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A Federated Interoperability Enabler for Heterogeneous Iot Platform Ecosystems sensors Article Data Spine: A Federated Interoperability Enabler for Heterogeneous IoT Platform Ecosystems Rohit A. Deshmukh 1,* , Dileepa Jayakody 2, Alexander Schneider 1 and Violeta Damjanovic-Behrendt 2 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT, 53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany; alexander.schneider@fit.fraunhofer.de 2 Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; [email protected] (D.J.); [email protected] (V.D.-B.) * Correspondence: rohit.deshmukh@fit.fraunhofer.de Abstract: Today, the Internet of Things (IoT) is pervasive and characterized by the rapid growth of IoT platforms across different application domains, enabling a variety of business models and revenue streams. This opens new opportunities for companies to extend their collaborative networks and develop innovative cross-platform and cross-domain applications. However, the heterogeneity of today’s platforms is a major roadblock for mass creation of IoT platform ecosystems, pointing at the current absence of technology enablers for an easy and innovative composition of tools/services from the existing platforms. In this paper, we present the Data Spine, a federated platform enabler that bridges IoT interoperability gaps and enables the creation of an ecosystem of heterogeneous IoT platforms in the manufacturing domain. The Data Spine allows the ecosystem to be extensible to meet the need for incorporating new tools/services and platforms. We present a reference implementation of the Data Spine and a quantitative evaluation to demonstrate adequate performance of the system. The evaluation suggests that the Data Spine provides a multitude of advantages (single sign-on, Citation: Deshmukh, R.A.; Jayakody, provision of a low-code development environment to support interoperability and an easy and D.; Schneider, A.; Damjanovic- intuitive creation of cross-platform applications, etc.) over the traditional approach of users joining Behrendt, V. Data Spine: A Federated multiple platforms separately. Interoperability Enabler for Heterogeneous IoT Platform Keywords: IoT platform interoperability; Service-Oriented Architecture; Smart Manufacturing; Ecosystems. Sensors 2021, 21, 4010. smart factory; industry 4.0; Cloud Manufacturing; IoT ecosystem; federated IoT platforms; digital https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124010 manufacturing platforms; lot-size-one manufacturing Academic Editor: Dieter Uckelmann Received: 12 May 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 7 June 2021 Published: 10 June 2021 The rapid growth and pervasiveness of the Internet of Things (IoT) is giving rise to a large number of IoT platforms across different application domains. In the manufacturing Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral sector, the industry trends are changing as a result of the increased digitalization and new with regard to jurisdictional claims in possibilities are arising for companies to collaborate, exchange data, share services, reuse published maps and institutional affil- existing solutions and create innovative products. Many companies are already under iations. constant pressure to react more quickly to changing market demands to create highly customized and interconnected products, facing the need to “federate” their products and tools/services by offering them through existing digital platforms, or by joining platform ecosystems. The creation of an ecosystem of federated IoT platforms in the manufacturing domain Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. helps companies form agile, ad hoc collaborative networks, establish dynamic supply This article is an open access article chains, and optimize production processes to meet new market demands of both Industry distributed under the terms and 4.0 and lot-size-one manufacturing. The motivation of smart factory companies is to widen conditions of the Creative Commons their market potential, establish the necessary scale and make their businesses viable. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// However, today’s IoT platforms are largely heterogeneous, vendor-specific, vertically creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ oriented, fragmented functionality-wise, and locked behind their own closed identity 4.0/). and access management mechanisms [1,2]. Because of the interoperability gaps between Sensors 2021, 21, 4010. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124010 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 29 Sensors 2021, 21, 4010 However, today’s IoT platforms are largely heterogeneous, vendor-specific,2 ofverti- 28 cally oriented, fragmented functionality-wise, and locked behind their own closed iden- tity and access management mechanisms [1,2]. Because of the interoperability gaps be- servicestween ofservices different of different platforms platforms at the levels at the of interfaces,levels of interfaces, communication communication protocols, protocols, data for- mats,data data formats, models, data identity models, providers, identity etc.,providers, it is not etc., possible it is tonot form possible composite to form applications composite withapplications services from with multipleservices platformsfrom multiple (Figure platforms1). (Figure 1). FigureFigure 1. 1.An An illustrationillustration ofof interoperability gaps between between services services of of heterogeneous heterogeneous Internet Internet of of ThingsThings (IoT) (IoT platforms.) platforms. ThisThis vertically vertically oriented, oriented, isolated, isolated, and and closed closed nature nature of of platforms platforms leads leads to to inefficient inefficient useuse of of resources resources such such as as data data and and services. services. These These platforms platforms are are often often either either domain-centric domain-centric oror vendor-specific vendor-specific and and provideprovide limitedlimited functionality focused focused on on certain certain use use cases. cases. To Totake takeadvantage advantage of a of wider a wider range range of functionality, of functionality, the theconsumers consumers must must join join multiple multiple IoT IoTplat- platforms,forms, resulting resulting inin increased increased cost costss for for them them and and interoperability interoperability issues. issues. As As reusability reusability is islimited, limited, the the cost cost of of joining joining a aplatform platform increases, increases, barring barring the the entry entry of ofSMEs SMEs and and start start--ups. ups.This Thisgives gives an unfair an unfair advantage advantage to big tocompanies. big companies. In addition, In addition, network network effects can effects cause canconcentration cause concentration of tools, services, of tools, and services, users andaround users a specific around multi a specific-sided multi-sided IoT platform IoT re- platformsulting in resulting monopoly in monopolypower in IoT power market in [3] IoT. The market coopetition [3]. The mechanisms coopetition suc mechanismsh as ‘service suchprovider as ‘service multihoming’ provider multihoming’and ‘consumer and switching’ ‘consumer that switching’ can prevent that high can market prevent concen- high markettration concentration and monopoly and by monopolyincentivising by competition, incentivising become competition, challenging become and challenging expensive to andpractice expensive because to practice of the interoperability because of the issues interoperability among IoT issues platforms among [3]. IoT Finally, platforms the lack [3]. of Finally,interoperability the lack of interoperabilityin today’s IoT platforms in today’s additionally IoT platforms hinders additionally innovation. hinders Therefore, innovation. es- Therefore,tablishing establishing an ecosystem an ecosystem of such IoT of suchplatforms IoT platforms to enable to enablecross-platform, cross-platform, cross-domain cross- domaincommunication communication and collaboration and collaboration is a challenge is a challenge that that needs needs to tobe beaddressed addressed to to cater cater to toservice service providers’ providers’ and and consumers’ consumers’ expectations. expectations. InIn this this paper, paper, we we present present the the Data Data Spine, Spine, a federated a federated platform platform enabler enabler as a mechanism as a mecha- thatnism interconnects that interconnects and establishes and establishes interoperability interoperability between digital between manufacturing digital manufacturing platforms and enables the creation of a smart factory ecosystem called EFPF (European Factory platforms and enables the creation of a smart factory ecosystem called EFPF (European Platform). The EFPF ecosystem is being established as a part of a European research project Factory Platform). The EFPF ecosystem is being established as a part of a European re- called ‘EFPF: European Connected Factory Platform for Agile Manufacturing’ [4]. The search project called ‘EFPF: European Connected Factory Platform for Agile Manufactur- main objective of the EFPF project is to create an ecosystem of heterogenous smart factory ing’ [4]. The main objective of the EFPF project is to create an ecosystem of heterogenous platforms that enables companies to create and operate ad-hoc collaborative networks in smart factory platforms that enables companies to create and operate ad-hoc collaborative order to meet the market demands for mass-customization. Thus, the EFPF ecosystem is networks in order to meet the market demands for mass-customization. Thus, the EFPF aimed at enabling companies to make a
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