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“Identificación Y Biología De Un Enrollador De Hojas De “IDENTIFICACIÓN Y BIOLOGÍA DE UN ENROLLADOR DE HOJAS DE ZARZAMORA: PARASITOIDES ASOCIADOS A DOS TORTRÍCIDOS” TESIS Que como requisito para obtener el grado de: MAESTRA EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Presenta: BIÓL. ANA CELESTINA JUÁREZ GUTIÉRREZ Director de tesis: DR. SAMUEL PINEDA GUILLERMO Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales ABRIL, 2013. AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo y el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por darme la oportunidad de continuar con mis estudios. A mi asesor, el Dr. Samuel Pineda Guillermo, por su apoyo en el desarrollo de este trabajo, a mis revisores; Dra. Ana Mabel Martínez Castillo, Dr. Ma. Martha Aguilera Peña, Dr. José Isaac Figueroa de la Rosa y al Dr. Angel Rebollar Alviter, por el tiempo invertido en sus observaciones y por ser parte de mi formación, gracias a todos por su paciencia. Al M.C. Jorge Valdez por recibirme y asesorarme en parte de este trabajo A los productores cooperantes de zarzamora, de los municipios de Los Reyes, Peribán y Tocumbo. DEDICATORIA Gracias a Dios por todo lo que me ha dado en la vida, y por estar presente en siempre. A mis padres y hermana por todo su apoyo incondicional, a la familia Juárez Caratachea y Gutiérrez Vázquez porque de alguna manera u otra han estado cerca para salir adelante. A mis pequeñitos Paula Mariana y Esteban Haziel gracias por entendierme tantas veces que no pudimos compartir momentos especiales, Pedro, gracias por seguir a mi lado, por la paciencia que me has tenido, los amo a los tres. A mis todos mis compañeros de laboratorio, por su compañía y amistad. A mis amigas porque siempre están cerquita, Karen, Pame, Yadi, Sol, Susi, Zitla, Eli, Lupis, gracias por escucharme siempre. Gracias a todos. CONTENIDO ÍNDICE Pag. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................... i ÍNDICE DE CUADROS ............................................................................................ ii RESUMEN GENERAL ............................................................................................. iii GENERAL ABSTRAC .............................................................................................. v CAPÍTULO 1 ............................................................................................................ 1 1. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL .............................................................................. 1 2. ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................... 3 2.1 Familia Tortricidae ...................................................................................... 3 2.2 Hábitos y biología ....................................................................................... 3 2.3 Tortrícidos de importancia económica ......................................................... 4 2.4 Parasitoides asociados con tortrícidos ........................................................ 5 3. LITERATURA CITADA ........................................................................................ 9 4. OBJETIVOS DE LA TESIS ................................................................................ 13 4.1 General ..................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Específico .................................................................................................. 13 CAPÍTULO 2. ........................................................................................................ 14 5. ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... 14 6. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 15 7. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................... 17 7.1 Insects and rearing ................................................................................... 17 7.2 Identification of leafroller species .............................................................. 18 7.3 Life cycle ................................................................................................... 18 7.4 Pupal weight and sex ratio ....................................................................... 18 7.5 Fecundity and fertility .................................................................................... 19 7.6 Growth rate of larvae .................................................................................... 19 7.7 Preference of color for oviposition of leafroller .............................................. 20 7.8 Data analysis ................................................................................................. 20 8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................... 21 8.1 Identification of leafroller species .............................................................. 21 8.2 Lyfe cycle .................................................................................................. 22 8.2.1 Eggs .................................................................................................. 22 8.2.2 Larvae ............................................................................................... 23 8.2.3 Prepupa ............................................................................................. 24 8.2.4 Pupa .................................................................................................. 24 8.2.5 Adults and sex ratio ........................................................................... 25 8.3 Fecundity ................................................................................................... 25 8.4 Fertility ....................................................................................................... 27 8.5 Growth rate of larvae ................................................................................ 27 8.6 Preference of color for oviposition of leafroller ......................................... 29 9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................... 30 10. REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 31 CAPÍTULO 3 ......................................................................................................... 40 11. RESUMEN ...................................................................................................... 40 12. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................ 42 13. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS............................................................................ 44 13.1 Colecta de larvas de los enrolladores de hojas y fluctuación poblacional ............................................................................ 44 13.2 Identificación de los parasitoides y porcentaje de parasitoide ................ 47 14. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ........................................................................ 48 14.1 Fluctuación poblacional de larvas de los enrolladores de hojas, A. montezumae y Amorbia sp. ..................................................... 48 14.2 Identificación de parasitoides y porcentaje de parasitismo ..................... 50 14. AGRADECIMIENTOS ...................................................................................... 57 16. LITERATURA CITADA ................................................................................... 58 i ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS FIGURA Pag. CAPÍTULO 2 Figura 1. Distribution of eggs laid throughout the oviposition period by Amorbia sp. ....................................................................................... 26 CAPÍTULO 3 Figura 1. Larvas de dos especies de enrolladores de hojas de zarzamora………...46 Figura 2. Fluctuación poblacional de los enrolladores de hojas Amorbia sp. y Argyrotaenia montezumae, en diferentes fechas de colecta……………………………………………………………....49 Figura 3. Porcentaje de parasitismo causado por diferentes especies de parasitoides sobre larvas del enrollador de las hojas de zarzamora, Amorbia sp. en diferentes sitios y fechas de colecta en el periodo comprendido de agosto a noviembre de 2011……………………………………………....…51 Figura 4. Porcentaje de parasitismo causado por Apanteles sp. sobre larvas del enrollador de las hojas de zarzamora, Argyrotaenia montezumae en diferentes sitios y fechas de colecta en el periodo comprendido de agosto a noviembre de 2011……………………………………………………........…53 ii ÍNDICE DE CUADROS CUADRO Pag. CAPÍTULO 1 Cuadro 1. Parasitoides de larvas de enrrolladores de hojas de la familia Tortricidae registrados en diferentes partes del mundo …………………………………………………………………………....7 CAPÍTULO 2 Cuadro 1. Length (d ± SE) of different development stages of the leafroller Amorbia sp. reared at 25 2 °C with 75 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h…..…………………………………...22 Cuadro 2. Size of head capsule (µm EE) per instar when measuring both the distance between both genae and the distance between frontal setae of Amorbia …………………………………29 CAPÍTULO 3 Cuadro 1. Colecta de larvas de dos especies de enrolladores de hojas en diversas localidades de los municipios de Peribán, Los Reyes y Tocumbo del estado de Michoacán durante el periodo de agosto a noviembre del 2011………………………………………..…………………………………....45 iii RESUMEN GENERAL La zarzamora (Rubus sp. variedad “Tupi”) es uno de los cultivos que ha adquirido gran importancia en México,
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