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Bone Fractures

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Bone Fractures PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Skeletal System 5 PART B Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Fractures . Fracture—break in a bone . Types of bone fractures . Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin . Open (compound) fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin . Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Repair of Bone Fractures . Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed . Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus . Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus . Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone Internal callus New (fibrous Healed blood fracture tissue and vessels cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma Fibrocartilage Bony callus Bone remodeling formation callus formation formation Figure 5.5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma Hematoma formation Figure 5.5, step 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus Internal callus New (fibrous blood tissue and vessels cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma Fibrocartilage formation callus formation Figure 5.5, step 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone Internal callus New (fibrous blood tissue and vessels cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma Fibrocartilage Bony callus formation callus formation formation Figure 5.5, step 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone Internal callus New (fibrous Healed blood fracture tissue and vessels cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma Fibrocartilage Bony callus Bone remodeling formation callus formation formation Figure 5.5, step 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton . Forms the longitudinal axis of the body . Divided into three parts . Skull . Vertebral column . Bony thorax Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skull . Two sets of bones . Cranium . Facial bones . Bones are joined by sutures . Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Lateral View Figure 5.7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Superior View Figure 5.8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Anterior View Figure 5.11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses . Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity . Functions of paranasal sinuses . Lighten the skull . Give resonance and amplification to voice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hyoid Bone . The only bone that does not articulate with another bone . Serves as a moveable base for the tongue . Aids in swallowing and speech Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hyoid Bone Figure 5.12 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
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    Cartilage Development and Maturation In Vitro and In Vivo Johnathan Ng Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2017 © 2017 Johnathan Ng All rights reserved Abstract Cartilage Development and Maturation In Vitro and In Vivo Johnathan Ng The articular cartilage has a limited capacity to regenerate. Cartilage lesions often result in degeneration, leading to osteoarthritis. Current treatments are mostly palliative and reparative, and fail to restore cartilage function in the long term due to the replacement of hyaline cartilage with fibrocartilage. Although a stem-cell based approach towards regenerating the articular cartilage is attractive, cartilage generated from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) often lack the function, organization and stability of the native cartilage. Thus, there is a need to develop effective methods to engineer physiologic cartilage tissues from hMSCs in vitro and assess their outcomes in vivo. This dissertation focused on three coordinated aims: establish a simple in vivo model for studying the maturation of osteochondral tissues by showing that subcutaneous implantation in a mouse recapitulates native endochondral ossification (Aim 1), (ii) develop a robust method for engineering physiologic cartilage discs from self-assembling hMSCs (Aim 2), and (iii) improve the organization and stability of cartilage discs by implementing spatiotemporal control during induction in vitro (Aim 3). First, the usefulness of subcutaneous implantation in mice for studying the development and maintenance of osteochondral tissues in vivo was determined. By studying juvenile bovine osteochondral tissues, similarities in the profiles of endochondral ossification between the native and ectopic processes were observed.
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