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Interdisciplinary Research Methodology for Secondary Level Social Studies: a Teaching Unit Concerning the Holy Shroud of Turin

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Interdisciplinary Research Methodology for Secondary Level Social Studies: a Teaching Unit Concerning the Holy Shroud of Turin University of San Diego Digital USD Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1986 Interdisciplinary Research Methodology for Secondary Level Social Studies: A Teaching Unit Concerning the Holy Shroud of Turin Melinda K. Blade EdD University of San Diego Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations Part of the Leadership Studies Commons Digital USD Citation Blade, Melinda K. EdD, "Interdisciplinary Research Methodology for Secondary Level Social Studies: A Teaching Unit Concerning the Holy Shroud of Turin" (1986). Dissertations. 486. https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations/486 This Dissertation: Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Digital USD. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital USD. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR SECONDARY LEVEL SOCIAL STUDIES: A TEACHING UNIT CONCERNING THE HOLY SHROUD OF TURIN by Melinda K. Blade A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfullrnent of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education University of San Diego 1986 Dissertation Committee Patricia A. Lowry, Ph.D., Director James R. Moriarty, III, Ph.D. Patricia A. Watson, Ed.D. r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © COPYRIGHT 1986 BY MELINDA K. BLADE Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Then said a teacher, Speak to us of Teaching. And he said: No one can reveal to you aught but that which already lies half asleep in the dawning of your knowledge. Teachers who walk in the shadow of the temple, among their followers, give not of their wisdom but rather of their lovingness. If they are indeed wise they do not bid you enter the house of their wisdom, but rather lead you to the threshold of your own mind. Kahlil Gibran Adapted from Th~ Prophet ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to express her appreciation to her committee for their support. Additionally, the writer would like to thank sindonologists Father Adam J. Otterbein, c.ss.R., President of the Holy Shroud Guild, Father Peter M. Rinaldi, S.O.B., Vice­ President of the Holy Shroud Guild, Brother Joseph Marino, O.S.B., David Schultz, Sister Damian of the Cross, O.C.D., and Dr. Robert Bucklin for their assistance and encouragement. Furthermore, the researcher would like to thank Dr. Susan Zgliczynski for her encouragement and suggestions. The writer would like to thank her colleagues at the Academy of Our Lady of Peace and her fellow doctoral students for sharing their ideas and time. The author's appreciation is extended to Mr. and Mrs. John Thornton for their grant. Last, the author would like to thank her parents, family and friends for their unflagging support. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .••.••••.••.•.•••••••••.•••.••••••.••. v I. INTRODUCTION ANO STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE •.•..•.••. 1 Introduction..................................... 1 Statement of the Issue ••....••.•.•..••••••.•.•.•• 15 Limitations of the Study •.•••.••.•••.•••••••...•• 18 Definition of Terms .•.•••.•.•...•.•..•..••.•.•..• 21 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE •••.•.•.•••..•....••••••• 34 III. RESEARCH DESIGN ANO METHODOLOGY .•.•.••.•...••••.• 69 IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RELATED TO THE ACQUISITION OF DATA CONCERNING THE HOLY SHROUD OF TURIN ...••. 88 Introduction ..................................... 88 Chronology of Research Investigation •..•..•.•..•• 91 Library Facilities •...•..•••••...••.•.••.•..•.... 104 V. AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TEACHING UNIT: THE HOLY SHROUD OF TURIN •....•...•.•.••.•••...•••••.•••.•• 110 Goals .. ......................................... 111 Section I: The Holy Shroud of Turin .••.•.•••• 116 Section II: Aspects of Roman Crucifixion .....• 126 Section III: The Historical Sequence of the Holy Shroud of Turin: 1st Century Palestine to 1204 ••.•••.••.•.•.... 139 Section IV: The Missing Years of the Holy Shroud of Turin: 1204-1353 ...•..•. 154 Section V: The Known History of the Shroud of Turin: 1353-1460 ••...•.•.•••.•. 173 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Section VI: The House of Savoy: 1460-1898 ..... 182 Section VII: The History of the Holy Shroud of Turin: The Twentieth Century ...... 190 Section VIII: The First Crusade and the Establishment of the Latin Kingdoms: 1096-1150 •••.•...•.•.... 206 Section IX: Saint Bernard and the Knights Templar ........................... 212 Section X: Secondo Pia (1855-1941) ........... 222 Section XI: Textile and Pollen Analysis of the Holy Shroud of Tur in ..•......•...• 231 Section XII: Numismatic Images on the Eyes of the Shroudal Image .•..••.....•.... 237 Section XIII: Suggested Concluding Activities Related to the Shroudal Unit ...... 243 Section XIV: Shroud Related Sources ..••.•.••.•• 245 Section XV: Conclusion to the Curriculum Unit .............................. 251 Section XVI: Selected Bibliography Pertaining to the Curriculum Unit ........•... 252 VI. CONCLUSION •.•............•...•..•................ 273 APPENDICES., •••• ••••••••.••••••••• , •..•.•••••.•••••••.• 280 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .•......•..••...•.•.............. 495 V r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES: 1. The Interdisciplinary Nature of the Holy Shroud of Turin. 115 2. Photographic Reversal of the Facial Image of the Shroud of Turin. 121 3. Umberto II and John Paul II. 133 4. Icon Representing the "Archeiropoietos." 147 5. Full Length Body Image of the Shroud of Turin. 166 6. Dr. Paul Vignon. 199 7. Knight Templar. 217 8. Facial Image of the Shroud of Turin. 227 10. Roman Lepton. 240 11. The Continuum of Interdisciplinarity. 281 12. The Scope of Social Studies. 282 13. The Interdisciplinary Nature of Social Studies. 283 14. Teacher Check List of Primary Sources. 285 15. Teacher Check List of Secondary Sources. 300 16. Teacher Check List of Written Secondary Sources. 308 MAP 9. Hypothesized Shroudal Travels (30 A.D.-1578). 234 vi r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF APPENDICES Appendix A .•••••••••••. .•.•.•.•••••.••••.••••..•.•••. 280 The Continuum of Interdisciplinarity ..........•. 281 The Scope of Social Studies •.................... 282 The Interdisciplinary Nature of Social Studies •. 283 Appendix B ...•......•••.•••.••.•••.•••.•.••••••...•.. 284 Utilizing Primary Sources .........•.•...••...... 286 Utilizing Secondary Sources .•...•.•.•.....•..... 301 Utilizing Written Secondary Sources .•........... 309 Appendix C....... .................................... 319 Alternative Social Studies Methodology .......... 320 Appendix D ....... •.......•....•....•..........•.....• 349 Journals Related to the Social Studies, Education and Interdisciplinary Learning .•...•.. 350 Appendix E .••..• •..••..•.•••••••.•..••..•••••.••••..• 373 Additional Topics of Shroudal Research .......... 374 The Wounds on the Shroudal Image Paralleled to Christ I s Passion .. .............................. 378 Appendix F ••. ....•.•....••••.•.....••.•.••.•...•••.•. 386 Where to Locate Sources .•.•...........•.......•. 387 vii r- Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR SECONDARY LEVEL SOCIAL STUDIES: A TEACHING UNIT CONCERNING THE HOLY SHROUD OF TURIN In the past decade, numerous educational leaders have been critical of the quality of achievement of the educational system of the United States. Declining scores on standardized tests and the Scholastic Aptitude Test, illiteracy and the inequality of educational opportunities for America's youth were a few of the concerns documented by educational leaders. In an effort to correct some of the existing problems, reform measures have been delineated by various commissions and educational authorities. The use of interdisciplinary curriculum, particularly in Social Studies, was among the suggestions for improving the quality of education. The purpose of this study was to present historical research concerning the Holy Shroud of Turin which could be used to demonstrate the development of an interdisciplinary curriculum approach suitable for use by instructors of secondary level Social Studies. An historical methodology research design was chosen to indicate the techniques utilized in gathering data concerning the Shroud of Turin. Data for the teaching unit Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. concerning the Holy Shroud was acquired from a variety of sources. Public, university and college libraries were contacted for pertinent materials and the investigator's personal library and files also contained materials related to the Holy Shroud. Written and oral communications with renowned sindonologists yielded invaluable information for this study. Individuals whose Religious Orders, had, at one time, housed the Holy Shroud also proved to be valuable sources of information. As a result of this extensive research, an interdisciplinary teaching unit concerning the Holy
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