Eogenetic Caves in Conglomerate: an Example from Udin Bor禳t, Slovenia

International Journal of Speleology 40 (1) 53-64 Tampa, FL (USA) January 2011

Available online at www.ijs.speleo.it & scholarcommons.usf.edu/ijs/ International Journal of Speleology

Eogenetic caves in conglomerate: an example from Udin Boršt, Slovenia Matej Lipar1X\!2

Abstract: Lipar M., Ferk M., 2011. Eogenetic caves in conglomerate: an example from Udin Boršt, Slovenia. International Journal of Speleology, 40(1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). ISSN 0392-6672. DOI: 10.5038/1827-806X.40.1.7

!"#$ $% &$&' &*$ Keywords: eogenetic; caves; conglomerate; Slovenia; Udin Boršt

Received 27 October 2010; Revised 30 November 2010; Accepted 22 December 2010

INTRODUCTION REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS The northwestern part of the Ljubljana Basin / O'* @G 8= #ZX8+!/!#@CGC& @CD@E!=;GG= 8 #!=@C9D&!#>8=@CD@&. 8'*8+ K8 ' 8 8 = #"&#=;GG<*+!d=;GG<&. '888 %k* 8 ' 8 /8** '#=@C<<& 888]8* 88!'. '8*. N = 8 K8'#q . $8 8 8 CGv&:#q@Gv&'#Z.= 8 8 ;GG<&=88X* '!! #d\88=@C9^&.%' ' / O'. '* '= 8 : K8 ' 8 8 ' '* kZ #= @C<<&. !=88* *=** '8*8' 8'.K8 . 'kZ8' O.K8'8''* 8 * O #= 1!P=QGGG=.R'V'. @C<<E!=@C9D&. W'.'.%8 K8!*'."* 2NX!8=8% '* #'O& * 8N'*N=!. 8 * * @P=@GGGY=.R'V'.!WZ:Z. '= 8 * 54 Matej Lipar and Mateja Ferk

*'8 !. K8 ] 8 ;<x.>=.8 8: 8 '* ' 8' . K8 '#&88 / ' Q9G x #+8=;GG<&.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND The term eogenetic K8'=88k** #$ d /*= ;GGP&= * %8k d +* #@C9G& P8 ' 8 *'!88 ] * 8 8 ' 8 8 O'* 8 Q #%8k d +*= @C9G= . ;@C&. K8 = * 8 8*=8'8 8*'='*O* 8'8'. K8O8'' k= k= *'* k '* #$ d /*= ;GGP&. K 8'8' ' = 8 ' 8 '"+$< : &$=>?@M+HK*>?PM #%8kd+*=@C9G&. Q*>?#MRH*>??MVH*"W>#MQK K8 ' ' Y*"W>?MYZ$[*"W>>M\$+$ 8 8 ' ! ! #}8 d [*"W>]M+\$*"W]"M+^K*P">"MZ6 X*=;GG;E\d}8=;GG^E'=;GG^E *P@]"M+^K*P#``M[Z$6$ d = ;GG9&. * 8 8 b6*P?`PMhK6*?`#WMZ6K\$K$ ' * ! # ! QK$*"WWj#MRKZ 8&= * #@C^D&= 8 #'=;GG^&.>=8 '. >= '* ! = *: !#;GG<&8' '8 88." #'=;GG^&=88 * #'O *&= : 8#}8dX*=;GG;&. **8 :#x!*&. Porosity z'*=/8\ N Y #;GG9&= ! k 88\88 8Z * * *V 8Y!#Y * *= 88 * 8 /&Y!/#YX&#d '*#'''O*#\ \88=@C9^&. d $'= ;GG9&& * * #= K /V =*#\d$'=;GG9&&= ! = 88 ' 8 8 ' 8 '* #%8k d 8: 8 = ]: +*= @C9G&. } 8 =88'88 *=88* 8: 8 . X * 8 * #.. = '8 = = 8'==&.K8* !*'.N 8:8: '8/ #Y=;GG9&.+'** *+!d#;GG<&. ! = 8 * * K8 8 = 88 * # & 8 8=8* ! #%8k d +*= @C9G&. \8'= ' 8 8 8 8 ** k '' * #!= = ' * #& * ;GG<&. 8 / PC 8 *#\d$'=;GG9&.

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011 Eogenetic caves in conglomerate: an example from Udin Boršt, Slovenia 55

888=' :8*'*]' '#/=;GGPE'=;GG^&. X* . #;GG@& ' ' 8 :!. K8]8: 8 '= 88 *'* #X*.=;GG@&. Y888Z *}8dX*#;GG;&.K8** 8' = 8 'j+&$$$&qb$jWW?w *' = 88 * ' *'8 "#*&='** ]8!. O '. K8 * N ' 8 *'8'=*'* ! Z= '* ' * ' #}8dX*=;GG;&.Y88 '**.z8= !Z! * ' 8 'O * #'= * = ' 8! ' ;GGCE"$.=;G@G& . $8 8 *. 8'** N * *= * # '&= . =# 8' .=;GG<&.\O'=O #%8kd+*=@C9G&. *$8!d'#@CC9& N''**' !!:'*'. *'#;GG^&#\.;&.K8' X 8 * k '* 8 #'O&= !88'*8 **8. = 88 8' Eogenetic caves #'= ;GG^&. }8 d R 8 8 X*#;GG;&8':= !' ' ' . >= ! #}8dX*=;GG;&.K*S* * 8Z = ' 8 * k '= 88 8 by many authors (Florea, 2006; Smart et al., 2006; '= 88 #/!= ;GG@& d=;GG9E"$.=;GGC&. ' . k*= % 8 ! 8 ''*P!Q#}8dX*= = * 8 = ;GG;E '= ;GG^E ' .= ;GG^E d 8#>.=@CC= X*= ;GG;&. ' 8 888 * ' #;GG^& 8 8: #\.=;GG9&. 8 " #&= 8**= . 88=* 8.8= Caves in conglomerate 8' % ' != 8 . ' = 8 \! ' 8 ' .z8=8*8 8 ' 88 *=8 8' 8 'O 8 .K'V 'O Z 8. K8* ' 8#}8dX*=;GG;E'= : } 8Z ' 8 ;GG^&*8 '8* 8 !#&8N#8 + ' %= . et al., 2010). \ 8 ] #:8& / N= ' #;GG^& 8 8Z 8 8 8Z*'=== 8' ' * ' '. } *'Z.K8*''O 8Z'*888 *= ! = ]. #/.=@CC9&.

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011 56 Matej Lipar and Mateja Ferk

: % ' X : %8= 8 Y' " % % + X >= *= '* ' #8= ;G@@& 8 ' 8Z 8 8 . 8@P!'*88 = = ' %8. K8 88 8 #' ' *' ' .=;GG<&.='* #Y8;GGPO&. 8 ] ' 8 #\d=;GG<&. : K8!'8 8 ' * = 8 /S8* 8* % . 8 ' ] . 8= * 8 8Q9!'*88Z '= 8* 8 88 '#\=;GGQ&. 8#'.=;GG<&. >= 8 8 '= '*. : \ 8 '* 8 R* CAVES OF UDIN BORŠT '8'=z$Z. /8*=8'/ K 8.8 88.\8'= 8. 8 '8 ! ' 8 K8 @< / #K features (Lapaire et al., 2006). @E\.@&#%N=;G@G&=88 '.*88' : N8 *=K!*= 88=888 * X 8 ' 8#\.@&.K8*'' ' '. 8 ! = Z. #;GG<& ' * 8 N'8!='8 '* 8 ' 8 '' = 8 ! % 8 !. z'*= 8 * * 8 8

'@+HK<$

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011 Eogenetic caves in conglomerate: an example from Udin Boršt, Slovenia <9

88*'8 88.%8 '8' !*88 *

8'= q[=VHw .K8*/O. 'P'zK+HK< @DG'x!'28;9;D'O. >=8/ * ! . / * '88 8 8 /= * E'=8=! 8. N ' *8''. X 8 #@G& linear stream caves #\. P&E }! Y= N Y!= " /Z= "!= N8 '= N != 8 = +! '8' 8= }!8.K8* 88* ' 8' . K8 q[=VHw 888@''. '#{K!& $8''88Z ! ' . K8* 8 8 Z 8 ' 8' '. R8' ' N8*'N Y! 8 8 ' % #\. P&. 8 ].'88 /= 8 ' ". K8 888*.X 8 ! * 8888Z' 88 @PG ' PGG ' . K8 * x #\. Q& D@< ' @P ' #% N= 8*= ;G@G&.K88*Q^Q' ' * . #;GG<&. >= @^';.<'88=' ]'O* 8'.N'*8Z '*]#\.<&. ' 8 8 . ' K88*}!Y%. 8='*8 88:/= '8.Y*= 8'8.K8 888Z8.K8' 8 ! * 88 *Z='P'88 @GG'@=' 8].888=' 8 #\. <& 8' 88 8* . '* #\. ^&. K8 RO ' 8 = 8 8 8 8 ' ' '88 *. ]8'8

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011 58 Matej Lipar and Mateja Ferk

'?h$&$|&q[=VHw

'O *. \: * ='=8 =88 '* *. K8 8#8' '88@G'.K88 @@G'&. ''*O8@G'888 z''/ 8 # = as shelter caves #\. 9&. \ d $' #;GG9& 8 ' &. O8*#'!& 8 8 8 '= 8 8= 88 '88** ! 8 8 . 88'.N >= 8* ' 8 88*88 !8** =!.'! #\ d $'= ;GG9&. N 8 '888] 8 Z'!8' 88' @G'=888'*8 #\ d $'= ;GG9&= 8* '8. ' 8 8 * 8 . K88N8!%#\. N'''' 9&. 8 8: 8 #@G '&= 8 N8 ! /=88'".K8 X Y 8 % q9' N . >= 8 88!8QQP'. #..'&8'/. K8O@G'8!.K8< N888 '88@P'.K8888 *#\.D&.'8* '8.K8 '8 =! '.X8] 8'.

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011 Eogenetic caves in conglomerate: an example from Udin Boršt, Slovenia 59

8* N8 ! 'G.<'=8 % 8 Z= 88 = 8]=8'8 8% ' . 8 !8'=8' QG'8!*O.N8 888'!. *='8 \8'= 8 ''''PG'. 8/=8 K8'*='!* ]8*. 8Z'888 8 ' ' "' #\. C& 8 : # 8 8 8 8&#\.C&.N8: /= 8 ' ". K8 ' = 88 Q ' 8 8 = 8 8Z ' *

'>+^K<$

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011 60 Matej Lipar and Mateja Ferk

']$qw&}|~&$ $&&$$$ &&Y$q[=VHw

' 8 8 8 8 DISCUSSION ' = 88 * ! K8 ' / 8 8*. 88 * = * 88 Vadose shafts '' 8 8 '=88' /S#\.C&.K8* 88.>= 8#'88 ' 88 8 & 8 = 8 ' 8 8*.88 k. 8** K8 ! / * .}8'8 permeable. During eogenesis its primary intergranular Z*!. #'O&*8** K8 '* 8 8 @G ' ''= k* 8 % * . " * #'* N.>=88 'O*&=#*&: " /Z % 8 ' *8 '"'%.X!*8 :#x!*& #8& **#&. 8 *E /Z !' + % \ * 8 'N8'+%.K8 V ' = 8 = 8P'=8' !8. 8 . K8 Y'/8 < ' 8 8 ' 8 Z' 8 8 Z 8Z#*' '*8'**]. !&.z8=8' ' 88 8* 8O. 8=88k*'8

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011 Eogenetic caves in conglomerate: an example from Udin Boršt, Slovenia 61

'`Z6K\$K$QK$<$

8Z''888. 8 ' * 8 #* +8*88 ' 8 '= 8Z ' O'*#\d=;GG<&&.8 /= ] 8 ] 8 : # &= 8 *. N ' ] ' 8 *''8 ' * / * 8 ' . #@CC9&= Y . #;GG^& "1' d #\.9&.K8*' * #@CCP&. \ * k = 8'O*#O' 8.$8 N #'= ;GG^&&= 8 :O=. 8 ' ' =88 * * #' .= ;GG<&. 8 = 8!.%' 8 : /]* * ' 8 '= * ' *88!'#+'=@CC@& !. >=88 ' # O' N Y! %& 8 8 * * 8 * ]= 8 8* 8 'O * * #\. <&. % * 'O **8'== 88 '* 8 8 ! 88 '* ] 8#\.^&.K8 :8 ' 8 ' ]

'. + 8 q[=VHw 8 8 ' '"W+$Z6K\$K$QK$< #@@G'& qw*+=*=$

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011 62 Matej Lipar and Mateja Ferk

88 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS $88!.''' 8'#}8d 8 * 8 O ' X*=;GG;E'=;GG^&. 8'.$88!"$= 8 ' * ' =N=8*' * *: ' 88 'O 8 *. R * ] * N..R8. .X=*8 '=#'8'& REFERENCES ]8*.8 / Y. }.= ;GGP : Hydrogeology and speleogenesis ' update, the Yanchep Cave Area, Western Australia. ]= ' ' ' . V + z. #R.& : Under Way 2003, Proceedings of >*'8 the 24th Biennial Speleological Conference. /*V N\VP^:QQ. 8'*88.K8'8 /X.X.=%.X.d".=@CC9:Karst Z' . = in conglomerates in Catalonia (Spain): Morphological 8*8#..8&8' forms and sedimentary sequence types recorded on 8''*!8888 archaeological sites.=8 (2-3)V;^9:;99. *8 /.=>\.=@C9^:Arhova Zijalka Cave map. V 8'. % N /!8'' #N&=;G@G.Y=%N. /.8''"' /!/.=;GG@:The distribution of carbonate eolianite. % ' * * R8:=55 (1-2)V@P<:@^Q. % 8 #&= ;G@G. 8!*.%'' 8%8N'* /88.K8* N#%N&. '*!]'* % N 8Z=88' #N&=;G@G.Y=%N. *'88 %8k+.$.d+*Y.%.=@C9G:Geologic nomenclature *. . '''*8 K8 N' N +' = '* Bulletin, 54 (2)V;G9:;limestone of the Biscayne aquifer, SE Florida. 8 8 V >' . . d $! %. #R.& : Perspectives on ' 8 karst geomorphology, hydrology, and geochemistry – A 8 ' * ' 8 !: tribute volume to Derek C. Ford and William B. White. #..&. * N'= + QGQ= @G.@@PGx;GG^.;QGQ#@^&V@C@:;GD. CONCLUSION " $ .= YZ . R.= + X.= ;G@@ : On the formation of dissolution pipes in Quaternary coastal /= 88 ! calcareous arenites in Mediterranean settings. R8 ' ' 8 = @< + Y'= 36V @QP:@<9. "V !.\* @G.@GG;x.;G;;. 8V " $ .= X X. d X Y.= ;GGC : - ' = 88 8 8 Morphology and origin of coastal karst landforms in 8 Z '* ] * Miocene and Quaternary carbonate rocks along the * 8 'O central-western coast of Sardinia (Italy).'8*= *'*E 106V;^:PQ. "1'X.=d*.=@CCP:Origin and catchment - 8 = 88 ] * 'O area of the Olukköprü karst springs. >* *8*8E +K#+8N* - !=88' *'' \ '= @CCG&V N> E +..;G9VC9:@G<. - 8= ' * ! \ \. d .= ;GG< : The Montello Hill: ]. The “classical karst” of the conglomerate rocks. N ' ' 8 %=34 (2)VQPC:QQD. ' \ N.= ;GGQ : Siberia, Russia. V . #R.& : '.z8= Encyclopedia of caves and karst science. z != 8= YV\Z*"V^Q<:^Q9. Florea L. J., 2006 - ' the karst of the Brooksville Ridge, west-central Florida. 8. %=68 (2)V^Q:9<.

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011 Eogenetic caves in conglomerate: an example from Udin Boršt, Slovenia 63

\Y..d}8>.Y.=;GG^: X./.dR..=;GG@:Exchange of matrix eogenetic vs. telogenetic karst. $= 44 (3)V and conduit water with examples from the Floridan 352-361. aquifer. V !* R. Y. #R.& : Proceedings of the \Y..=}8>.Y.="8/.dz".=;GG9: U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group. $ Quaternary cave levels in peninsular Florida.* :G@:QG@@VPD:QQ. ;^V@PQQ:@P^@. X*.R.=.$.=K".=.X..= !\.=;GG<:Jame v konglomeratu: primer Udin }".K.d$O%.=;GG@:Karst features of Guam Boršta, Slovenija (Caves in conglomerate: case of Udin in terms of a general model of carbonate island karst. Boršt, Slovenia).N%=34 (2)VCroatia N #N&= N? P! Q1 8 8 ;G@G.Y=%N. 8" " ! * ! N.d.=;GG9:Eogenetic karst, glacioeustatic Cresa na Hrvaškem).N%=39 (1)V9C:C@. cave pools and anchialine environments on Mallorca +'N.z.=@CC@:Origin and morphology of limestone Island: a discussion of coastal speleogenesis. caves.*N'/=103 (1)V International Journal of Speleology, 36 (2)V<9:^9. 1-21. .d\88Y.=@C9^:%8*+"155671 +!N.d/!R.=@CGC:@[*. Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1 : 100000 (Guidebook of YZV%8.>'.K8ZV@@CC. +"1556719;<. +8 X.= ;GG< : \! *8 8" = Z ! Z / #\ Boršt (The hydrological characteristics of the Udin Boršt */&=/V9G. area).VN.#R.&:Udin Boršt.XV ' . .= ;GG^ : Syngenetic karst in Australia: a XzN8V=39 (2)V;9:PD. +!X.dK.=;GG<:Geomorfologija in skalne ' . .= ;GGC : oblike.VN.#R.&:Udin Boršt.XV * !. V N.= Z X.= K.= XzN8V;<:P<. "* $. #R& : Karst Rock Features : Karren X.=@C^C:Z"!' Sculpturing.Y=%+8=<@P:<;P. (The Quaternary development of Dobrave in Upper *.=@CD<:Karst groundwater studies in Manavgat Carniola (Gorenjska), Slovenia).N8=11V river basin, Turkey.$#+ 99-221. 8N!NN**''&=N>+.=161V X.=@CC;:]!*"9"!^"! 333-341. kotline in Dobrav v kvartarju (Geomorphological >8+.=@CD@:Tipi krasa na Gorenjskem (Karst types in development of Blejsko-Radovljiška Basin and Upper Carniola). != @;. Z !8 Dobrave in Quaternary).V!88 #@;th ' 8 8&. #N'*'*&V^:@Q. YV ! #8 '+.Y.=/+.N.=%!.=".='8 *&V9D:DD. .d$8!\.\.=;GG^:Cave development on the >..=X*.R.d%.Y.=@CC<:Banana Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Quintana holes: unique karst features of the Bahamas.% Roo, Mexico. * N' dR=10 (2)V;@<:;;Q. +=404V@G<:@;D. Jennings J. N., 1968 - Syngenetic karst in Australia.V .=X*.=K".=.dX* $'+.$.d.z.#R.&:Contributions to J., 2005 - Karst development on Tinian, Commonwealth the Study of Karst."'8*+ of the Northern Mariana Islands: controls on dissolution No. G/5=Nz*VQ@:@@G. in relation to the carbonate island karst model. Journal Z X.= . d ! \.= ;GG< : Geološke %=67 (1)V@Q:;9. osnove ter jame (Geological setting and caves).V }8 >. Y. d X* . R.= ;GG; : Eogenetic karst N. #R.& : Udin Boršt. XV X from the perspective of an equivalent porous medium. zN8VC:;Q. %R=17 (2)V@D;:@C^. N.=;GG<:+!"* $8! \. \. d ' +. Y.= @CC9 : Groundwater *!" *" " = 9 ! ! Gorenjskem (Conglomerate Karst in Slovenia: History of marginal fracture system, South Andros Island, Cave Knowledge and Research of Udin Boršt (Gorenjsko, Bahamas.>**=197 (1-4)V;CP:P@<. Slovenia)).N%=34 (2)V<;@:highway context Ljubljanskega polja (Pleistocene Deposits of the Kranj, N?1*<./R* Sora and Ljubljana Fields).=14V<:<@. 8R'=66 (2)V;P9:;= : conglomeratic terraces along the Upper Sava River and }VPP^. tributaries).=21VDC:C@. Y8 ;GGP O 8V 8Vxx. 8'.xO.8O8;G GPd#N@D8;G@G&.

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011 64

!"! %&&& =<+jW"W . R Length Depth Name %* number #'& (m) (m) 9^P N Y!#\.P& 464 815 13 Y'

9^Q "! Q9@ 306 6 Y'

9^< }!Y 430 1154 16 Y'

9^^ XY 422 6 1 8 }8 @G9< "/Z 489 PG9 19 ' @G9^ /Z!'+ 496 3 3

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4599 +!'8'8 463 @9 6 Y'

4694 !8 485 10 1 Y' 8'' }8 6950 504 13 6 Dupljami (Fig. 9) ! 10025 } Q9; 10 2 Y'

International Journal of Speleology, 40 (1), 53-64. Tampa, FL (USA). January 2011