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Diversity in Digital Libraries Diversity in digital libraries Recognizing many related types, institutions, forms Tefko Saracevic, Ph.D. [email protected] This work is licensed under a Tefko Saracevic Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License 1 ToC • Note on diversity Examples of: • National libraries • Academic libraries • Public libraries • Borne digital libraries • Museums • Subject resources • Societies, organizations • Books on the Web • Archiving the Web • Conclusions Tefko Saracevic 2 Diversity? • Digital libraries come not only from libraries (academic, public, national …), but from many other institutions & subjects not at all connected with a given library (academic, public, national …) • They take great many shapes, forms • They have a variety of contexts & contents – many are specific subject oriented Most importantly: Used by a variety of users & for a variety of uses Tefko Saracevic 3 But are they digital libraries? • Question could be asked: but are they ALL digital libraries? – Or are many of them just portals because they cover and organize digital resources? • when is a portal (links, ecatalog) also a digital library? • A broad view: if they are organized & used for accessing information resources why not consider them digital libraries? Users do not care what they are called or how they are classified, but what useful information they offer Tefko Saracevic 4 And you? But librarians have to care and have to be familiar with them in their area to serve and direct users Tefko Saracevic 5 National libraries - US Library of Congress: National Library of Medicine American Memory Project historical materials –no. of sites and search biomedical literature Of course, there is a LoC Blog or you can Read a book, selecting from Classic Books for Kids, or Books that National Agricultural Library Shaped America and then browse topics National Archives and explore Tefko Saracevic 6 National libraries - global The European Library National Library of New Zealand New Zealand Digital Library “ 48 National Libraries of Europe and leading European Research incl. Greenstone – free dlib software Libraries” National Library of China Deutsche National Bibliothek National Library of Singapore Bibliothèque Nationale de France Bibliotheca Alexandrina (Egypt) – not a national library, but close includes Gallica – digital library Biblioteca National (Mexico) The British Library African Online Digital Library – includes Turning the Pages international undertaking, work in progress Vatican Library World Digital Library - supported by https://www.vatlib.it/home.php -> google it UNESCO & LoC; international effort; includes Vatican Secret Archives “discover, study, and enjoy cultural treasures from around the world.” Launched in 2009 Tefko Saracevic 7 8 Academic libraries USA: UK: California Digital Library - unifies all Cambridge University Library libraries in UofC system includes Open Access movement Univ of Michigan – among others: Oxford University Libraries, extensive digitized Music Library Scores more than a 100 libraries Collection also houses Bodleian Library Harvard Univ Library - system of over 80 libraries; open access to digital collections and Oxford Digital Library Collections Univ of Utah - also houses Ski Archive University of Wisconsin Digital Collections – “Thousands of images, texts & sound recordings from Wisconsin & around the world.” Note great differences in design & functionality Tefko Saracevic 9 Public libraries USA: International: New York Public Library Toronto Public Library many research collections; branch including Downloads and eBooks libraries; includes eBooks, Digital Copenhagen Public Libraries (Denmark) Images & More including E-books and online resources Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Library City of Swan Libraries (Australia) System including eLibrary including eResources Montclair Public Library (NJ) including link to Jersey Clicks Los Angeles Public Library including eMedia and TeenWeb Note connections with digital resources; also: all have sites for kids and teens Tefko Saracevic 10 Borne digital • Libraries that emerged only on the Web Virtual Library “oldest virtual Ibiblio U North Carolina library on the Web”; Switzerland, “the largest “collection of collections” on US, UK & other countries – many, the Internet ... for topics such as many links music, literature, art, history, science, politics, and cultural studies.” AcademicInfo Digital Library • Open Library. “Over 1,000,000 many links to academic digital free ebook titles available.” collections & resources in various • Initiative of the Internet Archive subjects International Children's Digital Library among others, read children books in great many languages – an absolute delight Tefko Saracevic 11 Borne digital (cont.) Digital Public Library of America - http://dp.la/ “offers a single point of access to • Unique undertaking, design millions of items—photographs, & platform (FAQs) manuscripts, books, sounds, moving images, and more—from • Provides open access apps libraries, archives, and museums for further development around the United States.” • Very strong on meta data – development start: 2011 • Includes many types: – operational start: 2013 – texts, pictures, exhibitions, • Originated at the Berkman moving images, sounds... Center for Internet & – also on a timeline, map of Society, Harvard University contributors • In continuous development Tefko Saracevic 12 Museums National Museum of Science and MuseumStuff.com Technology Leonardo da Vinci “Worldwide guide to museums online. ... In Milan, Italy – what the name says dedicated to creating a web based guide to museum related information. This information includes links to museum The State Hermitage Museum websites and virtual exhibits, educational and entertaining games and activities, and One of the greatest museums in the extensive learning resources concerning world, and one of the best museum topics typically promoted through art, site – developed with IBM help –take science and history museums. ” a virtual tour and be amazed Museum of online museums list of many museums and permanent collections – some even weird Tefko Saracevic 13 Subject resources • Many subject specific sites available – new coming up all the time – rich & often unique coverage & services – different approaches & requirements – should they also be considered as digital libraries? Why not? • High use in their own subjects or for given tasks • Most are independent of libraries – many developed with government funding – some clearly commercial • Many lead to other subject resources Tefko Saracevic 14 subject resources … • Humanities Perseus Digital Library Tufts University Diotima Many links • started in 1985 on CDs – before the Web; to resources around covers antiquity to renaissance; one of the the globe best subject sites on the web; affected the whole field. Begin at Quick Start Guide Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy a comprehensive encyclopedia and library Abraham Lincoln Historic Digitization KIRKE - Katalog der Internetressourcen für Project – “Illinois years (1830-1861), die Klassische Philologie aus Berlin including Lincoln's writings and speeches...” German; a variety of resources for classics. Since 1995 And a subject like this must be someplace, of course … at Cornell Tefko Saracevic 15 subject resources… • Government, official • News archives U Mich Government Information New York Times article archive - from Collection -official documents from all 1851 – present; “The complete archive of over the world; huge & diverse collection The New York Times can now be searched— more than 13 million articles US State Department – “Diplomacy in total.” Subscription. action” A-Z list of countries & other area Newspaper Archive – Intrnational. Some pages browsing free. For others requires paid membership – low. USA.gov – “Government Made Easy” the US government official web portal UN Dag Hammarskjöld Library – extensive records about UN activities including UN Documentation Center Tefko Saracevic 16 subject resources … • Health • Science WebMD - news, medical information arXiv - Cornell U, National Science Foundation; “Open access to [over a million] e-prints in Rxlist - Internet Drug Index Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Mayo Clinic Patient Care and Health Quantitative Biology, Quantitative Finance & Information Statistics” Extensive medical & health information NASA Multimedia – videos, images, audio of space activities; many breathtaking pictures Kidshealth - sites for parents, kids, teens, educators Public Library of Science (PLOS) - open access journals & advocacy; “Open Access (OA) stands for unrestricted access and unrestricted reuse. Here’s why that matters... ” Encyclopedia of Life - “Global access to knowledge about life on Earth.” An ambitious project –– in progress Tefko Saracevic 17 subject resources … And, of course there is Snoopy The Official Peanuts Website Tefko Saracevic 18 Societies, organizations • Many societies, agencies Societal pages, but available through RUL developed their sites (Indexes and databases) e.g. – great many rich sources for searching & resources PsycINFO - by Am Psychological Assoc; – differences in requirements, psychological literature from the 1800s to the depth, richness present – major (sometimes only) access ASIST Digital Library – by Association for point to societal or subject Information Science & Technology literature ACM Digital Library–by Association for Computing Machinery MLA International Bibliography – by Modern Language Association;
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