4. In a practical connection I would like to encourage you to familiarise yourselves with the development of tools which facilitate consistent translation (the database of Salesian terminology – Salesian Termbase, various computer programs specifically for translators, teamwork at Province and regional level) so as to have common criteria for translations (communication via ‘Salesian Digital Library’ found on the Congregation's website: http://sdl.sdb.org/cgi-bin/library, etc...). 5. And in time, perhaps, it may be possible to create a team and work together in with our Salesian Sisters and other Groups in the Salesian Family in nearby Provinces (THA, VIE, MYM)... Undoubtedly a first step will be to share this initiative. Let me conclude, dear Salesian confreres and lay people involved in this passionate project, by thanking you not only for your availability for this meeting but also for making it happen, such is your commitment and mine, along with the General Council's. I would not like to overlook, even though in general and anonymous terms, the many confreres who, since the beginning of our Congregation, have dedicated much of their lives to the translation of our magisterium (our teaching and documentation) in the life and development of the Congregation. We are encouraged by their witness and by recalling them now. I also thank the group of confreres, some of them in your Region, who are spending so many hours a day at this very moment, translating, with great generosity and sacrifice. Thank you with all my heart. Nothing more for now. No doubt the Lord and Don Bosco will also be blessing this enterprise. With fond regards, From Rome, 15 August 2014, Solemnity of the Assumption.

Fr Ángel Fernández A.,SDB Rector Major

General Councillor for East Asia-Oceania Region

General Councillor for the East Asia – Oceania Region

East Asia - Oceania Salesian translators meeting

Vietnam, K’Long Salesian Retreat Center October 9-11, 2014

Introduction Thanks to the Message of the Rector Major we have been introduced by the authority of Don Bosco’s Successor into the historical background, challenges and dynamics of this (probably) first historic meeting of translators of Salesian texts. Since the largest team of translators in our Region resides in Vietnam, we have come together here in this Retreat House at K’Long near Dalat, with the help and assistance of Fr Joseph Hung.

From the depths of my heart I offer you a most cordial welcome, dear Salesian confreres and members of the Salesian Family, coming from 7/10 Provinces of our EAO Region. And also special thanks to all who have contributed and are contributing to this meeting. Keeping in mind the Message of the Rector Major you will have no difficulty sensing his closeness and his deep personal interest in this historic first meeting of translators in the history of our Congregation.

This brief introductory address should help focus our sharing and efforts during these three days:

1. Why are we here today? Translation as part of the dynamics of the Salesian charism. 2. Institutional background of the EAO translators meeting 3. Translation process (philosophy, optimization, collaboration, management and scale) 4. Formation of Salesian translators – way forward 5. Working conclusions – at the level of individual provinces, the EAO region and the Congregation.

Why are we here today? From the very birth of the Salesian Congregation, the theme of ‘translations in our Salesian life and mission’ has been a crucial element for the growth our charism throughout Italy, Europe, in the first missions in Latin America and until the present. We are now a worldwide Congregation spread across 133 countries with 40+ languages used in daily community, pastoral and educative life by our 15,000 confreres, our Salesian Family. If we include the young and ordinary folk affected by our charism, the number of languages increases exponentially.

However in the Salesian Constitutions (ed. 1984) we don’t find explicit mention of ‘translations’ or ‘translator’. Only some articles about ‘unity in diversity’ or ‘worldwide community’ offer implicit hints to the importance of translation ministry in our life (cf. SDB Constitutions, C.59, 99, 101 and 105). The Report of the RM for GC27, however, listed ‘translations’ as one of the major challenges in the Congregation (p.24), whereby the Charism, Animation – Government of the whole Society would be endangered were it to be absent.

1.1 Don Bosco Translator (Memoirs of the Oratory: part I,3 – Chapter 5; part II,8 – Chapter 24, Daniel Lyons translation) Just by returning to our roots it is a refreshing inspiration to re-read how Don Bosco himself from his childhood had already faced the challenge or need for translation as a student: [I, 3 – Chapter 5 Fr. Calosso’s death] After some lively, exchanges involving Anthony, my mother, and me, it was decided in the interest of family peace that I should go to school early in the morning and spend the rest of the day working in the fields. But how could I study? How could I manage the translations? [II, 8 – Chapter 24, Studies] At the beginning of my second year of philosophy I went on to read Calmet’s History of the Old and New Testaments. One subject close to my heart was Greek. In my secondary classical studies I had already mastered its basic elements. With the help of a dictionary, I had worked my way through the first translations after I had studied the grammar. A good opportunity soon arose for me to deepen my knowledge of it. When cholera threatened Turin in 1836, the Jesuits had to send the boarders from Our Lady of Mount Carmel College away to Montaldo. This move meant that they had to double their teaching staff because they had to cover the classes for the day students who continued to come to school. Fr Caffasso, who was consulted, proposed me for a Greek class. This spurred me to get down to the serious study of the language to make myself capable of teaching it. Besides that, I was lucky enough to meet a priest of the Society, named Bini, who had a profound knowledge of Greek. I learned a lot from him. In only four months he pushed me to translate almost the whole New Testament, the first two books of Homer, and a selection of the odes of Pindar and Anacreon. That worthy priest, admiring my goodwill, continued to help me. For four years, each week he corrected a Greek composition or translation which I sent him, and he returned it promptly with suitable comments. By this means I managed to be able to translate Greek almost as well as I could Latin.

1.2 Salesians of Don Bosco and Salesian Family remain united thanks to translations From the early days ‘The Salesian Bulletin’ (SB) started by Don Bosco in 1877 was published in different languages. Today the SB comes in some 60+ different editions in more than thirty languages. This is probably the most visible charismatic ‘indicator’, since until now the ‘Message’ or ‘Letter’ of the Rector Major is usually part of this magazine addressed to the Salesian Family and Salesian Movement . The SDB General Chapter 27 process gave considerable emphasis to the growing importance of the translator's ministry, The RM’s letter of convocation for GC27– AGC 413, 2012 was published in some 20 languages. During the General chapter preparation and event (February – April 2014) more than 20 Salesians contributed (almost full time) to smooth communication among the 220+ delegates in real time (both simultaneous translators in the Chapter Aula Magna and also online translators in different parts of the world for the various printed text translations). Now we

8 can’t imagine the Congregation without this precious ministry. In spite of the growing need and importance of translation in the international Congregation there is a lack of institutional back up: SDB Constitutions – Regulations; more recognition and formation for this important ministry in the respective provinces, coordination at central level. We could say that this ‘Salesian translators meeting’ is one of the direct fruits of GC27: The theme of translation and translators was shared many times among the 220 Delegates, was followed with personal interest from the Rector Major, Fr Ángel Fernandez.Artime and the Councillor for Social Communication. Starting from the first letter of the new Rector Major to the ‘Salesian Provincials and Delegates’ (July 15, 2014) he wanted his message to reach as many confreres as possible in ‘their own language’. We are here precisely to share one of the richest translation experiences within the Salesian Congregation worldwide, given the language and cultural variety of the ten EAO provinces. Given the geographical and cultural distance from the centre of the Congregation, this ministry deserves its institutional follow up to guarantee its ongoing growth in quality and continuity especially in our Region. Institutional background of ‘Salesian translations’ in EAO region Among the seven Salesian regions (Europe – Central and North, Mediterranean; Africa and Madagascar; America – Southern Cone and Interamerica; South Asia and EAO) the East Asia – Oceania region has probably the second highest number of ‘Salesian languages’ used in daily life, which also means the second greatest number of translators after North-Central Europe Region with English, French, German, Dutch, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Slovenian, Croatian, Ukrainian, Byelorussian, Russian and other SDB speaking languages which usually the main Salesian documents are translated into. As a matter of fact the Salesian materials in ‘daily use’ are somehow ‘regularly’ translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai and Vietnamese (as a necessary routine) and quite often also to Bahasa Indonesia and Tetum. The recent missionary frontiers have begun their Salesian translations into Mongolian, Khmer, Lao and Urdu. Less often the Salesians texts are translated into Burmese, Pidgin English (Tok Pisin and SI Pidgin), Tagalog, Cebuano, Samoan (cf. Salesian Digital Library: sdl.sdb.org – has sections in 10+ different EAO languages: Bahasa Indonesia, Burmese, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Tok Pisin, Thai, Tetum, Tagalog and Vietnamese).

We can list the most common situations where Salesian translations are in evidence: The most visible are the provincial websites (CIN, GIA, ITM, KOR, THA, VIE) with a lot of uploaded Salesian texts in local languages. The websites of AUL, FIN, FIS and MYM are only in English. Simultaneous translation (more properly known as 'interpretation'), either by ‘whispering’ in the ear of a fellow participant in the case of different Salesian regional encounters (Provincial, Formation, Youth Ministry, Economy, Social Communication, Missions) or by professional technology during larger Salesian Family regional conventions (Congress, Retreat or Formation sessions for the SDB Delegates or Assistants: Salesian Cooperators, Don Bosco Past Pupils, VDB and ADMA)- AustraLasia and/ or ANSnews translated to/from different languages: sometimes the local

9 language of the respective province is the source, like KOR: www.ibosco.net or almost daily translation on the VIE website: http://donboscoviet.net (thanks to translators team). Important Salesian text, studies, sources are being translated in the local languages. Most common might be the letters of the Rector Major and especially during past 12 years of Fr Pascual Chavez ‘Return to Don Bosco’ , different larger translation works were published, like: Arthur Lenti's: ‘Don Bosco history and spirit’ already in Korean and Vietnamese.

One important question remains open for the ‘non-translating provinces’: Although English is an official language in the Philippines (FIN,FIS), Myanmar (MYM), PNG, Solomon Islands, Samoa and Fiji (AUL), ordinary formation and in-depth talks are carried in the local languages. Since the translation of Salesian texts into these languages is very rare, we can ask: ‘What is the impact on the inculturation of the Salesian charism especially among the laity or even among our Lay Mission Partners?’ There are some important indicators: A renewed Tagalog edition of Don Bosco’s Life published by a CICM priest ‘To my Filipino Youth’ is being prepared for publication for the DB 2000 Anniversary thanks to the initiative of Manila, Tondo Lay Mission Partners (Cf. SDL – Tagalog section). Only recently there has been the first Urdu Don Bosco publication in Pakistan (ed. 2000). A typical translation of the devotional Salesian texts in Tagalog is the ‘Mary Help of Christians prayer booklet’ published in 2013 (National Shrine of MHC in Paranaque City). A complete list of Salesian translations into individual languages and availability of the digital texts on the internet might help the quality of translation and sharing of resources. Indeed there are even ‘Salesianity’ editions of magazines (Japan and Thailand) published in print. Salesian Family translations (also done with the help of SDB confreres) are another witness of hardworking translators: the Strenna of the Rector Major; Salesian Family Charters (Identity 2012, Communion 1995, Mission 2000); Documents of Salesian Cooperators, Don Bosco Past Pupils, Volunteers of Don Bosco, Volunteers with Don Bosco, ADMA, Caritas of Jesus etc. There is the striking witness of the Salesian Family translation team (THA, KOR) – with joint venture translations or working out basic Salesian terminology for a specific language. Almost every province in the Region has its ‘official translator’ somehow appointed officially by the provincial (part time or full time) with a mandate of translating the most important or most urgent Salesian documents. Translation process ‘5 points working scheme’ For a clear working method we will use these five main elements involved in the translation process of Salesian texts: philosophy – optimisation – collaboration – management and scale.

Philosophy – theology of translation This is called the philosophy and theology of translation, to help Salesians see translation as a ministry and not just a ‘service’ ; something truly incarnational. The Incarnation is a divine act of translation. Translation is a missionary act of inculturation.. It helps to be clear on what skill sets are required. Translators are more than just people who know a source and target language. Translation is also a form of dialogue. Should translation translate what someone says or what the target audience is capable of understanding (perhaps in other words, images) of what someone says? An old debate! The criterion of translation is not to be the same but to be like, such that the author of the original could say ‘yes, that’s what I meant’, and the reader can trust that the information in the original has been preserved. And remember – we are translating a charism, very often! Optimisation – use of specific tools There are many ways to optimise the translator’s task. One is to train authors how to do this! The best way for a translator to receive a text is, of course, in plain text (txt or html). TM (Translation memory) is more useful than people think – although the human use of language is so complex that rarely do two sentences every repeat! But across a complete text, TM saves much time, even with ‘fuzzy matches’, and sometimes is helpful years later. Terminology management is essential for Salesian texts today – we need to adopt consistency for Salesian language (http://www.sdb.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Termbase.Salesianity) on the internet, for English. It would really need to be extended to other languages as well. Collaboration There are ways we can share resources. SDL is one such. There could also be translation ‘banks’, shared TMs and the like. Translation and ‘the cloud’ are probably made for one another – it would be possible to collaborate on translation projects across geographical space. All things being equal, when a translation is complete, and if not ‘reserved’ or ‘private’ for various good reasons, it should be widely shared.

Today’s world is globalised – translators need to think ‘internationalisation’ and ‘localisation’. They also need to realise that many texts end up on the Web. It would be helpful to keep this in mind and at least offer bi- or tri-lingual titles where possible. Management of translation process For far too long Salesian translation has been a very private affair. It needs a greater level of management (province-level, central-level, Salesian family level). There are a number of possible workflows for translation – which ones are better than others? Do we share each other’s workflows? Knowledge of precise target audience is helpful if not essential. Will it be read by Salesians ‘in the know’, SF ‘partly in the know’, the general public ‘probably not in the know’? How best to prepare beforehand? (‘Stripping’ text to simplify the task; choosing other formats; finding support resources) What to do afterwards? (review, preservation). ‘Translation’ covers a variety of needs, including so-called ‘simultaneous translation’ which is never really translation – it is interpretation. And a very developed and demanding skill! Not all ‘translators’ can manage in an interpreting context. Translation has ceased to be ‘text only’. It is now multimedia. This requires a greater degree of management, sharing of tasks, variety of skills. Scale It helps to be clear about where translation ends up or for whom we are doing it. For a ‘restricted’ language setting used in one place, e.g. a province, or for a wider setting (as in the Region, where that language may be more widely shared, or in the Congregation where that language may be shared either because it is a ‘lingua franca’ (Italian, English, Chinese…) or because of missionary expansion (think of the number of Vietnamese Salesian missionaries who would like or need material in Vietnamese). According to the survey we ran of official and non-official translators in the EAO region we find some common issues – both as challenges or opportunities for improvement. We would like to discern the strategic choices for the respective provincials or Salesian Family Groups in the Region. Main topics might be: an institutional mandate for translators, specific formation, how to guarantee the consistency of Salesian terminology in the respective languages, team work on the provincial level, sharing and preservation of translated materials etc. Formation of Salesian translators – way forward At the beginning of the process four simple questions were sent to some 30-40 SDB or Salesian Family translators: (1) formation for translators ministry; (2) method used in the translation work; (3) suggestions for improvement of quality of translation; (4) open comment or sharing. Replies to our survey (about half of the translators are involved in the world centre in Rome with another half living and working within the East Asia Oceania) offer a wonderful insight into the reality, circumstances, motivations, formation and daily work of those entrusted with ‘translation ministry’. We have the privilege of reflecting together, listening to this sharing and discerning together some important emerging points. The ‘Translation Survey Analysis’ of the 30+ replies which were received can considerably assist our common work of sharing and looking into some working strategies during our three days! Special thanks to Fr Julian for his continuous assistance and reflection, done with passion and wholehearted dedication!

Working conclusions – at province, region and Congregation level Without the precious work of numerous SDB (or Lay) translators the whole dynamic of Salesian charismatic growth would be impossible. All of us are invited to the discernment work to point out some strategic working conclusions at the level of our provinces, our region and eventually also for the whole Congregation. I would like to mention a few possible paths for reflection: 5.1 Institutional level - need to recognise the importance of translation ministry with concrete suggestions for the formation of translators We are expected to discern the main strategic – working elements for the Provincial and for Delegation superiors, to guarantee constant growth and quality of Salesian translations in our Region. After this encounter we could share and further explore: a) Next December 2014 in the General Council as an example for the other 6 SDB regions b) Next March 2015 during the Annual Encounter of EAO 10 Provincials and 4 Delegates c) Next May 2015 during the Annual Salesian Family World Advisory Council in Rome

5.2 Expectations for a common way forward in EAO provinces and within our region During our common sharing and reflection we are called to discern possible networking among the respective provincial translators or/ and sharing and networking among the respective groups of the Salesian Family (SDB, FMA, Salesian Cooperators) or within our provinces as Salesian Family members. 5.3 Working indications for translator formation at provincial level We could reflect on the five above-mentioned points (philosophy – optimization – collaboration – management and scale) with special attention to: a) Formation plan and support for translator formation and ministry b) Institutional visibility of translator teams (better then ‘lonely individual work’) c) Pointing to some criteria to guarantee consistency, continuity of translation work in respective languages It’s amazing to reflect on the amount of energy, time and personnel expended over the past 100 years in our East Asia – Oceania Region for planting the Salesian charism in so many different cultures and countries. We give thanks for each one of the translators, both missionaries and local Salesian Family members! As of now ‘translation’ is no longer considered just a ‘technical service’ to bring the teaching of Don Bosco, of his successors from the land of origin to our old or recently founded Salesian presences. It’s about communicating the charism in our missionary region.

Timetable and program

Day 0 October 8 Day 1 October 9 Day 2 October 10 Day 3 October 11

Ho Chi Min City K’Long K’Long K’Long

Arrival day 7:00 Eucharist, 6:00 Eucharist, 6:00 Eucharist, Lauds, (VIE) Lauds, Meditation Lauds, Meditation HCM City, Saigon (CIN) (EAO)

(Ben Cat, Provincial 8:00 Breakfast 7:30 Breakfast 7:30 Breakfast House) 08:30 Session 4 08:30 Session 6

10:00 Session 1 10:00 Session 5 10:00 Session 7 Lunch ; Dinner at the provincial house. 12:00 Lunch 12:00 Lunch 12:00 Lunch 14:00 Session 2 Excursion – Dalat City 13:30 Session 8

16:00 Session 3 15:30 Session 9 19:00 Travel from HCMC to K’Long 18:45Evening prayer 18:45 Dinner at Don 18:00 Dinner Rua Studentate Dalat 19:15 Dinner 19:50 Back to HCMC 21:00 Back to K’Long 20:15 Family gather- (by airplane) ing

Chairman: Fr. Václav Klement (EAO regional councillor) Moderator: Br. Ephrem Santos (RMG – social communication department) Logistics: Fr. Peter Chinh (VIE – social communication delegate) Retreat House: Fr. Peter Hoang (VIE – in charge)

DAY 1 October 9

Session 1 Message of the Rector Major; Introduction: EAO regional councilor, Presentation of participants Session 2 Sharing of the participants: based on the written contributions, expectation of the meeting Session 3 Learning from the experience of worldwide Congregation and Salesian Family (Survey Analysis) Learning from professional Salesian translators - RMG: Fr. Bernard Grogan, SDB (Survey reply and 30 years long experience sharing) - AUL: Fr Julian Fox, SDB (Reflections, essays and tools sharing, RMG 2003-2013)

DAY 2 October 10

Session 4 Why do we translate? Philosophy, theology of translation and spirituality of translators. Session 5 Simultaneous translations (interpretations) sharing and hints for the speaker

DAY 3 October 11

Session 6 How do we translate? Making use of available tools – presentation

Session 7 How do we guarantee the quality of translations? Networking, teamwork, management

Session 8 How do we form our translators? Province, Region, Congregation or Salesian Family level

Sessions 9 Working conclusion: provincial, regional and world level. Evaluation – Conclusions (EAO).

First translators meeting in the EAO region - participants

Province Name Task Languages of translation

CIN Fr. Lanfranco Fedrigotti Provincial SDB CIN > ENG

Fr. Peter Pong Ping Fai Formation ENG > CIN

GIA Ms. Sakura Izumi (LMP) Tokyo-Don Bosco Sha ENG > GIA

Fr. Achille Loro Piana Tokyo-Parish priest GIA > ENG,ITA + simultaneous translations

ITM Br. Ephrem Santos Rome soc.com.sector ITA > ENG

KOR Br. Seo Hilario Seoul-DB Media ITA > KOR

THA Fr. Joseph Banchong Bangkok-Translator ITA > THA

Mr. Kong Sambath (LMP) Phnom Penh DBTS THA > KHMER

Mr Chhin Pisei (LMP) Phnom Penh DBTS ENG > KHMER + simultaneous translations

Mr. Tang Ratana (LMP) Kep Don Bosco ENG > KHMER + simultaneous translations

VIE Fr. Peter Pham Van Chinh Soc.com. delegate ENG > VIE

Fr. JB Tran Van Hao YM delegate (past) ENG > VIE

Fr. Fran.X. Pham Dinh Phuoc Don Rua – postnov ITA > VIE

Fr. Dominic Pham Xuan Uyen Don Rinaldi – theol ITA, ENG > VIE

Fr. Bartolomeo Phan Tran Thai Don Rua – postnov ITA, ENG > VIE

Fr.Joseph Nguyen Thinh Don Rua - postnov ENG > VIE Phuoc

Sr. Anne Tran Thi Sang FMA prov.sec. ENG, ITA > VIE

Sr. Clara Vu Thi Minh Trang FMA soc.com sec. ITA > VIE

Sr. Maria DoThi Tuyet Nhung FMA ENG > VIE

Fr. Simon Lee Ho Yeal Mongolia - Darkhan KOR > MONGOLIAN

Fr. John Bapt Nguyen Van Them Former provincial ENG > VIE

Fr. John Nguyen Van Ty Former provincial ITA, ENG > VIE + simultaneous translations

Fr. Joseph Tran Hoa Hung Provincial Bible translation > VIE

Group sharing during the meeting Group A: 1. Fr Joseph Phuoc (VIE) - secretary

2. Fr Achille Loro Piana (GIA)

3. Fr Peter Chinh (VIE)

4. Fr Dominic Uyen (VIE)

5. Sr. Anne Tran (VIE-FMA)

6. Fr. Peter Pong (CIN)

7. Br Hilario Seo (KOR)

Group B: 1. Fr. John Ty (VIE) - secretary

2. Ms. Sakura Izumi (GIA)

3. Mr Chin Pisei (THA-Cambodia)

4. Mr Tang Ratana (THA-Cambodia)

5. Fr. John Baptist Hao (VIE)

6. Fr. Bartolomew Thai (VIE)

7. Sr. Clara Trang (VIE-FMA)

8. Br Ephrem Santos (ITM-RMG)

Group C: 1. Fr. Lanfranco Fedrigotti (CIN) - secretary

2. Fr. Joseph Banchong (THA)

3. Mr. Kong Sambath (THA-Cambodia)

4. Fr. Simon Ho Yeal (VIE-Mongolia)

5. Fr. Pham Phuoc (VIE)

6. Sr. Maria Nhung (VIE-FMA)

7. Fr. John Baptist Them (VIE)

Part 2

BEFORE – Sharing the rich experience of Salesian translators Please note: there are dozens of interviews and they take up many pages. They are collected in a separate zip file should anyone wish to consult individual interviews, and one or two samples are included here following the survey analysis. The important points from the questions are contained, however, in the analysis that follows:

Analysis of 2014 interviews INTRODUCTION There are three usual approaches to analysing open-ended survey questions, which was the nature of the survey taken by translators of Salesian material: (1) we could develop a codebook of key elements, code the responses and provide graphs of the statistics which then emerge; (2) we could do a conceptual analysis and represent this pictorially; (3) we could analyse the responses directly and summarize them in 'free text', including elements of interpretation that only a human being can do. Approaches (1) and (2) use appropriate software and are still possible, if we thought they would be useful, but it is (3), the 'human' and interpretative approach that has been chosen below. The one doing the analysis is a translator himself and knows many of the respondents and certainly the Salesian background all of them are working within, which reinforces the value of this human and interpretative approach. The responses came not only from the Region. They include some translators for other language pairs in other parts of the world. Altogether we are looking at around 25 wide-ranging responses (SDB, FMA, Lay). The result, as you can see below, is an enriching one. If we did little else than just personally mull over these responses and the collective analysis that follows each question, we would be doing something valuable in itself. But if this can also be done as a group, where the 'human' side of translation ministry becomes even more apparent, there is a real chance that the EAO Translators Meeting will be a significant one not only for our Region but for the entire Congregation. This is clearly the Rector Major's hope too, as we see from his letter to us. The structure of the analysis is simple: I have listed the main elements in response to each question in dot point form, then have attempted to 'read between the lines' a little, to determine how the responses reveal certain ideas, assumptions, beliefs and if certain issues or questions begin to emerge, or even not emerge, as the case may be. Interpretation always has the danger of being subjective, but everything below is open for discussion anyway and may help as a discussion starter. That has been the only intention. You will note that while the four main sections follow the original main survey questions exactly, the subsections do not always do so. Some respondents answered some questions and not others and in many cases elements of response to a particular question were either spread around a single narrative response or broken up in different ways. So I felt free to re-arrange response elements into the subsections as you find them below. At the very end, just a few interesting statistics emerging from simple text analysis are added. The four points listed under that heading could be good discussion-starters. 18

Q 1: Formation a) How did you start out in translation ministry?  Classical language study at school.  Preparation through other formal studies e.g. communications.  From early formation (aspirantate) onwards.  by necessity. Realised it needed patience and persistence.  began as secretary to Provincial Chapters (Chinese to English and Italian).  began in '80s with minor translations then a short biography (Cimatti) and Salesian Bulletin articles.  Began with Salesian Bulletin articles.  more oral than written translation.  began working with Salesian Publisher (DB Sha).  learned on the job.  request from the Provincial.  missionary.  desire to contribute to catechetical ministry (Mongolia).  began as a personal interest, and it has helped fire up my vocation.  studying theology (Vietnam) most of the materials were in French.  Salesian resources 39 years ago were very poor (Vietnam) so asked by post-novitiate Rector to begin translating.  at provincial's request last year.  began as secretary for the Region, so out of necessity.  began after novitiate.  I have been doing translation of various texts, books and essays, from English to Indonesian since I was a cleric. I started when I was as student in philosophy.  I would like to say that I do translation because I want and I like. Nobody taught me.  studied in Italy, asked by superiors.  began with bits and pieces for the Province (e.g. Strenna).  began as secretary of the Salesian Missions Department.  had a linguistics academic background.  began with small documents (PVA in French), ten years ago.  started with help of a missionary.

 started just 5 months ago at request of leader of the team (Vietnam). I do it out of love for the Congregation. I have to contribute what I can. So far without much experience.  interested in languages from childhood, so translation came naturally.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

With very few exceptions these translators have been working at this task a minimum of ten years and as long as forty years. This represents an enormous wealth of human, Salesian and technical experience, which is being shared both through this narrative approach and through bringing these people together. However, this experience is of a general kind in most cases: Salesian and life experience rather than specific and/or professional preparation for translation. Of all respondents, only one seems to have done formal translation studies. In almost all cases, people have begun translation because circumstances required it (appointment to a particular role, request from superiors, or when a particular need arose). In several cases it was a personal interest and has been a rewarding one (firing up one's vocation, as one respondent puts it, or being able to respond to a missionary need in another case, or even again, "I do it out of love for the Congregation"). Given the 'necessity' motive, most formation and preparation has been 'on the job' learning, but one can detect already in the responses to 'how did I begin?' a recognition of the importance of language and communication ability plus motivation (needs of the Province being one of these) as important factors in forming Salesian translators. It seems very important for a translator to have a clear and supportive motive (which includes virtues like patience and persistence). A less obvious factor at first glance, but more obvious when we know the majority of respondents and who/where they are now, is that most have lived and worked for some time in another culture and language, be it for study, Salesian formation, because of formal appointment (especially those who have worked for their Region or a Department), or as a missionary. But there is also the scenario where a local (= native) language translator has been helped to begin by a missionary (Thai case).

b) Who or what helped most?  one's curriculum vitae.  the study of Latin.  the computer.  individuals (family, teachers, friends, priests, Salesians ...).  Holy Spirit.  adequate learning of respective languages. (e.g. Thai, Italian, English)  questioning real experts, native speakers.  constant study of the (Japanese) language.  reading model translations in newspaper (Japan Times).  helped by Salesians who know Italian or English, know translation and know terminology.  the translation commission (indicates which items, priorities, and sees to any costs). 20

 help from a retired missionary priest (Mongolia).  good dictionaries.  some native American and Australian English speakers.  internet made many Salesian texts available (Vietnam).  two years of work with the Bible Translation Department of the Bishops Conference Liturgical Commission.  I try to put myself in the place of the author and imagine what he is trying to say.  internet.  The superior who trusts me to do translation.  experience of Salesian life in both language situations (Italy, Czech Republic).  trust from those who ask for translations.  official translations where they exist on the Internet (Church, Salesian documents).  use of technology (tape-recorder, Dragon, translation software like OmegaT, Wordfast, other).  having two screens.  professional translator forums on the internet.  the pleasure of cooperating in making a document known to confreres.  having confreres ready to read and help correct.  knowledge of the Salesian Family, spirit and history.  My wife (Cooperator couple) who knows Italian better than I do.  team.  read and meditate on Salesian ideas.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

We immediately recognise that in almost every case, the translator has not worked alone. And there is a wide variety of expressions of how this occurs: in one case a translation commission is very helpful (excellent idea!), in many other instances there are close personal relationships - helpful Salesians or other people, a wife in one case, others willing to help re-read and correct, more formal groups (liturgical committee in one case), native speakers (not necessarily living with the translator). Two respondents note the importance of trust from those who ask them for translations. Mention of the Holy Spirit is a salutary reminder that we are not alone in the task! And almost pre-empting a later question, we learn that in the Thai situation they always work as a team: SDB FMA ASC and others. This is an important experience to learn from. One, and perhaps others too, spends some time with professional translator forums to gain ideas, solve problems. There is a paradox evident in the responses however: translation is a very solitary exercise, on the one hand needing time, patience, reflection; on the other hand, the translator does not want to be lonely, needs help and support from others. Since the Salesian translator in most cases is voluntary and unpaid, he or she has to have 'payment' in other ways - usually

gratitude, recognition, trust, and provision of time and essential technical aids. One thing that stands out across all these responses is that no translator has complained about their lot! This is quite significant when you think about it. The life experience (Salesian, academic, language, culture) of the translator features strongly in these responses. Technology is seen as playing its part increasingly in the translation task. No doubt we will get further insight into this in the next question, but it is worth noting what begins to emerge already in the above responses: the internet has opened up possibilities (Salesian texts, official translation of Church and Salesian material), various kinds of software are available (speech recognition is identified in one case) and then just the simple mention of 'the computer', as distinct from internet, must raise at least one question for us - what is it that the computer, apart from the matter of software, can do better than human beings can do? It will be important to explore this, unless we want to regard this machine as just a glorified typewriter. An associated matter could be called the hardware one: why two screens? Anyone who has worked with two screens or found ways of dividing a large screen into two, will already know the answer! It can help enormously with translation. So there appears to be an acknowledgement that some degree of technical competency is desirable for translation today. We note that the humble dictionary has not gone out of fashion! But just as important are experts, native speakers.

c) What are the main obstacles you have found?  Lack of a Khmer-Thai dictionary.  Lack of time to cross-check with original.  Level of difficulty of the language itself (Japanese).  balance between fidelity to original and ease of reading for target audience.  terms often do not correspond between languages (English-Japanese) and do not exist in common Japanese.  original text may be difficult to understand clearly and there may not be a corresponding term in the language (Korean).  gaining official registration (Mongolia).  gaining deeper knowledge of the language (Mongolian).  poor environment so not easy to find people to translate or help.  English idioms.  Western mentality.  making the text easy to understand (Vietnamese).  new concepts, neologisms.  genre and cultural background of original authors.  a correct understanding of the source text/language, including varieties of English, Spanish. 22

 correct use of the target language (usually your mother tongue, but not in all cases).  knowing correct Salesian and theological terminology especially when they don't exist in your language (Czech).  imperfect knowledge still of source language (in this case English).  Difference of cultures, since cultures have different ways of conceptualising things.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

While there is considerable variety in the kinds of obstacles (one respondent prefers 'difficulties' to obstacles) translators face in their task, we can see some priorities emerging in the responses. One seems especially the case for many Asian languages - the non-Asian (mostly but not only 'European') way of conceptualising things and 'naming' them, is different to the Asian way of doing so. This will often mean that there is no term in the common language (Japanese and Chinese are the examples given, but it will be true of Korean, Mongolian, Bahasa Indonesia, etc.) for a particular Salesian or even theological idea - so a neologism is needed. This begins to raise an important issue about inculturation, which we should probably discuss. If we simply adapt the Italian or other word so it fits 'lexically' (or can be pronounced more easily) into Japanese or Korean or …, we may be resolving an immediate problem but not the deeper inculturation one. The problem is variously described as 'western mentality' or 'Kantian' thinking, or as a problem of 'Salesian and theological terminology'. Some responses note the difficulty of balance between being faithful to the source language but also faithful to the target readership - this is a much-debated issue on translation forums and in academic translation studies! But all translators recognise it as important. There is a hint (in responses to this question but also elsewhere) that Italian style and structure is a particular obstacle to be overcome in translation into most other languages. Long and complicated sentences need to become shorter and simpler. Then there are some very practical obstacles that don't have easy solutions: lack of dictionaries for certain language pairs, generally poor circumstances where few translators are available, the difficulty posed by certain languages making it hard for the missionary to be competent as a translator (Japanese, Mongolian). Lack of time (especially for busy provincials, vice provincials, rectors, parish priests if they also happen to be translators!)

d) Tackling the obstacles  watch TV with dictionary in hand (Japanese).  make decisions based on readership (whether broad or restricted) (Japanese).  similarity of syntax between Korean and Mongolian is a helpful factor.  Offering formal studies in Catholic theology and philosophy (in Korea, for lay translators).  ask help from experts, check with native speakers.  sometimes have to make up new terms for new concepts.  re-arrange style and break down long sentences (Italian) into more easily understandable Vietnamese.

 dictionaries help with correct usage.  need to ask around in the province to establish consensus for new terms.  double work to translate European material into Asian languages (de-kantianise first).  Make better use of spare time.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

I think the first thing we learn is how resourceful our translators are! Note how one, even with his lifelong experience in Japan, still brings a dictionary to his TV watching sessions, so the lesson is we keep learning and improving, always. Staying with Japanese for the moment, we see another translator telling us how she makes practical decisions based on readership. Looking for what languages share in common is another response (Korean-Mongolian). Experts come back in once more. By 'experts' the respondents usually mean native speakers, and/or people with special skills (university teachers or others). Of special note is the response to the need for neologisms in the language (for reasons expressed in 3a above) - and the suggestion that it is important to seek consensus amongst the readership, province, for these new terms. Mongolia has highlighted a response that is possibly true for other places as well - the involvement of lay people who are then given appropriate skill sets (e.g. study at University, in another language and culture) or who have them from earlier life experience (as is the case for Korea, for example). We also learn that translation is often (perhaps always?) a 'double task' of translating from one set of cultural perceptions first, then into the target language almost as a second task. This is expressed as 'de-Kantianising' in the case of, say English or Italian to Chinese, but it is just as true for Italian into Czech, or any other language pair you care to think of. No two cultures are the same just as no two languages are the same.

Q 2. Working method a) What is your working method?  Using Wordfast, the computer presents me with what I have to translate, already segmented (into sentences); this goes into translation memory for later use. Then I resolve doubts, check dictionaries. I then deal only with the translated text, read over, and if it is important, read over many times.  I have three tabs open: Google Translate, Wikipedia, Google search. I begin typing (translating) as soon as I read through the text. Google translate and search helps me with idioms. In literal quotations I look for an official translation in my language. I apply psychology (How would this person say it if he were saying it in Spanish or Khmer?) and culture (helps if one knows the other's culture).  I try to let the computer do what it does best – it can remember keystrokes (macros, in other words) and it can remember 'text' (TM or translation memory), so I use software which employs those two factors. The best software I have found for this purpose is called OmegaT and it has the added (huge) advantage of being free. 24

 First, using online dictionaries for the better understanding the original text (see below) then online site where it could be a help in grammatical correction of the local language.  I try to understand the exact meaning which the text wants to convey to, then I find an appropriate expression in Vietnamese culture or literature.  I copy the text to be translated into Word and begin working by translating over the original text; At the end I make three or four checks on the work.  Use of an on-line dictionary and other translations of my text that can be found on www.sdb.org.  Reading every translated sentence at least a couple of times, trying to immerse myself in the reader's mind.  First, I read rapidly the text to have a good idea of the subject. I verify the translation of 3 or 4 words with a 'paper' dictionary.  My translation working method is: 1) Choosing the material: it may be from my own judgement or one suggested by others; 2) Once I read the text from the book, I immediately begin its translation by typing on the computer. The dictionary is always with me, frequently consulted; 3) Sometimes I asked a confrere or a lay collaborator to do the typing while I do the dictation.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

Not all respondents described their actual working method in detail, but from those who did we can say, in summary that the 'methods' include:  using computer software, then checking 'humanly', resolving problems and fixing errors.  extensive use of web-based tools (Google, Wikipedia, online dictionaries) and/or print dictionaries  translating 'over' a copy of the original.  dictation (either with another human being or with voice recognition software) Each translator has his or her own approach, obviously, and we can do little more than simply acknowledge that people will work in different ways. However it might be worth our noting that only two translators are making extensive use of translation software (by which we do NOT mean 'machine translation', as in the case of Systran, but computer-aided translation such as Wordfast, or DailyDragon, or OmegaT or something else). This issue may well come up again in the next section on 'more efficient' translation, but it should be raised in discussion. The two who do use CAT tools seem ready to swear by them for effectiveness. Apart from technical aspects (like software) we note the very important 'psychological' side of translation - getting into the author's mind and into the reader's mind. This is another way of putting the balance between source text and target audience mentioned in earlier responses.

b) Which tools do you use?  Wordfast. 25

 Google translate (limited usefulness).  Wikipedia (especially Interlanguages).  good dictionaries are a must.  OmegaT.  Salesian Termbase.  SDL (to find a corpus of Salesian texts over time).  online dictionaries suffice most of the time.  examples of online dictionaries for Italian originals: http://imtranslator.net, http://www.wordreference.com, https://translate.google.com, http://www.grandidizionari.it  Korean Catholic ‘Good news’ website ([email protected]) This online dictionary also offers an original Latin or English equivalent of Bible and Catholic terminology.  Mongolian Catholic Dictionary published by the Ulanbaatar Apostolic Vicariate is very useful.  More than 10 years ago, I often used a dictionary (printed book), but now a digital dictionary is more convenient for me.  When facing new vocabulary or new notions, internet is a huge source to provide me with some basic knowledge of these, so that I can translate them by using the right words in Vietnamese. I only use Google translation in the case of those foreign languages I do not know, just to have some general ideas of the text.  Some serious and scholarly dictionaries are helpful.  I use print, electronic and online dictionaries as well as TM.  I don't use electronic (machine) translators except to clarify a doubt.  When it's a case of material already translated by the Congregation, Church and others, I look for originals on the Internet and copy them into my computer so that I have a large personal digital “library”.  I often use online dictionaries, but I also continue to use print dictionaries (more words and more meanings, more trustworthy especially in the case of specific terminology).  At the beginning I set up my own dictionary of special terms; not only Salesian and theological terminology but also common words but often used in different ways that our dictionaries have not thought of. But after many years of translating I no longer use this.  At times I simply get help from Google. I look for sites in my own language on the topic I am translating to see what terms they use and how.  I do it only through memory, due to almost continuous translation.  Print dictionary/ also other dictionaries (Fra/Fra, Fra/Ita, Ita/Fra and others Eng/Fra…Esp/Fra) are a great help  Printed documents of the Congregation are very helpful (collections of ACTS, MB).  Dailydragon (only 70 Euro) – (your voice is recorded and it works always, updates itself).

 A print dictionary has been my best tool. Also practical understanding of Salesian terms, whether for translation, or checking them in similar texts to see the best terms and expressions to use.  Systran - machine translation which can produce ridiculous results but give you the correct terms.  Software can be expensive for a limited budget.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

Obviously, tools or instruments are a very practical matter. There is no question that dictionaries (printed or online) continue to be essential. Online dictionaries in most cases have so improved that they are more efficient than printed ones, and often more up to date. Google translate receives many mentions: in general it is regarded as a tool with limited usefulness, but it is worth noting how people actually use it. It may produce (as with all machine translation, including SYSTRAN) silly results grammatically, but one can often trust individual words. that way it can help. And while it is not mentioned in the responses, I can tell you that for someone translating INTO English, Google Translate works best, including for Salesian terminology, strangely enough, or not so strangely, when you realise that Google Translate can be 'trained'. You may 'correct' it and offer a better translation. Many Salesians working in English have done this and as a result, Google does not make mistakes from Italian to English when confronted with 'Ispettore', 'Maria Ausiliatrice' and similar. Some who use special software find it is too expensive for their budget. This raises at least three questions: (1) If translation is a worthwhile investment, then should not a Province be prepared to spend what is a relatively small amount compared to other expenditures (e.g. buildings or other major costs) to support our translators? (2) That said, how many are aware of software, for example Wordfast, for which one pays, and OmegaT, which is free but does the same thing? and (3) Since only two respondents actually make use of specialised translation software (three, if we include the SYSTRAN user), do we perhaps need to make our translators more aware of what is available to them? There are Salesian tools available: Termbase (available from sdb.org home page currently, also in Bosconet) offers descriptions of Salesian terminology and a smaller Italian-English dictionary and a list of 'false friends' (e.g. geniale=genial: NOT!). SDL is essentially a corpus of Salesian texts in many languages over an extensive period of time. But both tools mentioned are of less value to Asian languages because few Asian language terms have become part of more general Salesian terminology (understandable, but is this something that should begin to change if the Congregation is to be truly international?), and SDL has fewer texts in Asian languages simply because they have not been forwarded for inclusion.

c) How do you guarantee consistency of terminology?  Wordfast incorporates glossaries, terminology.  specialised lexicon (where it exists, e.g. a French priest had one for Khmer).  personalised notes.  a “Provincial Glossary of Salesian Terms” and a good Salesian library with at least a 27

complete set of all Salesian and Provincial documents are essential helps to create a shared terminology.  Salesian terminology created amongst translators and revisers, little by little (In Japan some terms remain 'as is')  important to go back over previous translations to ensure consistency of terminology.  we need termbases, lexicons and need to be aware of shifts in meaning of terms over time.  drafts checked by more than one Salesian.  notice occasional inconsistencies between translators.  it would be better to create a lexicon.  This is the real problem to keep the consistency of the Salesian terminology because every translator, writer or reader has own preference for certain terms using the local language. In the publishing stage, in the majority case, the editor decides which terminology is to be used in view of consistency.  For quality translations there is a need of long-term formation. Hence we sent two Mongolian staff to South Korea for longer language and Catholic studies.  Due to the use of the Cyrillic alphabet in the Mongolian language (a result of Russian influence in the past), there is a problem of confusion in the transcription of vowels into Mongolian from foreign languages. For the translation cross-check we are also using the help of a Mongolian grammar professor. This person is checking all final translation from the Mongolian grammar point of view.  dialogue with my friends. Consultation especially with senior confreres.  we discuss between SDB, FMA (Thailand).  So far, no convention for Salesian terminology. I just use those terms which are familiar among Salesian Family and other religious congregations.  This is the biggest problem, especially when you have to translate old texts, like those of Don Bosco and the early Salesians when you often won't find those words in a modern dictionary; there I let myself be guided by “instinct”, trying to understand the meaning.  reading, more reading, and at times comparison.  my knowledge, as I said earlier has come through memorising traditional terminology. But a knowledge of Spanish has been of great help to me whether it be from Spain, or America, and knowledge of Italian through reading and conversation  depends on knowledge of Salesian vocabulary used by the French Salesian Family. I refer to texts that have been already translated by specialists (Atti, letters of the Rector Major …). ANS not always reliable: the translations done by people who don’t know French perfectly.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

There is a clear recognition that this is a 'real' (one says 'the biggest') problem. And there are many reasons for it being so. In the case of Mongolian, there are problems with transcription in Cyrillic script; in all languages different translators have 'preferred' choices in terminology, 28

which can be inconsistent between them; there are no specialised 'Salesian lexicons' in some, perhaps many languages; the more one works alone, the more likelihood there is of inconsistency... One solution predominates amongst others - discussion with like-minded individuals (Salesian Family, the Province, other religious congregations…) In the responses one senses a wish for a common terminological database or at least a convention on Salesian terms, but of course it would need to exist for each language and for language pairs. One does exist for English and to some extent for Italian-English (Salesian Termbase). This matter should be open for discussion at the meeting: the existing one should continue to exist and be added to; the Salesian Family in a particular language (Japanese, Mongolian, Chinese, Thai, Korean….) could be involved in agreeing on terminology and making the results publicly available. Already translated Salesian texts in languages other than Italian need to be forwarded for inclusion in SDL. There are some practical approaches suggested, for example: "important to go back over previous translations" to guarantee consistency. But of course this presumes that the translator can easily access and 'see' this terminology across many translations. How many realise the importance of translation memory for this to happen? It can happen by good file management, enabling one to quickly see all previous translations… but this can be a very slow manual process, where by contrast, a TM system will enable this to happen very quickly. This would bring us back to the question of using appropriate software. Translator software (as distinct from machine translation like Google or Yahoo or...) usually includes glossaries and these assist consistent terminology. Another practical solution is worth noting, in the case where there is a well-organised team effort or Salesian Publisher involved: an editor looks after terminological consistency. This is also a very good approach. One respondent says he puts the original term in parentheses and his local language (Thai) term next to it, to get the reader used to the 'new' (foreign, but Salesian) term.

Q 3. Suggestions for improving quality and efficiency of translation a) Suggestions for beginners in the translation game  solid, broad intellectual formation, including in Salesianity. Improve faculties of thinking and reasoning.  ongoing, updated mastery of the source language, and obviously being up to date in one's target language.  nothing substitutes for your head, not even machines.  recommend, almost demand a course in journalism or communication.  at the workplace patience, spirit of sacrifice, concentration and the motive that we work for the Kingdom!  work in a team.  as translation is hard work it requires being serious and careful. 29

 three respondents insist on not just technical knowledge of your languages but their historical and literary background as well.  for lay people (who we will need to rely on more and more in this area) good Salesian formation.  as auto-translation (machine) continues to improve, we may do better to put more effort into competence in our target (mother tongue) language to ensure we can adequately correct and adjust the 'auto' result.  meetings such as this increase Salesian unity and synergy. Sharing experience.  avoid guessing and conjecture. A Salesian Studies course is pretty much essential for the Salesian translator.  "Just one: appreciate the language you translate from and try to understand it better".  I think one of the most important things is to read and read a lot: in your own language and in the language you are translating from.  Never fear to ask others, compare, get them to explain a passage well, look for the sentence that is maybe a bit obscure still.  After translating the text, reread it with the original nearby: you have often skipped something, changed the meaning of a word or sentence.  need to be given the right equipment, modern enough to do the work (good computer).  50/50 reference to print and online [=google research].  Google translate helps when you know both languages well, since it gives you an idea … even though you need to work on it after.  Dilemma: Translate the sense? Or too literal? Need for a balance between popular and literary language. SDBs want to understand immediately without too much need to reflect.  Principle of sharing: as soon as the translation is done put it on the internet…  I have found it very useful to read first for understanding of a text to understand it and enter into harmony and communion with the subject. I do a first translation and then I leave it aside for a while; then I read through making corrections, changing expressions, reflecting on what is the best and clearest form, the best fit for the language. There is often a temptation to translate quite literally being faithful to the letter but not the spirit.  begin with subjects that you know well, in detail, in your own language.  begin with short texts: testimonies, stories, and not philosophies.  work in a team of translators who work like friends.  be explicit about your motivation. While we may often take up the task 'out of obedience', I am not sure this is sufficient motivation to sustain you in the task.  Try to encourage superiors to give you the time you need for the job. A well-organised social communications sector in the Province will help ensure this.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

Really, this question does not need a summary. Instead there is a list of good, solid advice, each point to be taken for its own value.

b) Suggestions for personal, group formation in translation  there is a need for translator formation, even more so in situations where few are available and the market is small.  they could practice reading and understanding the Salesian documents.  understand how the structure and way of expression is different between English / Italian and Japanese.  It's necessary to form a commission for translation which has the guarantee of quality and consistency of the text translated, and of the translation cost. Also this commission has the function to select and commission which translation should be done first and which later.  translation ministry needs support at the provincial level. In order to understand Italian terminology well one needs to have studied in Italy for a time or at least have done some formal study of Italian language. If one translates from English, one needs an overseas formation in English.  translators' meetings should be held occasionally. Experience sharing in promoting Salesian products will enhance the sense of belonging.  Proof-readers who are also working in translation are necessary.  I believe, and it has been my struggle (unsuccessful!) for years, that Italian has to be studied at greater depth in initial formation because it is impossible to translate all the Congregation's material, something that is also an influence on the (non)formation of young Salesians.  Not sure how to answer. Perhaps it could be useful to compare specific Salesian terminology as used in nearby languages. Maybe an occasional seminar to understand Salesian concepts and the current terminology in use in the Congregation (their deeper meanings, to ensure right understanding and guarantee a better translation).  It is a real grace to find someone who can do the favour of re-reading or correcting the work. It certainly helps to receive texts in good time so you don't have to hurry.  It must be a pleasure to translate, otherwise it is difficult to spend hours and hours at your desk. If possible, to work in a group of translators; as for me I work with my wife who helps me to write in a correct French which respects the Italian thought.  Translators' meetings should be held occasionally. Sharing of common experiences is important and helpful. But I would also like to see us develop (as part of sdb.org or separately) a web forum something like proZ.com, obviously less about the 'business' or commercial side of our work but where the Salesian Family the world over could share its translation ideas, questions, work… where we could locate Salesian Termbase and other language versions of the same.  Team-work can be achieved, and the work of this team is mainly one of coordination, sharing of common task, and sharing of certain materials can be very useful in ones own

country, culture and situation.  My first suggestion is to love this service. When you love you can do well.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

This was clearly a more difficult question for people to answer, as a number of respondents either did not answer it or said that they were 'not sure how to answer'. But what emerges from the responses we did receive is that the real answers may have more to do with people other than the translators themselves! Having a commission, working as a team, finding proof- readers, organising translators meetings is something that a Province or Region will have to look at (therefore these answers also partly belong to the next question below). One respondent puts it so clearly: "translation ministry needs support at provincial level". It is acknowledged that formation is required, but this is of a varied kind: Salesian formation is essential, also academic formation (in language, especially). It is worth noting the comment of one translator who insists that for someone who loves this service, it will be done well.

c) Suggestions regarding teamwork at provincial, regional level  SDBs can link up usefully with FMAs among whom knowledge of the Italian language is more widespread than among the SDB  it is important to discern which documents must be translated and those that must absolutely not be translated.  provincial commissions must be creative and active (in regard to translation issues, we presume the respondent means).  It is the first time the translators meeting takes place and I think that from a good sharing the solutions to many problems will appear as well as the line to follow from now on.  At provincial level, it is not very systematically done, but there is the translator, the Salesian(s) consulted by the translator, and several other Salesians who proof-read the draft. This process is facilitated by the Provincial as of now, but it could become a fixed process.  At regional level, perhaps we can share our experiences of overcoming difficulties of inculturation, if there is any.  at the regional level there is not much possibility to work in a team because each country has a different language and culture the other, though some reference could be useful for each other, specially for the countries influenced by Chinese characters and culture. Specifically for CIN, GIA, KOR where we still have some common understanding of the Chinese characters we could establish a common term-base for certain Salesian terminology.  In mission territories we would need more support from the mother province or from the Salesian Center in Rome. For example there are quite a few Don Bosco movies which don’t

reach our ‘peripheries’. Here in Darkhan we were able to put the Don Bosco movie on a local TV station, but we would need more audiovisual materials in Mongolian (film, pictures, art).  Step by step, teamwork at the provincial level in regard to translation needs to be done.  The Provincial Delegate for Formation and his commission will be in charge of translation animation and organization to tap into human resources of the Province as well as to avoid duplicate work [two translators work on the same text: waste of time and energy].  As for sharing translations, it is not so easy, especially for Portuguese; there are problems with accepting Brazilian Portuguese in Portugal (and the old colonies) and vice versa. Some people today say they are two different languages!  Translation needs to be part of the Social Communications activity of each Province – in other words at province level someone (but probably a group, a commission) would be responsible for identifying needs, assigning tasks, priorities and deciding if it can be done internally or needs to be outsourced. I doubt this can help at regional level in our case since we have at least 17 languages and probably more.  As a more general suggestion, and in support of the last two Rector Majors (Pascual and Angel) who have both encouraged international communities and movement of people between provinces – I see this as a key formative proposal also for translation. The best translators are usually people with real-life experience outside their own language/culture.  Superiors should see that this work is not done exclusively by one or two confreres. Suggestions and invitations should be addressed to confreres and chance given to those who in some way interested in this work.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

It is clear from the above responses that it is time to think big, or at least bigger! We are a Salesian Family, so SDBs and FMAs and others working together where possible makes sense, certainly within a province. If we include the comments from the earlier question on formation, we see that some organisation at provincial level is regarded as essential for translators to be able to do their work efficiently, but here we note a divergence: one respondent believes it should come under the Formation Commission, another believes it should be under Communications. Perhaps it does not matter - depends on how the Province is organised and how much interaction there is between sectors. What matters is that there is provincial-level organisation. We also note other aspects of the challenge: mission provinces need support from the mother province in this area, and we all need support from the Centre. Just what that support might mean is unclear, other than a practical suggestion of sending out videos for translation (although these don't come from Rome, but from Turin), or support for meetings such as this one. While it is seen that there is minimal possibility for teamwork at Regional level, because we have so many different languages and cultures, there is the suggestion that languages sharing something in common (in this case the respondent has identified Chinese characters and what lies behind them as the common factor) could work together, especially on terminology. There is another suggestion that supports movement of confreres across languages and cultures in the

Region, which can only be of benefit if it also involves people who do translation.

Q 4. Other contributions, doubts, ideas There was an invitation to respondents to state other issues not covered by the questions above. It became a useful slot to make important statements, or ask important questions, so this 'other' and final section may very well spur considerable discussion.  If we involve Salesian Cooperators, other lay people, it is clear that in most cases they cannot do this work voluntarily; it would need to be funded.  I am very glad because this is the first time for me to join this kind of meeting. I think that it will be good for proclaiming the Good News through the mission of Don Bosco all around the world, especially in East Asia Oceania.  I am very happy that this meeting has been organised. Good idea indeed. I am sure we can expect useful and positive results. I would appreciate it if some time would be taken to share our experiences of oral translation in the provinces.  The challenge is to have the confreres read the documents that are translated…. Some say we can summarise or abbreviate the text in certain cases in order to make it shorter and easier to read. In which cases would it be OK to abbreviate the text?

 It’s only human, but sometimes there is a mistake (usually a minor one) in the English translation from the original Italian. We usually find it when there is a kind of inconsistency in the English text and we refer to the original Italian to clarify it.  As one of the minor translators in the Congregation the effort required for translation is not rewarded enough from the point of view of the numbers of readers in the local language. There are very few who read what we have translated. This is very daunting compared with the investment we put in!  May we ask writers of the original text to write in short sentences and more clearly, avoiding rhetorical expansion of 5 lines or more!  I think that TRANSLATION is a necessary INVESTMENT. For the training of quality translators first we need to study well own (mother) language. Then we need also to prepare favourable conditions - environment to be able to dedicate ourselves to this ministry. Without this background a solid translation work is difficult.  I think that we should form more lay mission partners like Mr. Kang Yon Jung (NB – translator of the 7 Lenti volumes into Korean) for the Salesianity translations.  Translation not only serves the Congregation today, but also for the future – now I understand the work of translation as a ministry: to be done conscientiously, more professionally.  Finally  To become a translator of Salesianity documents is a chance and an opportunity to understand deeply the thoughts of the writer who is translated: overall Don Bosco.  It is a fundamental service (long term) of evangelization regarding the present and the future members of the Salesian Family who speak, write and read our own language. 34

 It is a good way to create a great quality of relationship inside the team of translators and to discuss about the content of the papers.  It is also, perhaps, a good way to involve the eldest members of the Salesian Family (who are ill or retired) to help and support efficiently the new generations which are still 'at work'.  I would also like to see us develop (as part of sdb.org or separately) a web forum something like proZ.com, obviously less about the 'business' or commercial side of our work but where the Salesian Family the world over could share its translation ideas, questions, work… where we could locate Salesian Termbase and other language versions of the same.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE ABOVE?

By the time respondents came to this final opportunity, their vision and expectations, or perhaps their 'dream' for the future of Salesian translation had widened considerably. Consider what we have here:  A firm belief in the value of translation as an investment (funds and personnel), even in places where the market is small.  Some moving statements of belief about this 'value' as a 'fundamental service' a way to 'create quality of relationship', a way to involve elderly and sick people who could still do this work, not only serving the Congregation today but also for the future, "a ministry"…  Some grand ideas: a web forum for the entire Salesian world which would be a repository of ideas, projects, terminology aids in any number of languages  A concrete recognition of difficulties and daunting challenges, including simple human error, the need to fund non-religious (lay) translators …  Some practical requests: the mention of a need to talk about oral translation (so-called simultaneous translation) is an important one in a region where often the Regional needs to be accompanied by a translator on visits. The request (probably directed at certain European languages!) to simplify the texts in language and structure. Is there anything that might be missing? Here are three items that I have identified as NOT appearing in responses:  The more that translation becomes a digital exercise (computer-based) the more the proper digital preparation of source texts becomes important. For the translator, more emphasis on structure and content is important and less on how 'pretty' the text looks (formatting, avoiding certain formats like PDF, but not only, as source text…). We need to encourage those who provide source texts to be more alert to this, as a way of helping the translator.  Other than a recognition that written and oral translation require different skills, there is little acknowledgement of the variety of translation tasks the Salesian translator may have to adapt to. It is one thing to translate a document on the charism, quite another thing again to translate the script of a video, or ANS news, or a Salesian university professor's lecture notes on pedagogy, theatrical or music texts, working for a Salesian publisher (whole books, comics, picture books with captions) or even, occasionally, poetry!  There are many languages in the Region not represented at this meeting. If there is

such a thing as the ethics and ethnics of translation (!) then it is not appropriate to speak of 'major' and 'minor' languages. All languages are important, and the Salesian charism deserves to be translated into languages that our people speak. What can we do to encourage translation work in Urdu, Samoan, Cebuano, Tok Pisin, SI Pidgin, Lao …. (These are only examples to which many others could be added).

Statistics Sometimes a simple set of statistics based on word frequencies, collocations can be revealing. Using simple text analysis software (in this case it is called AntConc), the following 'statistics' (real statistics based on the text responses given) may add further insight, provoke questions … 1. Languages mentioned (in order of frequency, and number of respondents) Italian (47 hits x 15 respondents) English (39 hits x 13 respondents) Spanish (22 hits of 6 respondents) French (16 hits x 7 respondents) Japanese (15 hits x 2 respondents) Mongolian (15 hits x 1 respondent) Latin (13 hits x 4 respondents) Vietnamese (12 hits x 4 respondents) Portuguese (12 hits x 3 respondents) Khmer (10 hits x 2 respondents) Korean (8 hits x 2 respondents) Thai (6 hits x 3 respondents) Chinese (3 hits x 2 respondents) COMMENT While we cannot draw too many conclusions from the above, it makes sense for us that Italian heads the list with the greatest number of hits and the greatest number of respondents referring to it. It is probably the language that the greatest number of Salesian translators see as the source language. And because English has been adopted as the 'lingua franca' of the Region, it makes sense that it comes next. For some in the Region it may be a source or a target language. Beyond that we could draw no further helpful conclusions I think, except to ask ourselves what languages spoken by Salesians and used in Salesian ministry in the Region do NOT APPEAR here, and why? 2. The collocation 'translation ministry' was used in several of the questions. Did respondents repeat the term and how many of them, how often? 'translation ministry' was employed 7 times (independently of its use in a question) by 5 respondents in their responses. 1 respondent mentioned it 3 times, 4 respondents mentioned it 1 36 time. COMMENT This may indicate that the majority of respondents either took the term for granted (implicitly accepted it), or it may indicate the opposite – that the term 'translation ministry' is not broadly accepted as yet. Which is the case? 3. Clusters or N-Grams are typical reoccurring word clusters. If we take 3-Grams (cluster of 3 words), which are the most frequent meaningful ones used by respondents? Nearly all the high ranking (frequency) meaningful 3-Grams appeared in the questions! (concrete team work, guarantee the consistency, at provincial level, effective translation ministry, …). Coming much further down the ranking however, we find 3-Grams in responses, such as 'I look for', 'in this case', 'the book dictionary', 'with a dictionary', 'studied in Italy', 'team of translators', 'of the Congregation', 'of the province'. 'the original Italian', 'the translation commission', 'understand the meaning', 'understand the text', 'you have to', 'you need to', 'a deeper knowledge', 'a good dictionary', 'a first translation' …. COMMENT The response 3-Grams focus mostly on process and activity – these are responses by practical people! In fact if we look at the way the word 'translation' collocates statistically with other words (using what is called an MI score or Mutual Information score measuring the importance of the connection between two words in context) we gain further insight. 6.11493 is a high MI score. Words which collocate significantly with 'translation' in the responses include: continuous (6.11493) automatic (6.11493) auto (6.11493) literal (4.52997) google (4.46286) official (3.94501) We get a feeling here for the practical approaches of people at the mention of the word 'translation': something people are doing all the time, some attempt or desire to automate the process, questions about literal versus more culturally-bound translation, the existence of official versions or whether people are official translators or not … 4. Best! We have already noted that the tone of the responses was overwhelmingly positive. If we make an assumption that the word 'best' is an example of this positivity, what are the phrases it appears in? Here they are: I just do my very best to give a good translation. ...they do the translation of terms, words and concepts as best as is possible. You need to check around the province to find the best and most acceptable term. I try to let the computer do what it does best. The best software I have found for this purpose is ….

The best translators are usually people who have... Work around the available concepts to best express the meaning. Then choose the best terms. A print dictionary has been my best tool. ...checking them in similar texts to see the best terms and expressions to use. Reflecting on what is the best and clearest form, the best fit for the language. SDB, FMA and ASC discuss and choose the best. We discuss the best understanding. COMMENT A dozen or so very revealing statements about how Salesian translators work! Each comment could be taken on its own, explored and 'filled' out in group discussion.

Sample survey replies Here is one from the SDB central level of the Congregation - Fr Hilario Passero, (pt-it) 1. How did you begin or learn to translate? Let us say that first of all I had to study the languages that were part of my secondary school curriculum (4 years), novitiate (1) and post-secondary (3). There were 7 languages: Latin (8 years), Greek (5), Portuguese (8), French (7), Spanish (1), Italian (5) and English (3). Grammar was part of all these. For Latin and Portuguese, little by little we also studied the history of their literature. We could also say that translation and other versions were the order of the day. Second, to be able to teach and gain teacher certification, I had to I had to study Romance languages at University level: Latin, Portuguese, French, Spanish, Italian (and for each of these: Grammar and the history of grammar, Literature (and for Portuguese we had to study both Portuguese and Brazilian literature; for Spanish, the literature of Spain and Hispanic countries in Latin America…). We also had to touch on Romanian in the history of languages. Third, later on, to study English: 2 intensive courses in Brazil; 2 years in the USA: 9 ‘stages’ (between MU - University of Missouri (IEP - Intensive English Programme) and San Francisco University (Jesuits); and 2 months (1980) at Oxford (Britain). Fourth, while doing the Lyceum we also did the Philosophy course (3 years), where texts were only in Latin a the Salesian Faculty at Lorena-São Paulo; Fifth, Theology (4 years), where texts were in Latin or Italian, at the Pio XI Institute – Pontifical Salesian Uni São Paulo. And sixth, during the day I was in charge of the Editrice Don Bosco (São Paulo) and had to check translations of books done by outsiders, while at night, to improve my management of the publishing house I did a course in ‘Business Administration’ (4 years), at the Pontifical Catholic University, São Paulo. Seventh, from 1973 to 1980 (7 years) I was the editor of the Brazilian ‘Salesian Bulletin’; and continued to assist the BS for a further 10 years (1990-2000).

Eight, I spent 10 yar s as Technical and Artistic Ditrector of the ‘Centro Gaúcho de Audiovisuais’ (Salesian), in Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, working on more than 100 aufiovisuals. Nine, while working on the audiovisuals, I completed the complex and demanding course in theoretical and practical journalims (4 kinds): print, radio, film, television at the‘Facoltà dei Mezzi di Comunicazione Sociale’ (FAMECOS), at the Pontifical Catholic University do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS), at Porto Alegre (run by the Marist Brothers). Finallly, while looking after the Salesian Bulletin (see above, 7) I attended 3 ‘stages’ in Photography: theoretical, practical, artistic – courses completed later because they were needed for Audiovisual production, and because required for the Journalism course (see above, 9). We could say that everything that was part of my formation – normal and ongoing – has also been part of communication, since it must be clear: ‘knowingly or otherwise we all communicate’. Even without saying a word. All the cultural and linguistic infrastructure ends up as … what someone does. In the translator’s case, his or her translations. Just the same, the language or languages we know well are the key. So, this was my general and remote preparation – in content and language – for the ministry of translation. In my case – as for any Salesian – life, preparation and action all come together as ‘crescit eundo’, that is: we grow as we go!

2. How did you begin or learn to translate Salesian texts? a) During my ‘curriculum vitae et… laboris’ (see above) I have done very many translations: as an assistant I translated a lot of drama from the ‘Teatro dei Giovani’ published by ElleDiCi, various operettas (prose and verse for music) and some hymns; At the Audiovisual Centre for ten years many audiovisuals(fifty or more); At the Publishers: lbooks(‘DON BOSCO / Una Biografia Nuova’, by Teresio Bosco; other books and articles…); at the Salesian Bulletin, the same! b) Repeating (and extending my comments), there were many translations throughout the normal seminary curriculum; many during the Romance languages course; But the course in journalism opened me up to many other types of communication: it is one thing to translate a news item and yet another to translate a videocommunication; another again to translate for radio … a publishing house… and even harder, poetry where there is rhythm., metrics, types of rhyme etc.. (I had to do this and teach it as well). c) As for translating ‘Salesian things’, this began in the aspirantate; all went to the novitiate knowing how to perfectly read and understand the Congregation’s formation literature (all in Italian). Before going to the novitiate I had already read the life of Don Bosco that the Rector gave me… There was also a Mission Magazine in Spanish (‘Juventud Missionera’)! Later – as the School Councillor for the Prenovitiate – I personally prepared the prenovices for studying, understanding and reading Italian, in just two months. They were interesting times! During my lifetime the need for translation has been varied and intricate…

It is worth repeating: general and remote preparation – in content and language – prepares one for, and doing the ministry of translation: ‘life, all come together as ‘crescit eundo’, that is: we grow as we go!! c) At the Pisana, then at the request of the Superiors on my arrival (2000 and from 2000 until today, 2014 – 14 years), it has all been focused on ANS and, around it (Agency), many other translations either asked for by the Rector Major or other Council members – Formation (‘Ratio’), Missions (Cagliero11, etc.), YM, SC, Economer, my Regional (I am his secretary), other Regionals, various homilies, messagges etc. etc., ‘sine fine dicentes’ –. 3. What / how/ who/has helped ypou in your ministry as translator? Risposta – What has helped me? a) My ‘curriculum vitae’! b) Especially the study of Latin: this is a formidable school for exercising the mind! c) In terms of tools which help, replacing the old typewriter came the marvellous machine we call a Computer, or PC, with its many programs (including spoken ones) which are an aid to translation. - How have I been helped? Translating so many things throughout my life. - Who has helped me? a) All my teachers (from my mother to the last university professor! We are in debt to the Greeks and the Trojans! b) For translation at the moment, however, I need to thank Fr Julian in a special way. About 10 years ago more or less, he showed me a program that has helped me so much: I refer to ‘WordFast’, that is easy, ‘visible’, has a learning algorithm, is demanding (but becomes ‘personal’’) and safe. But it does cost money… I thank Fr Filiberto González, Councillor for Communications, fr his kindness in helping me to get it through the Economer’s Department! 4. My working method is very simple. a) The computer via ‘WorFast’ presents me with what I have to translate in accordance with the request I make of it: a paragraph, a sentence, or a word (depending on how punctuated: . ! ; etc.) When the translation is finished (news, page, letter…), it all ends up in the program’s memory: one can go back over it to check the content. Then comes the time for resolving doubts, looking at dictionaries (I use four of them – both online and print – for Portuguese; and others – WordReference – for other languages…). Then I remove the original, leaving just the translation, which is read once more: and then finally, the usual things; very important things – reading over and over again. As for a ‘database Salesian terms, memory, terminology’, etc., all this enters the computer through this same program, and grows and can be viewed as needed: this ‘guarantees consistency’ and even more the uniformity of terminology, whatever topic is being translated. 5. - Any suggestions for those starting out in the ministry of translation. Very quickly, ministry of translator (Salesian) requires a very solid and broad intellectual formation di in philosophy, theology, pedagogy and things Salesian;

It likewise requires control at least of the language one is translating from and translating into; this control implies complete knowledge: grammar, literature (prose and… poetry, especially sense of rhythm which is how poetry expresses itself). Machines can help, but nothing replaces the individual’s head. To be recommended, almost demanded: a course in journalism or its equivalent at some good Faculty of Social Communication. In the workplace, MUCH patience, concentration, spirit of sacrifice. Because the Salesian translator is working for the confreres and the Kingdom of God. This is why he or she is carrying out a… special Ministry. For the consolation of translators in general, csomeone has already said something along these lines: ‘to translate a book well is the same as writing it’ (even though most human beings misunderstand the magnificent work the translator gives them as his gift. Them and the world.) 'Laus Deo Virginique Matri! Rome 9 July 2014, 84th year of my Baptism. Fr Hilário Passero Salesian and Journalist

Here is another from the Province level, but responding to a more extensive set of questions in order to garner as much as possible from this man of great experience The Challenging Mission of the Translator of Salesian Sources. A Sharing by Veteran Salesian Translator Fr. Lawrence Yao Wei Ming SDB 13 September, 2014-09-13 Salesian Missionary House, Shau Kei Wan, Hong Kong Question 1: Who introduced you to the work of translation? It was the Master of Novices Fr. Mario Rosso, still living and working in St. Peter and Paul’s Church, San Francisco. After I was struck by polio, my room in Salesian Missionary House was located in the villa of the Novitiate. Fr. Rosso, the Master of Novices, told me: “I find it very difficult to prepare the conferences for the novices. There is so little printed material in Chinese about Don Bosco and Salesian things”. That is how I was encouraged to translate Zolin, A Manual of Religious Life; Bertetto, Meditazioni su San Giovanni Bosco; Don Pietro Ricaldone, Fedeltà a Don Bosco Santo etc. These are the first Salesian works I translated into Chinese. My translations were not printed, but beautifully copied by hand and multiplied with wax sheets smeared with ink. In the history of the China Province, Fr. Mario Rosso was the first Novice Master to use Chinese in his conferences to the novices. Before him, the Master of Novices made the conferences in Italian. After I had the above texts translated, Fr. Rosso would use them in his conferences. I was not the only one encouraged by Fr. Mario Rosso to translate. He also engaged his Socius, Fr. Francis Tsang Tsong Lai, in this work. If I remember well, Fr. Francis Tsang translated the Vademecum of Fr. Giulio Barberis in Chinese. In later years, our Chinese translations were no longer copied by hand. They were given to the dedicated Provincial Office secretary Mr. Chan who typed them with the huge first Chinese typing machines, producing very beautiful printed texts. Question 2: Which is your main work of translation?

My main work of translation took me 22 years to complete (1984-2006). It was the initiative of revered and beloved Fr. Luigi Massimino, a man of big ideas, my Novice Master and later last missionary Provincial of the China Province. At first, he wanted me to translate the whole of the Memorie Biografiche in Chinese, an impossible task. Then, he accepted to pull back on the Chinese translation of Memorie Biografiche reduced to five volumes. To make this reduction, we would go through the volumes of the Memorie Biografiche together and mark the passages to be translated into Chinese. Dear Fr. Massimino did not live to see the completion of this work, since he died 15 years before the fifth and last volume appeared in print. Question 3: Did you receive any help in your work of translation? Of course, many people were of great help. People like Fr. Mario Rosso who encouraged me to translate, his novices who copied in beautiful calligraphy my Chinese translations, Mr. Chan of the Provincial Office who later typed all my translations preparing them for printing. The first two volumes of the Memorie Biografiche in Chinese were typed word by word by Mr. Chan. Later, digital technology allowed me to do all the work of editing by myself. Question 4: Which instruments proved particularly helpful in your work of translation? Close-to-hand instruments were the Italian-Chinese Dictionary published by the Franciscans, the best Chinese Dictionaries available, the specialized Lexicons of Chinese proverbs and sayings etc. Very useful for a long-term improvement of my translations was my constant reading of books written by good contemporary Chinese authors. This reading improved my grasp of the Chinese language, allowing me to produce translations that were not only readable, but also attractive. I believe that this is true of the 5-volume Chinese translation of the Memorie Biografiche. Question 5: Did you meet any obstacles in your work of translation? The greatest obstacle was the difficulty presented by many contemporary Italian texts. They are written in an abstruse language, objectively difficult to understand. Even very good Dictionaries could not remove this difficulty. The only way out was to ask native Italian speakers to explain to me the exact meaning of the text. Sometimes even they could not make out what the text was saying! Question 6: Has the digital revolution offered new useful tools to your work of translation? Of course, Google translation is a great help. At first, I had to have the Italian text translated into English, and then the English text translated into Chinese. At first there was no Google translation for Italian texts. Now such a round-about way is no longer necessary. Google translation is especially useful for us Chinese translators. It automatically prints out the Chinese characters which, otherwise, should be written one by one by the translator, taking a lot of time and energy. Naturally, the Google translation is not a real translation. It is only for reference. The Google translation must be worked over very carefully if you want to obtain a good translation. Still, using Google translation makes you translate more quickly and more satisfactorily than if you did not use it. Question 7: In your translation work, are you consistent in the terminology you use? If there is already a Glossary of Salesian Terms, this is certainly a great help. If there is not such an aid, then you must create it yourself, keeping track of the way you translate names and terms. The computer revolution has made this creation of a self-made Glossary an easy task. With the computer you can easily draw up a database of standard names of persons and places. Something to keep in mind is this: if a place name or person name has already been translated by others

42 before you, it is good to follow the translation made by others. To act differently would cause a Babel of confusion in the mind of the reader who finds the same Italian name translated into two, three, or four different ways, producing two, three, four different names! If a name or term has never been translated before, then you are free to give way to your creative instinct. Question 8: What suggestions do you have for new translators? Have a good grasp of your own native language. A good grasp is an as complete a grasp as possible. You will have a complete grasp of the language only if you are well acquainted also with the history, the geography, the culture of your native country. 2. Have a good grasp of the language that you have to translate. Again, a good grasp is an as complete a grasp as possible. Again, this complete grasp is made possible only by a good acquaintance with the history, geography, and culture of the people that speak that language. 3. There are good Correspondence Courses in Translation. I took one and it served me well. Take one and you will not regret it. 4. In China we say that a good translation must be a) faithful, b) elegant, and c) clear. Question 9: Is it possible to work in team as translators? It is not easy. And then work done by a team demands a very rigorous and time consuming final editing to ensure consistency of translation. In our Province we had this experience. For the translation of the Acts of the Special General Chapter (GC20), we formed a team, distributing the various documents of the Chapter among the various members of the team. Little by little, one after the other, the members of the team gave up translating their document. In the end I had to translate all the documents of GC20 by myself. Question 10: You have been for 60 years (1954-2014) a translator of Salesian texts in the China Province. Did you have any predecessors? All the first Chinese Salesian confreres preceded me in the work of translation of Salesian texts. Among them let me mention Fr. Francis Wang Yung, Fr. Joseph Fu Yuk Tong, Fr. Andrea Wu, Fr. John Tang, Fr. Louis Mak et alii. Once I heard Fr. Andrea Wu say: “Sometimes I reflect for days on end on the best way to translate one single sentence.” Question 11: A last word to all involved in the mission of translating Salesian sources? Prepare a great spirit of sacrifice. Translation work demands a lot of patience. It is hard work, monotonous work, dry work, done in the end, of course, only for the glory of God and the salvation of souls.

Part 3

BEFORE – Reflection on translation ministry before the Workshop

Translation as a topic at GC27 Councillor for the Missions Core topic 1 - Mystics: THE WAY AHEAD March 20, 2014 Suggestion for the Rector Major and General Council Ad (42) 'See to the translation of the Fonti salesiani (Salesian Sources) in the different languages of the Congregation' Foreword Translation of official Salesian documents is amongst the greatest challenges of our current time. Cf. Rector Major's report to GC 27: p. 24 (Vicar of the RM) which notes the huge challenge in finding translators for the General Administration; p. 76, 88, 93, 97 (Councillor for Social Communications) notes: 'the huge and ongoing challenge’ concerning the whole Congregation and not just the General Administration, is especially tht of finding quality translators and timely translations. If translators cannot be found – the charism, government, animation of confreres will suffer... One hopes that the qualified service of translation can be seen as a ministry: that it may be done as work that is worthy, very important and with implications for the life of the Congregation.' Official translations of Salesian texts: a worrying situation (a List of problems) 1. Salesian Constitutions: In the ENGLISH edition (ed.SDB, 2003, Rome) we can note 20+ minor or major errors in the constitutional text (cf. attachment in folder – Salesian translations). By way of example here are 3 important articles C. 2: ... essere nella Chiesa segni e portatori dell'amore di Dio ai giovani, specialmente i piú poveri – English translates this as: '… for young people, especially those who are poor' C. 33: Li (=giovani) educhiamo alle responsabilita'.... = we collaborate with them... C. 187: E' da escludere l'acquisto e la conservazione di beni immobili a solo scopo di reddito e ogni altra forma permanente di capitalizzazione = Acquiring and holding real estate with the sole object of producing income and every other kind of interest-bearing investment is forbidden (=the English translation is much more restrictive than the original) 2.Videos from Missioni di Don Bosco:... we find Don Bosco called a Protestant pastor in one example ... (often the translations demonstrate little Church or Salesian sensitivity). 3.The 'Fonti salesiane', vol I (2014): in the ongoing work of Spanish translation Fr Prellezzo has noted that entire paragraphs in the original have been omitted (= Ricordi confidenziali ai Direttori..) or 'studia di fare xx....' translated as 'if you study, you will have xx....'(ENGLISH: make effort to.... vs. a literal translation)

4.Different important studies on Don Bosco (Arthur Lenti, Fernando Peraza) still not translated into Italian and will also require a guarantee of quality. 5.ANS in French (during the period when there was an external lay employed translator.) - Salesian terminology. Practical considerations for guaranteeing quality translation of Salesian texts: 1. Developing the tools at least at a semi-official level which can help translators make consistent use of correct terminology. Cf. an online tool which has been available since 2004: Salesian Termbase now well consolidated for use by translators from/to English, with some 1000 very useful entries (Salesian, spiritual, ecclesial terminology) 2. Need for policy in forming and finding translators (especially for the 5 main languages of the Congregation and also in Provinces which need translations in local or national languages) 3. A reference team which is known to the whole Congregation (e.g: for the Constitutions: Secretary General; for the Fonti salesiane: `Frs Giraudo, Motto, Prelezzo ...) to be able to respond to any doubts translators may have in individual languages and for reviewing the text (often translated in a hurry involving many omissions and errors).

Salesian Glossary (Italian-English) Note: this is just a basic glossary example offered for the meeting. A more extensive glossary exists.

A abbandonato abandoned Could also be ‘neglected’, but often ‘abandoned’ in combination with ‘poor and.’ accademia academy Entertainment with a religious twist accolitato ministry of acolyte accompagnamento vocation accompaniment Avoid ‘vocational’ unless clear in context, since this is more likely to mean guidance for employment vocazionale

ACG AGC affidamento entrustment As distinct from ‘consecration’

Africa Centrale Central Africa Juridical entity - Vice-province

Africa Est East Africa Juridical entity - Vice-province

Africa Etiopia-Eritrea Africa Ethiopia-Eritrea Juridical entity - Vice-province

Africa Occidentale English-speaking West Juridical entity - Vice-province

Anglofona Africa

Africa Occidentale French-speaking West Juridical entity - Vice-province Francofona Africa

Africa Tropicale Tropical Equatorial Africa Juridical entity - Vice-province Equatoriale

ANS Agenzia Info Salesian Information Agency Salesiana agiatezza comfort, ease In English often translated in the plural as ‘comforts’ allegria cheerfulness allegria, studio, pietà cheerfulness, study, piety One of several triplets employed by Don Bosco ambiente educativo educational environment, setting ambienti popolari (the) ordinary folk, people Cf. Also ‘ceti popolari’ ambienti salesiani Salesian settings

America Latina Cono Sud Latin America South Cone Salesian Region. Not ‘southern cone’

Amici di Don Bosco Friends of Don Bosco Unofficial grouping to cover those who sympathise with and act closely according to Salesian principles

46 amorevolezza loving kindness Could possibly also be written as ‘lovingkindness’ anagrafe family register Often, in a Salesian context, a reference to a document listing residents at the Oratory in Valdocco 1847-69 animatore animator, leader ‘Leader’ preferred to ‘animator’ outside of a Salesian context animazione Animation , leadership More often than not ‘leadership’ is the better choice annuario yearbook

Antille The Antilles apostolato apostolate Not to be used, however, in translating ‘pastoral giovanile’ as ‘youth apostolate’

ASC Archivio Salesiano Salesian Central Archives Note that English pluralises ‘Archives’ Centrale artigiani working lads Could be ‘artisans’ but this is not readily understood today. ascritti novices ‘enrolled members’, a term used by Don Bosco at a time he was attempting to avoid more traditional clerical/religious terminology

Asia East-Oceania East Asia-Oceania Salesian Region

Asia Sud South Asia Salesian Region aspirantato aspirantate assemblea assembly

Assemblea comunitaria community assembly As an official term, probably deprecated. pastorale assistente assistant A style of presence to young people which meets all their real needs; a form of total human development. Total charitable activity on behalf of young people assistenza assistance See above

Associazione Cooperatori Association of Salesian Could also be Salesian Cooperators Association, DB Salesiani Cooperators added ‘Pia’ or ‘Pious’.

Associazione degli Association of Past Pupils Often just ‘Past Pupils’ (and sometimes, in US Exallievi di Don Bosco of Don Bosco English context, Alumni) but the reference to ‘of Don Bosco’ is important.

ADMA Associazione Mary Help of Christians Earlier references now deprecated, such as Devotees Devoti Maria Ausiliatrice Association of … Clients of … associazionismo group-mindedness Or some similar phrase, but certainly not ‘associationism’!

Atti del Consiglio Generale Acts of the General (ACG) Council (AGC) attualità current events

B beato/i Blessed/s Note that Italian most often lower-cases this term as a noun whereas English uses the upper-case ‘B’

Belgio Nord North Belgium Salesian Province bilancio consuntivo final balance bilancio preventivo budget

Bollettino Salesiano Salesian Bulletin bontà goodness, kindness

Borga Dora The Borga District Turin suburb next to Valdocco borgata hamlet breviario breviary Divine Office, Prayer of the Church buon cristiano e onesto Good Christian and upright Also in the plural. Often translated as ‘… and honest cittadino citizen citizen’, but the Italian term ‘onesto’ has a broader semantic range than the English ‘honest’ and is more likely to refer to uprightness in general buona notte or buonanotte Good night or goodnight A few words said towards evening, arising from a (n) tradition begun by DB's mother at the Oratory and continued by Don Bosco.

Camerette Don Bosco’s rooms Not only at Valdocco, but also in Rome at Sacro Cuore canonizzazione canonisation capitolo Chapter Hence, capitolo generale, speciale, ispettoriale, as General, Special, Provincial Chapter respectively. Note that they usually begin with a capital letter in English

Capitolo Generale XXVII 27th General Chapter English normally uses Arabic numerals car ij mè fieuj my beloved sons Piedmontese. DB’s way of referring to either his boys or his Salesians carisma charism carisma del fondatore founding charism or

charism of the Founder carità educativa educative charity carità pastorale pastoral charity

Carta di comunione nella Common Identity Card (of Inspirational document produced in late 20th Century. Famiglia Salesiana the Salesian Family) A contribution of reflection on the Salesian spirit, presenting "the fundamental elements which build up unity in Don Bosco's spirit"

Carta della missione della (Common) Salesian Orientation and sensitivity of the Groups of the Famiglia Salesiana Mission Statement Salesian Family in terms of apostolic mission. We can describe it as an inspirational text

Carta di identità Charter of Charismatic Note that this is the only one of the three ‘Carta’ carismatica della Famiglia Identity of the Salesian references translated directly, and care must be taken Salesiana di Don Bosco Family of Don Bosco not to refer to this one as the ‘Common Identity Card’. casa house casa annessa ‘the house attached’ The home or hostel or shelter and boarding house (established in 1847 and attached to the Oratory)

Casa generalizia General House Also ‘Generalate’

Casetta Don Bosco’s house (cottage) catechesi catechesis catechismo catechism, catechism Note that context will decided which of the two. By lesson ‘catechism’ Don Bosco sometimes meant an entire program, sometimes even the Oratory. catechista catechist Now a largely obsolete role in a Salesian house causa di canonizzazione cause of/for canonisation

cenciosi wretches, destitute boys A term occasionally used by DB instead of ‘poveri e abbandonati’

Cenni storici Historical Outlines Title of preamble that DB wrote for official documents when he was looking for money (most often). However there were several of them.

Cenno storico Historical Outline 1854. Full title: Cenno Storico dell'Oratorio di S. Francesco di Sales centro vocazionale vocation centre If the reference is vocations to religious life, priesthood. Otherwise ‘vocational centre’ centro catechistico catechetical centre There have been many types of centres throughout Salesian history: catechetics, youth ministry and so on. centro giovanile youth centre 49

Centro Nazionale Opere National Centres for Italy Salesiane CNOS Salesian Works

CEP Comunità educativa- EPC Educative and pastorale Pastoral Community ceti popolari working classes chiesa pubblica public church cholera asiaticus Cholera (Asian strain) Latin title of disease which struck Turin in 1854 circoscrizione circumscription Generic term for province, vice-province, delegation coadiutore Coadjutor, Brother Some regions say Coadjutor Brother. Most avoid the term Lay Brother

Codex Iuris Canonici Code of Canon Law collaboratore Collaborator, co-worker, Note that in English, ‘collaborator’ is often avoided (for colleague older political reasons) and replaced by co-worker or, more recently, lay mission partner. collegio boarding school The sense in which this term was used by DB (as an extension of the Oratory and its ‘casa annessa’) always implied boarding school, not just a day school. colloquio friendly talk What was once referred to as the ‘rendiconto’

Commissione Provincial …. Commission Could be Formation or other sector. Ispettoriale ...

Comune (n) town or city council, Depending on context compagnia Sodality Various kinds of: St Aloysius, Blessed Sacrament, St Joseph, Immaculate Concpetion. In the case of ‘compagnia del piccolo clero’ use Altar Boys Society. compagno companion, friend Context may suggest that friend or classmate are better translations.

Comunicazione sociale Social Communication(s) May be singular or plural.

Comunità educativa- Educative and pastoral pastorale community

Conferenza ispettoriale Provincial conference confessore confessor Priest who hears confessions

Confronto (n) Gathering (n) Usually refers to a gathering of young people. Indian English often uses ‘Meet’ (n). congregazione congregation Historically, for DB it first meant coming together for Mass, prayer. He would later apply it in the more traditional religious sense of a religious congregation,

but at times it was not clear which! consecrazione consecration consigliere councillor Hence, Consigliere per la Pastorale Giovanile Councillor for Youth Ministry, or Youth Ministry Councillor, (Regional… etc.)

Consiglio Council consiglio della comunità Community Council Despite the official term, people still often refer to the ‘house council’. consistenza qualitativa e consistency in number and quantitativa quality consulta mondiale World advisory council One occasionally finds ‘consulta’ transferred into English, but anyone outside the Salesian ambit would not understand this term, consultazione consultation convitto Boarding (school, In fact, any institute where people live together under establishment) the guidance of superiors.

Convitto Ecclesiastico Pastoral Institute The place Don Bosco attended for several years after ordination, to be prepared for the pastoral side of his ministry. cooperatore (m), cooperator With capital ‘C’ if reference to the Salesian cooperatrice (f) Cooperator. correzione fraterna fraternal correction

Costituzioni Constitutions cristologia salesiana Salesian christology A term coined by Fr Chávez

Criteri e norme di Criteria and Norms for Avoid ‘vocational’ which tends to refer to work and discernimento vocazionale Salesian Vocation employment opportunity in English. salesiano Discernment criterio oratoriano Oratory criterion cronica della casa House chronicle

CS SC Social Communications (sector, department) cuore oratoriano oratorian heart

D da mihi animas caetera Give me souls, take away Could also be ‘cetera tolle’ tolle the rest delegato delegate As in Cooperators, Past Pupils delegate or the leader of a Delegation.

Delegato Centrale Central Delegate e.g. Cooperators Central Delegate destinatari charges, beneficiaries Could also be translated with a phrase, such as ‘those for whom we work’. devozione devotion dicastero department An organisational unity under a sector. dimensione sociale della social dimension of charity carità dinamismo energy direttore director, rector Director in US English, Rector in British English direttorio directory direzione administration When reference is to ‘la direzione’ e.g. of a community.

Direzione Generale Opere Salesian General Fundamentally the community surrounding the Rector Don Bosco Administration Major in Rome. direzione spirituale spiritual direction diritto proprio Proper Law E.g. of the Salesian Society. discernimento discernment disciplina religiosar religious discipline discoli, dissipate e buoni the unruly, the frivolous Brief set of character descriptions used by DB in the and the good ‘Cenni Storici’. dispensari medici (medical) clinics docile well-behaved, obedient … A false friend to be aware of: rarely does it mean ‘docile’.

Don Bosco International Don Bosco International A platform created to facilitate a meaningful dialogue (DBI) (DBI) between the Salesians of Don Bosco and the European institutions and NGOs

Don Bosco Network (DBN)Don Bosco Network (DBN) A worldwide federation of Salesian development NGOs founded in 2010 whose vision, mission and actions are based on the values and principles expressed by the Salesian tradition of solidarity with the poor

E economo economer, administrator, Note that ‘economer’ is not a word found in English bursar dictionaries, though understood by Salesians. Not necessarily, though, outside the Salesian context. We cannot probably change reference to the Economer General and Provincial Economer.

52 ecosistema ecosystem editrice publishing house educativo educational Rather than ‘educative’ in many contexts. educativo-pastorale educative and pastoral educazione education educomunicazione educommunication But often referred to as media education in English. emarginati marginalised

Epistolario Collected Correspondence

équipe team esercizi spirituali retreat Unless the reference is specifically to the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatian background.

Esercizio della buona Exercise for a happy death morte estasi dell’azione ecstasy of action Originally a term coined by St Francis de Sales evangelizzazione evangelisation Or evangelization (US English) exallievo past pupil, alumnus

Famiglia salesiana Salesian Family famigliarità familiarity B’s spelling. Today, familiarità. fanciullo youngster fedeltà dinamica dynamic fidelity

Figlie di Maria Ausiliatrice Daughters of Mary Help of The reference in English may also be, more simply, Christians Salesian Sisters. figliuoli beloved children

Filippine Nord Philippines North Salesian Province

Filippine Sud Philippines South Salesian Province fioretti good actions, small act of The term has a range of meanings in Salesian use - sacrifice, little stories probably today, the last of the three meanings, 'little stories', is the most common. Fioretti salesiani are the kinds of little examples, brief personal edifying stories, mostly, that visiting Superiors like to tell the community. fisionomia special character Avoid ‘physiognomy’!

Fondazione Don Bosco Don Bosco in the World nel Mondo Foundation fondo Don Bosco fondo Don Bosco Section of Salesian Central Library and Archives dealing with Don Bosco.

Fondo Missioni Missions Fund Note that there are others too: e.g. the Fondo di solidarietà del Rettor Maggiore, or the Rector Major’s Solidarity Fund. formatore formator formazione formation But note that in some contexts, ‘formazione’ refers more to upbringing, education.

Formazione dei Salesiani Formation of the Salesians Salesian title of the ‘Ratio Fundamentalis’ di Don Bosco of Don Bosco formazione permanente ongoing formation An alternative is ‘continuing formation’. formazione professionale technical or vocational The real point is that it is education for work. In education English, ‘professional’ has a more limited semantic range. fragilità vocazionale vocational frailty Rather than ‘fragility’. frazione hamlet

Garelli, Bartolomeo Bartholomew Garelli Name associated in Salesian lore with December 8th 1841 and the beginning of

DB’s Oratory.

Generala The Generala Correctional institute for juveniles in DB’s day, outside Turin. geniale Clever, brilliant … False friend. Avoid ‘genial’.

GEX Young Past Pupils ginnasio secondary schooling High school also.

Giona Jonah Don Bosco’s Jewish friend who converted to Catholicism under his influence. giorno della comunità community day

Giovane Provveduto (Il) The Companion of Youth giovanetto (giovanotto) youth (individual) Seems interchangeable with ‘fanciullo’, ‘giovane’… giovani young people But note the wider semantic range of the Italian term (maybe up to 25 or beyond). giovani di strada street kids

gioventù youth (collectively) giuntà Executive group Avoid ‘junta’. globale global, overall The Italian term has a wider semantic range.

Harambée Harambee Harambee is a Kenyan tradition of community self- help events, eg. fundraising or development activities. Harambee literally means "all pull together" in Swahili, and is also the official motto of Kenya and appears on its coat of arms. Used by Salesians since 1993 to refer to a missionary gathering, usually of young people, for mission animation.

Hong Kong Don Bosco DBF Also known simply as Don Bosco Foundation, Foundation operating in Mainland China to promote Don Bosco and works inspired by his educational system.

I Becchi The Becchi DB’s birthplace.

Il Direttore Salesiano. Un The Salesian Rector: a Rectors Manual is another term for it. ministero per l'animazione ministry for the animation e il governo della comunitàand government of the locale local community imborghesimento middle-class thinking in definitiva after all, all in all, ultimately in linea di massima as a general rule

Incaricato (n) Person (priest) in charge Avoid ‘in-charge’ as a noun, which is simply a calcque (literal translation of the Italian not found in any dictionary). inculturazione inculturation Italian does not have an ‘en-‘ version, nor does Latin. ‘inculturation’ in English has the more specific sense of faith/religion and culture. In Italian the term could also apply to ‘enculturation’, ‘socialisation’ generally. inserimento sociale slotting into society internato boarding place ispettore provincial

Istituto di Diritto Pontificio Institute of Pontifical Right e.g. the Salesian Society

Istituto di Scienze della Institute of Sciences of Comunicazione Sociale Social Communication

IUS IUS Salesian Institutes for Higher Education itinerario itinerary, curriculum, Need to note context, as the Italian term has a wider journey semantic range than English does.

JYM Jóvenes del Tercer Mundo JYM Jóvenes del Tercer Mundo Remains untranslated. Salesian NGO in Spain

L’Ausiliatrice The Help of Christians, Mary Help of Christians la grazia di unità the grace of unity

La Storia d’Italia The History of Italy Title by DB. Full title was La storia d'Italia raccontata alla gioventù dai suoi primi abitanti sino ai nostri giorni corredata di una Carta Geografica d'Italia. (History of Italy as told to the young, from its first inhabitants to our own times, with Geographical Map of Italy), 1855. laicità laicity English may prefer 'lay state' but this would not capture the sense of the word as used by Fr Viganò, for example. Hence we have to stay with 'laicity'. Fr Viganò offers three levels of meaning to the term - the most general being that of the universal condition of creation, a second level being that of the Church's mission, and the third as a lay form of religious life, the Salesian Brother. laico lay person lavoro e temperanza work and temperance

56 lettorato Ministry of Reader

Letture cattoliche The Catholic Readings

L'Ispettore Salesiano, un ministero The Salesian Provincial: a ministry Provincials Manual is another term per l'animazione e il governo della for the animation and government offor it. comunità ispettoriale the provincial community lotteria lottery Could also be raffle. DB began his first in 1851. There were many more to follow. luoghi salesiani Salesian holy places Valdocco, Chieri, Castelnuovo (I Becchi) and Rome (Sacro Cuore.

Maestro dei novizi Director of novices Even though the most common form is still novice master. manuale handbook, manual marginalizzazione Exclusion from society, marginalisation

Memorie Biografiche Biographical Memoirs

Memorie dell’Oratorio Memoirs of the Oratory

MGS Movimento Giovanile SYM Salesian Youth Movement Salesiano mixité coeducation mondializzazione globalisation Italian and French make a distinction between ‘mondialisation’ and ‘globalisation’ in technical sense but often mean the same thing in general use.

N necrologia necrology List of Salesian departed nozione concept nucleo animatore Animating nucleus, core group

O operativo working

57 oratoriano oratorian oratorio festivo festive oratory I.e. at weekends and on Holy Days organismi ispettoriali provincial bodies orientamenti operative working guidelines orientamento vocazionale vocational guidance As in preparation for work, a job. orientamento vocazionale vocation guidance As in guidance in a vocation (religious?) in life ospizio hostel, hospice

P pacificatori peacemakers A role devised by DB at the Oratory.

PAL Progetto di Vita Apostlica PAL Project of Apostolic Life Key document for the Salesian Cooperators parolina all'orecchio word in the ear Or word-in-the-ear pastorale giovanile Youth Ministry pastorale vocazaionale pastoral work for vocations Or, vocation ministry paternità fatherliness False friend – not ‘paternity’ pedagogia pedagogy But in some contexts could simply be ‘education’ pensionato hostel pericolanti e pericolosi at risk and of risk

Piano di Regolamento Draft Regulations DB drew up several e.g. one for The house attached to the Oratory.

Piano Organico Ispettoriale POI OPP Overall Provincial Plan Avoid ‘organic’

PICS Provincial Social Communication Plan

Postulatore Generale Postulator General Salesian appointed to look after causes (for canonisation). preghiera salesiana Salesian prayer prenoviziato prenovitiate presbiterio sanctuary (in church) False friend: avoid ‘presbytery’ which would be ‘canonica’ in Italian. presenza presence But translate with ‘house’ or ‘community’ where that seems more obvious. 58 presidenza Executive council e.g. for Past Pupils Confederation preventività preventiveness primato di Dio primacy of God procura Mission office False friend: avoid ‘procure’

Procuratore Generale Procurator General Represents the Rector Major at the Holy See or in dealings with. progettazione planning progetto plan, project Depending on context, very often ‘plan’ will suffice rather than ‘project’.

Progetto di Animazione e Governo The Animation and Government del Rettor Maggiore e suo Consiglio Project of the Rector Major and his per il sessennio Council for the six year period

Progetto di vita dei Salesiani di Don The Project of Life of the Salesians Commentary on the Constitutions Bosco of Don Bosco

PEPS progetto educativo SEPP The Salesian Educational and Pastoral Project pastorale salesiano progetto personale di vita salesiana personal Salesian life project This could also be Salesian personal life plan promozione umana human advancement promozione vocazionale vocation promotion protagonismo initiative, involvement, leadership Rarely would this be translated directly as ‘protagonism’ protocollo correspondence register Not ‘protocol’ as in the correct way to handle a matter.

Q qualificare to prepare And also ‘qualifiacto’ = prepared. quinquennio quinquennium, five year period

R radiografia overview False friend! Avoid ‘radiography’ or ‘Xray’. realizzare to bring about

Regolamenti per le case salesiane Regulations for Salesian Houses regolatore moderator The person who moderates a Chapter. rendiconto financial account, friendly talk Two very different meanings. The ‘friendly talk’ sense is now replaced by ‘colloquio’ in Italian. repertorio domestico House list Document in DB’s own hand, listing residents at Valdocco responsabile the one in charge of Or, the one responsible for

Rete di corrispondenti Correspondents’ network rettorato period of leadership as Rector Major ridimensionamento redimensioning risignificazione giving new meaning to

S sala della comunità Parish hall salute, sapienza, santità health, wisdom, holiness Another of Don Bosco’s famous triples sciuscià shoeshine boys scrutinium paupertatis scrutiny on poverty There are other such ‘scrutinies’ as well. scuola di fede school of faith scuola professionale technical school, trade school segretario generale secretary general segretario ispettoriale provincial secretary

Servo di Dio Servant of God sessennio six year period settore sector Often referreed to as ‘dicastero’ or department, but the latter is merely an organisational unit. ‘Sector’, instead, is a charismatic unit. significatività meaningfulness In the sense of having an impact on something. sinergia teamwork

60 sintesi summary sistema preventivo Preventive System

SSCS sistema salesiano di SSCS Salesian Social comunicazione sociale Communication System

Società di Mutuo Soccorso Mutual Aid Society e.g. founded by DB as an offshoot of the St. Aloysius Sodality.

Società Salesiana di San Giovanni Salesian Society of Don Bosco Bosco

Societas Sancti Francisci Salesii The Society of St. Francis de Sales Formal Latin title socio member solidarietà solidarity spedizione missionaria missionary expedition spiritualità giovanile salesiana Salesian youth spirituality stemma salesiano Salesian coat of arms As distinct from the Logo of the General Administration. The Stemma was brought into being by DB, the Logo in very recent times.

Storia Ecclesiastica Church History Title by DB. Full title was Storia ecclesiastica ad uso delle scuole per ogni ceto di persone (Church History for use in Schools for all levels of Society), 1845. By the 4th edition he had changed the latter part of the title to 'ad uso della gioventù utile ad ogni grado di persone' (..for the use of the young and useful for anyone).

Storia Sacra Bible History Short title for DB’s Storia Sacra per uso delle scuole utile ad ogni stato di persone. (Sacred History for use in the School and useful for anyone). sussidio aid, training aid

T testimonianza witness, testimony tirocinio practical training

Trattatello sul Sistema preventive Little Treatise on the Preventive Written by DB System

U umanizzazione integral human development Avoid the awkward sounding ‘humanisation

UPS Università Pontificia Salesiana Pontifical Salesian University

V vademecum handbook

Venerabile Venerable verifica evaluation vicario del rettor maggiore Vicar of the Rector Major vicario general Vicar General visita d'insieme Team visit visita ispettoriale Provincial Visitation visitatoria Vice province Or Vice-province

Volontari Con Don Bosco Volunteers With Don Bosco volontariato volunteer organisation

Volontariato Internazionale per lo International Volunteer Organisation Sviluppo for Development

VDB Volontarie di Don Bosco Don Bosco Volunteers

Translation Memory (TM) and why every serious translator should try to use it

Translation memory is effectively a database which stores predetermined units of a source language together with its translated equivalent. A TM allows you to take advantage of repetitions within or between documents. In other words, the program that uses a TM will automatically translate repeated sentences by pulling the translation of a 100% matched and previously translated source sentence from the database. But software which uses TM also uses complex "fuzzy-logic" algorithms that allow the translator to take advantage of similar previously translated source sentences. In other words, the TM application will pull the translation of a previously translated source sentence, which "somewhat" matches a new sentence, and allows the translator to change it accordingly. The main purpose of working with a TM tool is to save time and assure consistency in the translation process. Some of the benefits of using TM's are: Ensures translators that the document is completely translated. Ensures consistency through all the file or files. Time saving while maintaining quality. Programs which use TM also segment a text into units – usually sentences. This segmentation means that the translator sees both the original and an area into which to translate that original sentence (one does not translate 'over' or 'on top of' the original, which is preserved). No formatting appears (this is managed by the program with tags – on conclusion of the translation, the text can be returned to its original formatting automatically, but now in translated form). All of these reasons above ensure that the translator can achieve consistency, quality, and speed, avoiding useless repetition and enabling the individual to find texts that may have been translated by him or her even years ago. The following possibilities exist for TM programs: Wordfast (a licence that costs around €300 for several years Works mainly with doc files). There is a free online version known as Wordfast Anywhere. http://www.wordfast.net/ OmegaT (no cost – free and open source: works with docx (not doc) and any open format like odt, odp …). http://www.omegat.org/ OmegaT makes the best sense for a Salesian translator. It is available with English, Italian, French, Spanish, Cezech, Bahasa Indonesia, Korean and Japanese GUI, and works with any language pair on earth.

Charism in Translation Translation, properly understood, is a special case of the arc of communication. … [and] inside or between languages, human communication equals translation George Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford University Press, 1975)

Three key realisations

Translation is a mission and a ministry

Translation is a professional activity

Translation is essential to the Congregation's current emphasis on incul-turation of the charism.

Translation is a mission and a ministry

Two prominent religious figures in today's world have promoted the idea that translation is a divine mission. The view taken by both Lammin Sanneh (Gambian born Muslim, now professor of Missions, World Christianity and history at Yale Divinity School, and a practising Catholic), and Andrew Walls OBE (Scotland) is that the Incarnation was an act of translation, Christianity is a translated religion and has been a force for translation throughout history - most languages have grammars and dictionaries because of the work of Christian missionaries.

Anybody who knows anything about Salesian missions and missionaries around the world over 135 years knows that despite being Johnny-come-latelies in the history of Christian missions, this contribution to languages and cultures has been notable. Think north-east Indian hill tribes, the Shuar of Ecuador, Achuar of Peru, the Xavantes in Brazil, just for starters. Thus translators be proud! Yours is a metaphor for mission, a ministry, and maybe the Congregation could tackle the issue from this perspective rather than from the day-to-day emergency one. Translation is a professional activity

Translation is a professional activity in terms of the degree of competence, knowledge, experience it requires, as well as its need to adhere to professional standards. Almost any text which translates the Salesian charism today is an `open' text and likely to appear in digital form. This simply reinforces the fact that our translations must adhere to standards. Every year translators of all faiths and none celebrate World Translators Day on 30 September. It happens to also be the Memorial of St Jerome, Patron Saint of translators. Translation is essential to the Congregation's current emphasis The Rector Major, in his recent letter on inculturation (AGC411) states, quoting JPII: there is no salvation without incarnation, nor is there incarnation without inculturation. Arming, therefore, `the natural missionary role of the Church means essentially bearing witness to the fact that the task of inculturation, as the total spreading of the Gospel and its subsequent translation in thought and life still continues today and constitutes the heart, the means and the scope of the new evangelisation'.

This, however, in the context of a letter on inculturation of the Salesian charism.

At a practical level there is simply no doubt: key texts of the Salesian charism, the Congregation's major websites, international meetings of the Salesian Family have all required translation and interpretation services, and the need is increasing. It also runs the risk of being haphazard, stressful, and based on emergency rather than good planning.

Translators around the Salesian world Because of the focus on missionary activity in the Congregation, there are certain regions (e.g. America South Cone, South Asia) where translation needs and responses have been prominent. There is a new awareness now in Africa-Madagascar - and in fact this latter Region is providing the bulk of French translation, in organised fashion, for the Congregation. But translation in every Region is significant and important for the inculturation of the charism. We only get one chance to do it right. Possible topics for translators to consider

These are not listed in particular order: Why the `Salesian' translator (who may be and in many cases is a lay person) is a key player in the Congregation today The translator as an inter-cultural mediator Establishing a database of what has been achieved (major texts, languages) in your Region Noting the (translation) needs of the Congregation as it prepares for the Bicentenary What role does the translator play in preparation and reception of new missionaries (language study, preparation, experience etc)? The difference between translation and interpretation and skills involved Available aids: term bases and the like Translation in a technological era: the usefulness or otherwise of Google, machine translation, translation memory Pooling our experience to help the Congregation and one another.

Simultaneous Translation Tips 2012 1. Salesian translation and interpretation It is good to be upfront about all this. There is quite a difference between `translation' and ìnterpretation'. In many cases, in a Salesian event (chapter, team visit, other international gathering) there is a combination of translation (dealing with a written text) and interpretation (where you have no written text or where the speaker has one but liberally departs from it – as is regularly the case if the Rector Major is speaking, since he likes to speak òff the cuff'). Let's assume people know how to handle `translation'. It is the pure ìnterpretation' or combined `translation-interpretation' that need to occupy us here. There are three settings, and the technique needs to adapt to each of them: a. you have a booth (soundproofed). This is the most helpful circumstance, since it keeps distraction to a minimum b. you are in the crowd, but the speaker pauses for you to interpret/translate (a rare circumstance, since most speakers are unaccustomed to keeping their material well-punctuated with pauses; they simply go on and on) c. whisper-interpretation. No booth but you are detached a little from the crowd and can interpret in a low voice. This might be the most common circumstance you encounter. In ALL cases, you should request the possibility to have visual contact with the speaker. It makes the world of difference to your task. 2. What do you physically need? The essentials are: headphones, microphone, (carafe of water). Avoid lightweight walkman type headphones like the plague, if that's possible (I always feel happier with the heavier, early `70s stereo equipment type): you want to concentrate on the speaker's voice, not yours. The phones should also have their own volume control for you to adjust: some people shout, others whisper. And I always insist on being able to see whoever is talking (through the booth window or on a monitor), so I can see whether his tongue's in his cheek before I put my foot in it, so to speak. 3. How a simultaneous interpreter works It is really quite a complex process to actually interpret (meaning not read from a text but interpret ideas orally), one that only very few interpreters can handle well. A speaker is speaking, and that speaker does not stop or pause. He keeps talking. Therefore the interpreter must do the following while the speaker is talking:  listen to what the speaker is saying  translate it in his mind  render the translation in his microphone, and  (and this is the most difficult part) at the same time listen to what is being said while he is speaking himself. This requires a kind of mental miracle, and that is why it is an unusually demanding and complex activity to carry out, one that requires an unusual level of concentration, which tires out the 66 interpreter rather soon - which affects his concentration which, in turn, affects his performance after a while, and . . . well, you get the picture. 4. Tips for those unaccustomed to this exercise It actually helps, if you are not practised at this, to try it out with someone beforehand, maybe a confrere who is happy to give you 15 minutes of practice in a not-so-embarassing tête-à-tête! Or failing that practice shadowing the news in, say, English, and then shadowing and/or interpreting the news from language X by listening to the X station. Try the following and see if they are helpful:  In advance familiarise yourself with the topic of the talk  Note down main points of the talk - it'll help you when interpreting  Translate and clarify the meaning of special terms and key words prior to interpreting  Establish friendly relations between you and the speaker; if you already know his speaking style it helps you  Remember to pronounce words distinctly and clearly  Produce a brief summary at the end of the talk - it helps to clarify conclusions, deal with questions in the audience  React quickly and be ready to work under pressure  Enjoy what you are doing ..:-) there won't be a second chance  Transmit a clear message to the target audience Worry about meaning, not words (forget literal translation when interpreting), and even let the speaker go on a bit before attempting your translation. You will miss words, but you will be better able to translate ideas. Inevitably there will be words, sometimes in sequence, you didn't hear or didn't understand. Talk around them quickly, and don't lose your thread. Blu. Repeat the last thing you understood in slightly different words. Catch up with the speaker when you can follow him again. Just keep talking and remain coherent. He who panics is lost. In general, look out for the points the guy wants to get across. Keep a steady ow of words, and don't waste time fumbling for the perfect one. Try to find a delay that is comfortable for you. 5. You also have an educational role towards the speaker! Don't hesitate to point out (and then remind) people responsible for the meeting how THEY have to act - it is not all up to you! You could consider giving everyone the following list - in writing, beforehand. Let them be aware that you are working your butt o to help them! 5.1 Speak slowly, and...... Pause between sentences, and/or after you've made a point. ==> Especially if you are reading your presentation. Interpreters cannot think up words and appropriate expressions in the target language as fast as you can pronounce them. They may need to use more words than you to express the same thing, especially if you've had time to review and polish your speech, and they are doing it in a split second. They will need time

67 to catch up with what you are saying, and can only do so when you pause. 5.2 Beware of your accent. Try to speak in as neutral an accent as possible, and/or slow down. ==> Whether you are a native speaker of English (or French, or Portuguese. . . ) or not, your interpreters might have difficulties if they can't understand your accent. They may be from a different area, or a different English (or other)-speaking country, or they may themselves be non- native speakers of English (or other). 5.3 Check with the interpreters all throughout during the presentation. ==> Make sure everything is fine (the speed of your delivery, the sound system, . . . ) You can a) look at them in the booth and/or b) ask them directly: they hear you! Remember to do so regularly during the whole presentation. 5.4 Speak loudly, clearly, and close to the microphone. ==> Make sure your interpreters can hear you well. If you don't have a lapel mike, and move away from the podium, chances are they will not be able to hear and understand what you are saying, and will not be able to translate anymore. Often happens at the Pisana, unfortunately! 5.5 Repeat questions from the audience. ==> Interpreters cannot hear the audience, and will not be able to translate the question to the rest of the non-English speaking audience, or simply might not be able to understand your answer. Even if there is a microphone in the audience, it might be difficult for the interpreters to hear it. 5.6 Remember these guidelines throughout the whole presentation. ==> Once you are caught in the delivery of your presentation, it is very natural to not remember these guidelines. Do consider adding flags at regular intervals in your notes to remind you of them. (INTERPRETERS?!, or SLOW DOWN! in red in the margin at the bottom of each note page, for example.)

Part 4

DURING – Reflection by EAO translators during the meeting

Motivation, spirituality of the translator

Why do we translate the Salesian texts and talks? Common reply to one ‘fundamental question’  How to reconcile two elements taking place: (1) ‘No English, no Salesian vocation’: need to learn one world language in the EAO region is enshrined in the Regional Vision-Mission and (2) Need for translations into local EAO languages? It’s not a contradiction to push for foreign language study and in the same time push for translations into local languages?  Emerging reply: Translations will be always necessary for the sake of ‘our own people’ (lay mission partners, youth and Salesian family). Yes, translation is a service to my confreres, to the morality in the society, contribution to evangelizing communication (cfr. Mongolia) and contribution to the missionary work of the Universal-Catholic Church.  We are encouraged by the first letter of the Rector Major (ACG 419; point 6.2) about open provinces ‘without frontiers’ – considering the whole Congregation as one family. Another question was raised: What will happen if we don’t pay attention to the Salesian translation? Answer – it will cause a huge impact on weak or slow inculturation growth of Salesian Charism in the specific country or culture: Youth Ministry (formation of youth animators, SYM, lay mission partners – teachers, catechists); Salesian Family (especially Lay members of the SF); Common need for translating Salesian texts and Salesian talks  From the arrival of the first missionaries in the EAO region (cfr. Fr. Versiglia in Macau and Shiu Chow Vicariate or Fr. Cimatti in Japan) there was a need of translations (Salesian Bulletins, Good morning talk, Conference to the local faithful or people)  Until now this effort is repeated in all of EAO new missionary frontiers (Cambodia, Mongolia, Laos, Pakistan) where our local lay mission partners are ‘speaking Don Bosco in the local languages for our youth, teachers, catechists or even during the liturgy), when trying to ‘convert Don Bosco into the Budhist or other cultural mental schemes…) Motivation of the provincials is very important  Recognize the translation work as a true ministry for the Church and for Don Bosco Salesian Family growth. Appreciate more the translators contribution to the Charism  Translator needs to know feedback of the provincial. Without feedback he feels at times lonely and discouraged. It’s like the work of the webmaster which is not visible behind the website.  Superior should encourage young confreres with some translations assignments during the initial formation period (push to think globally and act locally)

 How to get younger confreres into translation ministry? If not possible, we need to get help from our lay mission partners who are familiar with the Charism terminology.  Provincial should appoint a provincial coordinator for Salesian translations. The Spirituality of the translator Motivation for the Salesian translators  Translation is a work of incarnation, like Jesus becoming man, flesh (Thai flesh…)  Paschal mystery (Unless grain will not die, can’t bring any fruits), when the publication of the translation is a sign of resurrection.  Translators work as a specific vocation – mission, living with a sense of vocation to strengthen the ongoing formation of my confreres in a systematic way (community, journeying together with the growing Congregation)  If you love Don Bosco, love the Congregation and love the youth – be happy translator!  Motivation is a very important issue: true, right or wired motivation (at the beginning just a mixture of all possible – doing it by obedience, by own interest about language or about the Salesian Charism). It’s important to make grow the right motivation, towards the true motivation… with humility (when 100 pages of my translation are destroyed in a work for the Nuncio)  Humility to be corrected, to hand over own translation product. Humbly accept the corrections from any part of the public or readers.  Translator does nourish the spiritual life of the Salesians and of the Salesian Family  Translator helps to increase the sense of belonging to the Congregation as worldwide Salesian community (C59).  Translator becomes a witness of history of salvation through the Salesian Congregation. Like the Mongolian translators feeds the faith of the new Catholic (neophytes) with some spiritual reading in their own language, the Salesian translator are feeding the Salesian spirituality, pedagogy of new vocations in many EAO countries.  A true joy to share beautiful text, spiritual richness with others  Empty himself – it’s about the spirit of sacrifice and of ‘Cetera tolle’ for the sake of saving souls – ‘Da mihi animas’.  Translator as servant of communication, close to the source and closer to the readers – it’s his consolation.  Translation is like a ‘SALT of the CONGREGATION’ – keep us alert, awaken, alive! Could we compose a prayer of/ for the translator? “Dear Lord, thank you for entrusting me with a wonderful mission of a translator in the Salesian Family. Help me to understand what is telling this article, this book – show me the true meaning and how to express it in my own language that will help to build the Church and grow Salesian Charism.” For Salesian provincials it remains a question of mentality (ongoing formation)

 How to sensitize the confreres to translate, to read it, to live it?  To involve young Salesians into translation work (like VIE, with 12 volumes of the Biographical Memoirs of Don Bosco in Vietnamese) helps to find the ‘right’ confreres  Each Province needs a Plan for translation ministry  Each Province needs to translate for the following destinatary: civil and Church public, Salesian lay mission partners, youth and Salesian family – in order to boost and deepen Salesian Charism and spread it within the Church (Don Bosco and his Preventive System)  Each Province needs a Plan for translators formation (SDB and Lay mission partners): # period of immersion within English speaking environment (1-2 years during summer) # specific plan for formation of translators like the Jesuits, Dominicans and Franciscans # encourage the reading and absorb the Salesian teachings # encourage that each local community keeps in visible place the Salesian library # care for attractive, beautiful printing of the Salesian translation (professional way) Difficulty to find new or younger generation Salesian translator – the way forward is to encourage all young Salesians to try with translations (cfr. Vietnam SDB from their prenovitiate with small pieces: ANS news, AustraLasia link or few pages from the DB Biographical Memoirs. After discerning some possible professional translators some confreres are assigned with concrete task of translating at the provincial level – eg. ANS news for the provincial website, letters of the RM, Salesianity books or articles…). It’s about long term investment on the provincial level (www.fmavtn.net) Why do we need to translate from EAO languages to the’ world languages’?  Worldwide Salesian community (C 59) needs to foster growth of communion and mutual sharing between the Center and the Regions and mutual sharing between the 7 Salesian regions  We are called not only to translate the ‘Salesian sources’ or the present teaching of the Successor of Don Bosco, but also to share the present rich expressions of Salesian Charism and Life with the whole Congregation  In a concrete way the East Asian contribution might be the ‘storytelling’ as in the Cagliero11 (missionary life experiences) or the 2006 Asia Mission Day theme ‘Telling the story of Jesus in Asia’, contributing to the ANS news or sectors meeting with well prepared ‘EAO stories’ already translated into the world language (eg. Vietnam province translators not only put the daily ANS article into Vietnamese from English, but also supply (rarely) the ANS with local Vietnamese news translated into English). Translations to English (or Italian) – cf. FMA’s community Chronicles, for the ANS news from EAO provinces Behind each translation is a translation philosophy, theology and love for the Charism Translation is a ‘FORMATIVE TASK’ – we need long term investment for this important ministry (and institutional connection to the Formation delegate and commission with the backup of the Social communications for the tools) .

Translation methods How do we translate – making use of available tools? Based on the personal Survey reply no.2 and the Survey analysis (p. 88-93)

Sharing on ‘working method’  Pay attention to the beauty of the sentence  Some assessment of the efficacy of the tools (Wordfast, Google is not good for the Asian languages? – corrected opinion during the discussion)  Important elements – steps in the translation process # good reading of the original text # touchy word or sentence (key elements in the talk) # using bi-lingual dictionaries (online are now usually more updated and accurate) # produce a ‘rough’ translation and compare with the original text # after few days (3-7) back to review the translated text taking original text awat, now with a view of readers understanding.  Use of large computer screens of display of two or three languages in the same time (to compare and choose the right final version: eg. PAL of the Salesian Cooperators in ITA, ENG and with an eye on the THA final translation)  Use of Church and Salesian digital documents on own PC  Avoid some literal translations (Michele capi al volo – Flying Mike understood…)  Better not change traditional terminology, unless there is created wide consensus among the translators with a clear motivation for the new version (amorevolezza, Salesiani Cooperatori in GIA…)  Always keep the reader in mind, the final goal of the translated text (cfr. Lines of action for the Province, with an eye on implementation). Main goal is the incarnation of the text, incarnation – means touching the lives of the readers)  Some attitudes which help the method of translation: Texts are continuously assimilated during the translation process Translator is a formator, who helps the ongoing formation of his confreres Translator is a good mediator who bridges honestly the mind of the author and his destinatary.  Need to avoid the abstract ‘Kantian language’ (cf. two extracts: one of Immanuel Kant and second of Leibnitz) in all Salesian texts. Especially some European languages are using this discourse and don’t’ allow the reader easy understanding of the message.  Need to break down the abstract, hardly understandable language of the universities into daily life concrete language (eg. La situazione geografica della dimensione attuale = We are now here!) 72

 For the translators knowledge of philosophical terms is necessary but for the public we need to use the common people’s language.  Quoting the reaction of Fr. Vigano to the comments of some translators  Think first about the ‘true, hurtful, illegal, necessary and kind’ of each translation!

Translators are using some digital - online tools Online dictionaries used by many translators (Babylon – Vietnam) Google translator is ‘good enough’ for many pairs of languages and we can ‘train’ the Google translators when we send (online) our feedback about the specific ‘Salesian terms. Many of former ‘rough’ online Google translations improved already, cfr. – in the past the DB was ‘forester’ now is just ‘Don Bosco’ etc. Conclusion: when using the Google translator – please, click on the ‘improve our translation’ and contribute to the quality! Need of good use of the TM (Translation memory, article in the Appendix. 5.4) Online ‘official versions’ of Church or Salesian documents are necessary (hence Vatican website, Bishops conference or www.sdb.org or Salesian Digital Library for the SDB) Bilingual comparison on the large (or multiple) computer screen is very helpful

Psychology of translation Behind each translation is a translation philosophy, theology and love for the Charism Psychology of translation is to be taken in account: when we translate for the SDB (provincial chapter documents from Chinese into English) we never say ‘some confreres’ to this or that, but we use the inclusive language ‘we do sometimes’. It means the problem of one is the problem of the whole provincial community, the ‘trouble maker is one of us’. It’s about human respect.

How to improve the quality and efficiency of translation Based on Survey Analysis (p. 92 – 96) consistency, formation and p. 112: Salesian Glossary

1. Team-work (province – SF level; region level)

2. Common ‘Salesian Glossary’ or ‘Sales. Lexicon’

3. Web-sharing: mutual help; Sales. Digital Library

4. Formation of new or future translators Need to fix the ‘Salesian Terminology’ in each province and national language? Some suggested criteria (simplified as on the SDL or on the digital Salesian Termbase with basic (official) motivation or for the ‘wider interested public’ (cfr. Jesuit USA Lexicon published on the internet: ‘Main ‘Ignatian’ terms’ spread from by US Jesuit universities)  very important when translators change in order to guarantee the consistency of the (Salesian) language  a fundamental tool for quality translation in each province (a team composed form different members of Salesian family works out consensus on the ‘Salesian terms’ to be used)  As model for the provincial or national Glossary or Lexicon of Salesian terms we can use the ITA>ENG model present on the www.sdb.org and adapt to all necessary pair of EAO languages which are used (THA>Khmer, KOR>Mongolian, ENG> Thai, ITA> CIN...  5.4 Appendix – one term of ‘amorevolezza’ – loving kindness (ITA>ENG) was introduced in online edition of the Salesian Termbase online (official explanation)  Need to print this dossier-termbase (cf.Catholic terminology published in each country)  Change the way of preaching (cf. Influence of Pope Francis on homilies in Japan)  Translations as way of simplifying of the message (maintaining the meaning)  Ongoing tension between the ‘fidelity’ (literal translations) and the ‘creative inculturation' (keeping main elements of the original message)  Way of thinking (Eastern languages – main stress is on the verb; while in the Western languages the stress is on the noun!) and philosophy which is behind the translation.  How to learn languages well (English or Vietnamese) – both own language and the source language?  Patience needed for the young Salesians (=re-reading, re-checking of the translation) Self-motivation is important! Reflecting on the huge investment into translations and low appreciation (few readers, few copies of the final product, perceived

 Possible feedback to translators is possible? (cf. Fonti Salesiane – Giraudo, Prelezzo)  Part of the spirituality of the translator to be humble enough to welcome and accept the corrections of his product (With a humble heart welcome criticism)  Help to discover the (personal) charism of the translator ‘God call us to a need for the Church… and the Salesian Charism in the world, for the young’  Preparation requires reading of related articles, books or already done translations on the same topic (Rector Major letters….)  Need for exposure to the original language environment (Firenze for Italian language). But not everybody can be a translator. To send the FMA sisters for one year in Firenze is probably not enough for the preparation of future translators (it needs longer period of time). Solid basic knowledge and skills in own language and in the source-language are the basic conditions for the translators preparation.  Use of the (official) Catholic lexicon in each country (Mongolia – Apostolic Vicariate, Cambodia – Fr. Ponchaud, MEP; Korea – Catholic Bishops Conference; Vietnam….)  Most of the Vietnamese literature is based on the Chinese sources (need to read them, good working knowledge of Vietnamese literature for the translator)  Online dictionaries used by many translators (Babylon – Vietnam)  Google Translate is ‘good enough’ for many pairs of languages and we can ‘train’ the Google translators when we send (online) our feedback about the specific ‘Salesian terms. Many of former ‘rough’ online Google translations improved already, cfr. – in the past the DB was ‘forester’ now is just ‘Don Bosco’ etc. Conclusion: when using the Google translator – please, click on the ‘improve our translation’ and contribute to the quality!  Need of good use of the TM (Translation memory, article in the Appendix. 5.4)  Online ‘official versions’ of Church or Salesian documents are necessary (hence Vatican website, Bishops conference or www.sdb.org or Salesian Digital Library for the SDB)  Bilingual comparison on the large (or multiple) computer screen is very helpful

On-line cooperation, consultation or coordination is possible? * Yes, the use of digital tools is important to guarantee the consistency and consensus of all concerned groups (SF), sometimes we even ‘re-translate’ some older documents together. * It’s quite useful to have a link between EAO provincial websites: main page at least bi-lingual (Local language and English) or facilitate through use of proper software the possibility of converting online the whole page into the desired language or English (NB – online case of Vietnam provincial SDB website was shown…) * Possible and useful to share online as the ACCSA in the EAO region when tackling some concrete topics from many different countries according a common scheme (2008, 2013)  At the provincial level there should be one person – coordinator in charge, able to supervise the different translations going on in the provincial community (both ‘official’ translators and other who contribute within the time limits of their personal assignment): 75

- Need of coordination is felt (GIA, VIE…), since we need a list of priority translations (Rector Major, documents of different sectors of the Salesian mission and life…) - Very useful for the distribution of tasks (if there are more translators in one country or province) - Need of basic digital literacy for the (senior) translators was felt during the EAO meeting: possible institutional or personal help from the provincial SC team - Provincial website (THA) for uploading of all translations, SDB digital library offers all EAO languages specific sections for uploading Salesian materials (without limit!)

Commission on translation (KOR experience)  Members (social communication delegate, Economer, YM delegate, Salesian Family members) are meeting ‘when it’s necessary’ – according needs.  Task of the commission: decide WHAT we translate, WHO will do the respective translation, who will correct the translation, HOW MUCH we pay for it, HOW MANY copies of the respective publication.

Challenge to find new or younger generation Salesian translator  The way forward is to encourage all young Salesians to try with translations (cfr. Vietnam SDB from their prenovitiate with small pieces: ANS news, AustraLasia link or few pages from the DB Biographical Memoirs. After discerning some possible professional translators some confreres are assigned with concrete task of translating at the provincial level – eg. ANS news for the provincial website, letters of the RM, Salesianity books or articles…). It’s about long term investment on the provincial level (www.fmavtn.net)  Translation is like a ‘SALT of the CONGREGATION’ – keep us alert, awaken, alive!  Translation is a ‘FORMATIVE TASK’ – we need long term investment for this important ministry (and institutional connection to the Formation delegate and commission with the backup of the Social communications for the tools) .

Practical suggestions going forward CONCLUSION  Special thanks: VIE province, each group secretary & Br. Ephrem Santos  First historical meeting: meaning for the EAO region and the Congregation  Future pointers: a. EAO 2014 publication (ENG/ITA) b. Salesian Glossary (each language) c. List of translated books in each EAO language d. Translations - upload on Salesian Digital Library (Chinese section…) FOLLOW UP at the Provincial level  Deepen the awareness of the provincials and all confreres  Unite all translators in each province in team with an appointed coordinator  Encourage all young confreres to try translations  Link to formation commission and minimum of financial support is necessary  Promote English speaking environment in our provinces  Invest in sending confreres for exposure in English-speaking environment (Manila)  Work out Salesian Glossary (Lexicon) in each EAO language  Assign officially (obedience letter) one confrere (SC or Formation) for the technical side or publication of the translations (digital or paper editorial)  Appoint an ‘official coordinator’ of provincial translators group, in order to prevent vast of money, time and Salesian energies  Organize a provincial workshop on techniques, art and Salesian glossary. FOLLOW UP at the Regional level  Sharing during the 2015 EAO provincial and delegation superior meeting  Occasional EAO meeting of translators responding to emerging needs  Link to the EAO formation commission (input from translators, presence, common for the EAO mobile team

 Promote EAO environment exposure for the confreres (community importance!). FOLLOW UP at the World level  Sharing during the 2014 Winter session of the General Council, 2015 SF Council  Happy with abundance of material from the Centrer available to all Salesians, but suggesting a ‘priority tag’ for the province and their translators  The Centre should ensure the continuity-consistency of basic Salesian terminology

 Suggest to write an original text in short and concrete sentences EVALUATION  Each section should be given more time  Dossier to be organized according the sequence of the procedure  Better change the (3) sharing group members during the meeting  Translation memory (Omega T) should be shown in practice to all participants, since nobody in this group is using this digital tool yet.  Learning by doing – next EAO translators meeting would be more professional with some concrete items emerging in the translation (Salesian) field  Continue this meeting at the provincial level. EAO Regional councilor follow-up  ANS news about the EAO meeting published soon after the meeting (October 13)  EAO translators meeting photo shared by Br. Hilario (KOR) webtransfer  Send to GIA, Fr. Loro Piana the final version of documents chosen for the Italian edition which might be useful for the ‘whole Congregation or Salesian family’ (in view of possible re-translations to other major languages of the Salesian Congregation later on)  Get the full list of ‘all’ EAO official or ‘present working translators also from the other provinces which did not participate in K’Long (MYM, ITM – Fr. Arianto, Fr. Fraile, Fr. Rolando), FIN and FIS (long term talk), PNG – Solomon Islands)  Get from the respective provinces some updated list of Salesian translation (available only KOREA 2014, VIETNAM 2006, SDL sections – accordingly…)

Notes for the publishing of the ACTS – ITALIANO Index of content (at the beginning of the publication) List of the participants and other who contribute to the process (survey, interview) List of the reading, attachments – for the reference or further reflection of the Salesian translators  ACG 419, point 6.2 (Study the languages, open provinces – vision of the Rector Major)  ACG 411, point X.X (Inculturation of the Salesian Charism – necessary tool)  Facebook: If Don Bosco would be alive today he would use the FB as tool for evangelization (to be present among the young people of the 21st century and ready for translations (Rector Mayor and his daily Good morning talk on the FB – learn languages for the young SDB; sense of responsibility)  Index – missing items to be added # CIN – Fr. Yao Lawrence interview (translations from 1954 until 2014)

# VIE – Survey reply of Fr. Ty, Them and FX Phuoc (present, but not replied online).

Part 5

AFTER – Operative conclusions of the 1st EAO Translators Workshop

ANS NEWS ITEM 7/10/2014 First meeting of translators of the East Asia-Oceania (ANS - Rome) - "Among the Jesuits was a Father Bini, Greek scholar of great renown. In four months he helped me to translate the entire New Testament, the first two books of Homer's Iliad, several odes of Pindar and Anacreon"... So wrote Don Bosco in the Memoirs of the Oratory (Book 2, Chap. VIII), revealing his great interest in translation. In the next few days, the first meeting of Salesian translators at regional level will take place in Vietnam. It is dedicated specifically to the translators and their service to the congregation. The event is scheduled from 9 to 11 October in K'Long, in Vietnam. It involves the participation of twenty-four translators, both Salesians and Daughters of Mary Help of Christians, from various provinces of the Region of East Asia-Oceania (China, Japan, Indonesia-East Timor, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam). Among those present will be Bro. Ephrem Santos, and Fr Václav Klement, Regional Councillor for East Asia-Oceania. In the nine working sessions there will be discussion on subjects such as the role of translators and their importance for the preservation and dissemination of the charism; the cultural and common institutional background of translators in the region; translation processes; the training of translators; the steps to be taken for the future, at provincial, regional and congregation level. Although the translation of documents, letters, animation texts, etc. is vital and essential for a congregation like the Salesians found in over 130 countries around the world, and with at least 40 languages used in the daily pastoral work of thousands of Salesians, there has never before been a conference specifically for those charged with this delicate task. For this reason, the meeting at K'Long, for the Salesians of East Asia-Oceania, may be considered a pioneer exercise for other future developments, in view of the increasing attention to the issue as highlighted in the recent General Chapter. Published 07/10/2014

13/10/2014 - Vietnam - A service that is a real ministry (ANS - K'Long) - The first meeting of the translators of the East Asia-Oceania Region ended at K'Long, Vietnam, on Friday 11 October. Twenty-two people from eight different countries participated – fifteen Salesians, three Daughters of Mary Help of Christians and four lay missionaries.. "I ask you, please, to do everything possible to ensure that this service become a splendid success," the Rector Major wrote in a letter to the participants, to motivate them in their efforts on behalf of the entire congregation. In his letter Fr Ángel Fernández Artime repeated the same message. “I have already expressed my belief on various occasions concerning the importance that translations have and that translators especially have for the Congregation, keeping in mind the

79 important objective that translation of family and official letters needs to happen in as many languages as possible, so their contents can be communicated in the language that confreres speak. He went on to say: “I would like to strongly emphasise that this service is much more than just an assignment, much more than a job to do. We are really dealing with a ministry here, a true service of quality, a very important task that means a lot and has many implications for the life of the Congregation. If there should ever be a lack of translators it will be very difficult to communicate and pass on the charism, animation and government of the Congregation in general, along with animation of each of the confreres.” Looking at work already done, we can report some satisfactory results: the importance of a spirituality proper to the translator is acknowledged. It is a spirituality of patience, humility, self-emptying, and trust in the Spirit; the availability in the Salesian Digital Library of many Salesian translations in local languagesis appreciated; we re-affirm the importance of translating not only historical texts or key documents, but also other contributions from around the Salesian world. Among the best practices shared at the meeting, mention should be made of Thailand, which provides an official translator appointed by the Provincial; South Korea, where there is a provincial commission for the task; and Vietnam, where all the young Salesians in formation are asked to do short translations from English, with the result that great progress has been made in the translation of texts and the possibility of having a high quality service. For the future, moreover, guidelines have been drawn up at provincial, regional and Congregational level. The following are especially important: particular attention should be given to developing a Salesian glossary in every language of the region; a commitment to offer young Salesians the opportunity of spending time in English-speaking environments; the importance of sharing at all levels (with Provincials and with the Rector Major and his Council) the results of the meeting in Vietnam and reflections on the same. All materials of the meeting are available in the Agora> East Asia-Oceania section of the web site sdb.org. Published 13/10/2014

Regional’s follow-up letter to EAO Provincials

DIREZIONE GENERALE OPERE DON BOSCO Via della Pisana 1111 – 00163 ROMA

The General Councillor for the East Asia-Oceania Region

Jakarta, 12th October 2014 EAO-013

First translators meeting in the EAO region – follow up

Dear Fr. Provincials and Delegation Superiors! cc. Provincial secretary, Formation and Social Communication delegates cc. Participants of the EAO translators meeting – workshop

I’m glad to share with you the fruits and follow up of this first historical meeting in the history of EAO region and probably also in the whole Salesian history as well. It’s already three months after my departure from the General house in Rome, after animation visits in three provinces (MYM, THA, FIN and two Delegations: Cambodia, Papua New Guinea – Solomon Islands) together with two consultation visits for the new provincial (FIS, VIE). The translators meeting was held for three days (October 9-11) in K’Long Don Bosco retreat house (VIE province) with the participation of 22 translators (15 SDB, 3 FMA and 4 lay mission partners) from eight different countries (Cambodia, China-Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Thailand and Vietnam). The presence of two provincials (Fr. Hung – Vietnam and Fr. Lanfranco – China) and two former provincials (Fr. Ty and Fr. Them, Vietnam) together with three lay mission partners from Cambodia delegation shows the passion for translation ministry of Salesian texts in many parts of our region. First of all I give thanks for the generous and careful preparation and accompaniment of the event by the Vietnam – Mongolia province, especially to Provincial Fr. Joseph Tran Hoa Hung and the social communication delegate Fr. Peter Chinh and the Salesian communities of Ben Cat and Xuan Hiep (HCM City), K’Long and Dalat (Lam Dong province). A half day field experience of Dalat City and our missionary Postnovitiate of Blessed Michael Rua in Dalat offered a good insight into the dynamic Salesian culture of Vietnam. Thanks for very good cooperation in the preparatory process a rich experience sharing from 40 different Salesian translators were gathered. The fruits of long practice and translation reflection of Fr. Julian Fox (AUL) and his on-line assistance during past five months helped us to focus on main 81 elements of the translation ministry at the service of the Salesian Charism. All gathered materials are available in English on the AGORA> EAO region> 15. Translators of the www.sdb.org website. At this moment I would like to share with you some immediate fruits of this meeting – workshop: 1. Meaningful insights about the importance and dynamics of the Salesian translation ministry  Since the arrival of Saint Louis Versiglia and the first missionaries to Macau (1906) until now the growth of Salesian Charism and it’s rooting in our Region was helped by hundreds of missionaries and local Salesians (Salesian Family members and Lay Mission Partners) who offered invaluable service of translation (both of written texts or simultaneous translation  A spirituality of Salesian translator was acknowledged as a very important element in sustaining his ministry (eg. virtues of patience, humility, ongoing research and learning of both languages, translator as formator, emptying himself, imploring the Holy Spirit..)  Many of the Salesian translation texts are already available on the Salesian Digital Library (http://sdl.sdb.org/cgi-bin/library?a=p&p=home&l=EN&w=utf-8; Burmese, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tagalog, Tetum – Bahasa Indonesia, Thai, Vietnamese and other sections).  This ministry does not regard only translation of Salesian sources (Don Bosco) and texts of the Rector Major and different Salesian life and ministry documents from Italian or English into EAO vernacular languages. It comprises also translations of each EAO country expressions and sharing of Salesian Charism in main languages of the Congregation and so contribute to the communion of world-wide Salesian community (C59) – through the ANS and other means.  Was clarified one important point: Even if all confreres understand well English, there is a strong need for ‘Salesianity’ translation into EAO languages: especially for the youth, lay mission partners and for Salesian Family members (FIN-FIS, MYM; PNG-SI delegation). 2. Sharing of good practices highlighted some interesting provincial achievement  Vietnam: all confreres in initial formation are requested to do minor translations from English to Vietnamese. Fruits of this policy are numerous translations (including 12 volumes of the Biographical Memoirs of Don Bosco and many (10+) enthusiastic translators now!

 Thailand: since 2003 there is an ‘official translator’ appointed by the provincial, who does not only translate main official documents of the Rector Major but also shares it weekly on SALIT channel (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYZlauZYtZXS6CuyA0KH4nw).  Korea: provincial commission on translation helps to improve the translation standard and the synergy among all sector involved in the process (social communication, Youth ministry, economy, translator and publisher…)  China: during past 108 years of Salesian presence there were numerous missionaries and Chinese involved in translation ministry. Thanks to the meeting one younger

confrere was appointed as new generation translator before the K’Long encounter – workshop. 3. Some lines of action suggested by the EAO translators for improvement of their ministry: a. At provincial level  Deeper the awareness of the provincials about translations (EAO prov. meeting 2015)  Work out the Salesian Glossary with the Salesian Family for each EAO language  Long term investment for exposure of young confreres to English speaking environment b. At regional level  Sharing of EAO 2014 transl. meeting materials (agora.sdb.org/index.php?topic=1944.0)  Occasional meeting of the translators responding to the emerging needs  Promote international English speaking community (like FIN – Paranaque) c. At the level of the Congregation (Salesian Family)  Share the Acts of 2014 EAO translators seminar with the Congregation (ITA version)  Report to the Rector Major and his Council (December 2014), Sal.Family Council 2015  Guarantee the original text in short sentences and tag the documents according urgency or priority for translations (Letter of the RM; General Chapter documents, YM frame…)

Yours in Don Bosco,

Fr Václav Klement, SDB Regional Councillor EAO