Volume 5 • Number 2

rBotanic Gardeons Conservation Internoational Education Revitew s October 2008

From there to eternity? The lessons of Darwin’s legacy

Darwin the botanist Teaching children to ask big questions The great plant hunt Evolution holds the key Contents

02 Editorial Julia Willison, Botanic Gardens Conservation International

Editor : Julia Willison 05 Darwin the botanist Cover Photo : Image from Kid’s Kew an official guidebook David Kohn, American Museum of Natural History, USA for children aged 7-11 visiting Kew Gardens, UK. Design : John Morgan, Seascape. Tel: +44 (0)1273 416842 09 Teaching children to tackle big questions Forthcoming Issues Sue Johnson, Institute of Education, London, UK Volume 6 Number 1 – Interpretation Last submission date January 20 2009 12 The great plant hunt Roots is produced by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) . It is published twice a year and is Angela McFarlane, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK sent to all BGCI members. Membership is open to all interested individuals, institutions and organisations that support the aims of BGCI (see inside back cover for 15 Darwin’s garden: an evolutionary adventure membership application form). George Shakespear, New York Botanical Garden, USA Further details available from: • Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso 18 Darwin ‘down under’ House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3BW UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953, Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 Janelle Hatherly, Sophie Daniel, Botanic Gardens Trust, Sydney, Australia Email: [email protected], www.bgci.org • BGCI-Russia, c/o Main Botanical Gardens, Botanicheskaya st., 4, Moscow 127276, Russia. 21 A walk through time Tel: +7 (095) 219 6160 / 5377, Fax: +7 (095) 218 0525, Mara Sugni, Bergamo Botanic Garden, Italy E-mail: [email protected], www.bgci.ru • BGCI-Netherlands, c/o Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands Tel: +31 15 278 4714 Fax: +31 15 278 2355 23 Design as a teaching tool email: [email protected] Didier Rousseau-Navarre, Marnay sur Seine Botanic Garden, France www.botanischetuin.tudelft.nl • BGCI-Canarias, c/o Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo, Apartado de Correos 14, Tafira Alta 35017, 26 Evolution holds the key Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain. Tel: +34 928 21 95 80/82/83, Fax: +34 928 21 95 81, Tracy Greenfield E-mail: [email protected] • BGCI- China, 723 Xingke Rd., Guangzhou 510650 China. Tel:(86)20-37252692. email: [email protected] 28 Resources www.bgci.org/china • BGCI – South East Asia, c/o Registry, Singapore Botanic Educational resources for botanic gardens Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569. Email: [email protected], • BGCI-Colombia, c/o Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, Jose Celestino Mutis, Av. No. 61-13 – A.A. 59887, Santa Fe de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Tel: +57 630 0949, Fax: +57 630 5075, E-mail: [email protected], www.humboldt.org.co/jardinesdecolombia/html/la_red.htm • BGCI-Deutschland, c/o Botanische Gärten der 09 Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 171, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Tel: +49 2 2873 9055, Fax: +49 2 28731690, E-mail: [email protected] • BGCI(US) Inc, c/o Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

BGCI is a worldwide membership organisation established in 1987. Its mission is to mobilise botanic gardens and engage partners in securing plant diversity for the well- 05 12 being of people and the planet . BGCI is an independent organisation registered in the United Kingdom as a charity (Charity Reg No 1098834) and a company limited by guarantee, No 4673175. BGCI is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) 15 non-profit organisation in the USA and is a registered non-profit organisation in Russia. Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Boards or staff of BGCI or of its members

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BGCI would like to thank the co-editors for their work in the production of Roots: For the French Section: For the Spanish Section: For the English Section: Loïc Ruellan – Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest, France Maricela Rodriguez Acosta – Herbario y Jardín Botánico de la Robert Orr Anne Lindsey – France Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico George Hackford Allison Marshall – France Antonio Lopez Quintana – Universidad de Pais Vasco, Bilbao, Spain Thierry Helminger – Arboretum Kirchberg, Musée National Lourdes Rico-Arce – Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK d’Histoire Naturelle, Luxembourg Veronica Franco – Jardín Botánico Xiitbal neek, Mexico

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 01 En tirant une feuille du livre de Darwin Siguiendo las huellas impresas de Darwin

Julia Willison

Taking a leaf out of Darwin’s book

Editorial - English Editorial - Français Editorial - Español

When, in November 1859, Charles Lorsque, en novembre 1859, Charles Cuando Charles Darwin publicó en Darwin published On The Origin of Darwin publia L’origine des espèces , il Noviembre de 1859 On The Origin of Species , he triggered an intellectual provoqua un bouleversement intellectuel Species , ocasionó un seísmo and conceptual earthquake of such et conceptuel d’une telle envergure que intelectual y conceptual de tal magnitude that its aftershocks remain ses répercussions nous préoccupent magnitud, que sus réplicas with us a century and a half later. encore aujourd’hui, un siècle et demi permanecen hasta hoy, siglo y medio No single document in history, it could plus tard. On peut même affirmer después. No hay otro texto en la be argued, has so profoundly affected qu’aucun autre document n’a aussi historia, se podría argumentar, que humankind’s understanding of the profondément influencé la haya afectado tan profundamente la living world. Darwin’s theory of natural compréhension humaine du monde comprensión del mundo de los seres selection challenged all received vivant. La théorie de la sélection vivos. La teoría de la selección natural opinion about life on earth and, in an naturelle de Darwin a défié toutes les de Darwin desafió todas las opiniones era of intellectual, political and opinions reçues au sujet de la vie sur recibidas acerca de la vida, en una scientific ferment that gave rise to the terre et, à une époque de época de ebullición intelectual, política modern age, was perhaps the most bouillonnement intellectuel, politique et y científica que dio paso a la edad revolutionary idea of all. scientifique qui nous conduisit aux moderna, quizás la más revolucionaria temps modernes, était peut-être l’idée de todas las ideas. In its essence Darwin’s theory la plus révolutionnaire de toutes. encapsulates the struggle for En su esencia la teoría de Darwin existence: healthier or better-adapted La théorie de Darwin résume au fond la contiene la lucha por la vida: los organisms tend to outlive or out- lutte pour l’existence: les organismes organismos más sanos y mejor compete weaker organisms, allowing plus sains ou les mieux adaptés ont adaptados sobreviven y compiten con favourable traits to be passed on in tendance à vivre plus longtemps ou los débiles, posibilitando la transmisión successive generations. dépasser les organismes plus faibles, de esos caracteres a las generaciones permettant ainsi aux caractéristiques siguientes. With 2009 marking the 200th favorables d’être transmises aux anniversary of Darwin’s birth and 150th générations suivantes. Con motivo del bicentenario del anniversary of the publication of On the nacimiento de Darwin y el 150 Origin of Species , this issue of Roots L’année 2009 marquant le 200ème aniversario de la publicación del Origen calls on botanic gardens to celebrate anniversaire de la naissance de Darwin de las especies , en 2009, este número the legacy and thinking of this et le 150ème anniversaire de la de Roots solicita a los jardines extraordinary man. As Professor David publication de L’origine des espèces , botánicos que celebren el legado y el Kohn, Senior Research Fellow of the ce volume de Roots invite les jardins pensamiento de este extraordinario Charles Darwin Trust, explains in his botaniques à célébrer l’héritage et la hombre. Tal y como el Professor David keynote article, Darwin spent the last pensée de cet homme extraordinaire. Kohn, Miembro Investigador Senior 30 years of his life working mainly on Comme nous l’explique le Professeur del Charles Darwin Trust, explica en el plants and he argues that Darwin was, David Kohn, chargé de recherches du artículo principal, Darwin dedicó sus above all, a botanist. Professor Kohn Charles Darwin Trust, dans son article últimos 30 años de trabajo a las wrote an essay for the catalogue of an d’introduction, Darwin passa les 30 plantas, y argumenta que era, por exhibition entitled Darwin’s Garden: An dernières années de sa vie à travailler encima de todo, botánico. El Professor Evolutionary Adventure , presented principalement sur les plantes et il Kohn escribió el ensayo para el earlier this year at The New York affirme que Darwin était avant tout un catálogo de la exposición titulada Botanical Garden. Elsewhere in this botaniste. Professeur Kohn a écrit un Darwin’s Garden: An Evolutionary

02 Roots • Vol 5 (2) • 02-04 issue of Roots , George Shakespear, essai pour le catalogue d’une exposition Adventure , que se presentó este año Director of Science Public Relations at intitulée Darwin’s Garden: An en el New York Botanical Garden. the garden, describes the interpretation Evolutionary Adventure (Le jardin de En otro lugar de este número de Roots , and educational programming for this Darwin: une aventure évolutionnaire), George Shakespear, Director de exhibition. présentée cette année au jardin Relaciones de ciencia para con el botanique de New York. Plus loin dans público de este jardín, describe la Throughout his life Darwin meticulously cette édition de Roots , George interpretación y programación observed, recorded and pondered the Shakespear, directeur des relations educativa de esta exposición. similarities, differences and distribution publiques de la science de ce jardin between species. He also had the nous décrit l’interprétation et les A lo largo de su vida Darwin observó, intellectual courage to ask big programmes éducatifs mis en place anotó y sopesó meticulosamente la questions to which there were no clear pour cette exposition. similitudes, las diferencias y la or easy answers. Encouraging children distribución de las especies. Tuvo el and adults to emulate Darwin’s Tout au long de sa vie, Darwin a coraje intelectual de plantear grandes approach is seen by several of our minutieusement observé, enregistré et preguntas para las que no había authors as key to encouraging critical analysé les similitudes, les différences et respuesta clara o fácil. Animar a niños thinking. Through her work with the leur répartition entre les espèces. Il a eu y adultos para que emulen el enfoque Charles Darwin Trust, Dr Sue Johnson aussi le courage intellectuel de poser de de Darwin es considerado por varios encourages children to find their own grandes questions auxquelles il n’y avait de nuestros autores como clave para answers to self-generated questions. pas de réponses claires ou faciles. estimular el pensamiento crítico. La She has developed Darwin Inspired Plusieurs de nos auteurs considèrent Dra Sue Johnson, por medio de su Learning resources that draw attention que le fait d’encourager enfants et trabajo con el Charles Darwin Trust, to plants associated with Darwin, adultes à suivre l’approche de Darwin alienta que los niños encuentren su ranging from foxgloves and cabbages est la clé pour inciter à une réflexion propias respuestas a cuestiones que to tropical orchids. Professor Angela critique. Par son travail avec le Charles ellos mismos suscitan. Ella ha McFarlane shares with us the outline of Darwin Trust, Dr. Sue Johnson invite les desarrollado los recursos didácticos a project in gestation at Royal Botanic enfants à trouver leurs propres réponses ‘Aprendizaje Inspirado en Darwin’ que Gardens, Kew. In April 2009, a à des questions qu’ils se posent eux- dirige su atención a plantas asociadas treasure chest full of resources will be mêmes. Elle a développé des supports con él, abarcando desde las digitales o sent from the gardens to 22,000 UK éducatifs inspirés par Darwin, qui dedaleras y repollos hasta las primary schools, giving children an appellent l’attention sur les plantes orquídeas tropicales. La Profesora opportunity to become plant hunters associées à celui-ci, depuis les digitales Angela McFarlane comparte con and discover plants in the wild - much et les choux jusqu’aux orchidées nosotros el diseño del proyecto en as Darwin did some 180 years ago. tropicales. Professeur Angela McFarlane gestación en el Royal Botanic Gardens nous fait part des grandes lignes d’un de Kew: En abril 2009 un baúl del Darwin visited Australia on HMS projet en cours d’élaboration aux jardins tesoro lleno de recursos será remitido Beagle and his association with that botaniques royaux de Kew. En avril a las más de 22.000 escuelas de country, as well as his bicentenary, is 2009, un coffre aux trésors rempli de primaria del Reino Unido, dando a la regarded by The Botanic Gardens Trust supports éducatifs sera envoyé aux infancia la oportunidad de convertirse in Sydney as a cause for celebration. 22.000 écoles primaires du Royaume- en cazadores de plantas y descubrir The Trust is collaborating with botanic Uni, permettant aux enfants de devenir las plantas silvestres, tal y como gardens and cultural institutions across des chasseurs de plantes et de Darwin lo hizo hace 180 años. Australia to plan a year-long découvrir des plantes dans la nature – programme of events. Janelle Hatherly tout comme Darwin l’a fait quelque 180 Darwin visitó Australia a bordo del and Sophie Daniel outline these events ans auparavant. HMS Beagle , y su relación con ese and believe that Darwin’s legacy will país, así como su bicentenario, es inspire a passion and appreciation for Darwin a visité l’Australie à bord du HMS causa de celebración para el Botanic nature in budding naturalists and the Beagle et son lien avec ce pays, de Gardens Trust de Sydney. El Trust next generation of scientists. même que son bicentenaire, sont autant colabora con los jardines botánicos de motifs de célébration pour le Botanic y las instituciones culturales a lo largo The evolution of plants is highlighted in Gardens Trust à Sydney. Le Trust y ancho de Australia en un plan de many botanic gardens around the collabore avec des jardins botaniques eventos para todo el año. Janelle world, enabling people to take a ‘walk et des institutions culturelles à travers Hatherly y Sophie Daniel perfilan los back in time’. In his later years Darwin l’Australie pour organiser un programme acontecimientos y aseguran que el carried out extensive work on adaptive de manifestations tout au long de legado de Darwin inspirará pasión y strategies of plant movements and l’année. Janelle Hatherly et Sophie alta estima por la naturaleza en los Mara Sugni from Bergamo Botanic Daniel en donnent un aperçu et sont naturalistas promesa y la próxima Garden, Italy describes an exhibition convaincues que l’héritage de Darwin generación de científicos. which used lower plants such as algae inspirera une passion et une through to higher plants like trees to appréciation de la nature chez les La evolución de las plantas destaca en highlight the importance of tropisms to naturalistes en herbe et la prochaine mucho jardines botánicos de todo el plant evolution. At Marnay-sur-Seine génération de scientifiques. mundo, lo que permite a los visitantes

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 03 Botanic Garden, Darwin’s evolutionary L’évolution des plantes est un thème hacer un ‘paseo por el pasado”. tree was used as the inspiration for phare dans de nombreux jardins En sus últimos años Darwin trabajó the design of the garden. Opened to botaniques de par le monde, permettant muy intesamente en las estrategias the public in 1999, the garden takes au public de faire un ‘voyage dans le adaptativas de los movimientos de las visitors along the evolution road, from passé’. Au cours de ses dernières plantas, y Mara Sugni del Jardín plants emerging in their simplest forms années, Darwin a beaucoup travaillé sur Botánico de Bergamo, Italia, describe and evolving over time to flowering le sujet des stratégies d’adaptation des una exposición que utiliza desde algas plants. mouvements des plantes et Mara Sugni hasta plantas superiores y árboles, du jardin botanique de Bergamo en Italie subrayando la importancia de los On the eve of these two key Darwin décrit une exposition dans laquelle les tropismos en su evolución. En el Jardín anniversaries, what lessons may we plantes inférieures, tout comme les Botánico de Marnay-sur-Seine, draw from his life and work? Darwin plantes supérieures, ont servi à mettre Francia, el árbol evolutivo de Darwin was a genius who, as one en évidence l’importance des tropismes fue usado como inspiración para el commentator writes*, had “arguably pour l’évolution des végétaux. Au jardin diseño del mismo. Abierto hace nueve the most powerful idea ever” so it may botanique de Marnay-sur-Seine, l’arbre años solamente, en 1999, el jardín be over-ambitious, to say the least, to phylogénétique de Darwin a inspiré la conduce a los visitantes por el camino attempt to emulate him directly! But conception des lieux. Ouvert au public il de la evolución desde las formas más among Darwin’s most determined y a neuf ans seulement, en 1999, le sencillas hasta las plantas con flor. supporters was the pioneering jardin emmène ses visiteurs sur la route biologist and educator, Thomas Henry de l’évolution, depuis l’apparition des En vísperas de estos dos aniversarios Huxley and here we may find plantes sous leur forme la plus simple en de Darwin tan importantes, ¿qué inspiration. Nicknamed ‘Darwin’s suivant l’évolution au cours du temps lecciones podemos extraer de su vida Bulldog’, Huxley’s courageous jusqu’aux plantes à fleurs. y obra? Darwin fue un genio que, defence of the theory of natural como escribe un comentarista*, tuvo selection has become a byword for A la veille de ces deux importantes “la idea más poderosa de todos los determined and principled advocacy dates anniversaires, quelles leçons tiempos” por lo que podría ser of scientific enquiry. In our own time, pouvons-nous tirer de la vie et de demasiado ambicioso, al menos, surely, it is not the origin but the l’œuvre de Darwin ? Il était un génie qui, ¡intentar igualarle! Pero entre los más survival of species that is in question. comme le dit un commentateur*, a eu decididos partidarios se encontraba el Global climate change is altering the « indiscutablement l’idée la plus pionero biólogo y educador Thomas biological landscape in this century puissante de tous les temps » : Henry Huxley, en el que podemos just as radically as Darwin aussi est-il sans doute pour le moins encontrar inspiración. Apodado el revolutionised biological thought in ambitieux de vouloir l’imiter directement! ‘Bulldog de Darwin’, la defensa valiente his. Botanic gardens should be in the Cependant l’un de ses plus fervents que Huxley hizo de la teoría de la vanguard of humankind’s response to partisans était le biologiste et éducateur selección natural se ha convertido en this challenge and, just as Darwin’s d’avant-garde Thomas Henri Huxley, símbolo de la defensa firme y honesta Bulldog, we educators have our own chez qui nous pouvons trouver une de la búsqueda de la verdad científica. part to play. inspiration. Surnommé le « bulldog de En nuestro tiempo, no es el origen, Darwin », sa défense courageuse de la sino la supervivencia de las especies la * Richard Dawkins (Guardian, February théorie de la sélection naturelle est que está en discusión. En esta 8th 2008). Richard Dawkins FRS is the devenue le symbole d’un soutien centuria, el cambio climático global Charles Simonyi Professor of the déterminé et rigoureux de l’enquête altera el paisaje biológico tan Public Understanding of Science at scientifique. Certes, de nos temps, ce radicalmente como Darwin revolucionó the University Oxford, UK. n’est pas l’origine, mais la survie des el pensamiento biológico en el suyo. espèces qui est en question. Le siècle Los jardines botánicos deben estar en en cours est marqué par des la vanguardia de la respuesta de la changements climatiques planétaires qui humanidad a semejante reto y, como el sont en passe de modifier le paysage ‘Bulldog de Darwin’, nosotros como biologique tout aussi radicalement que educadores tenemos que jugar nuestro Darwin a révolutionné la pensée papel. biologique à son époque. Les jardins botaniques devraient être à l’avant- * Richard Dawkins (Guardian, Febrero garde de la riposte de l’humanité à ce 8/2008). Richard Dawkins FRS es el défi et, tout comme le bulldog de Charles Simonyi Professor de la Darwin, nous les éducateurs avons notre cátedra de Comprensión pública de la propre rôle à jouer. Ciencia en la Universidad de Oxford, Reino Unido. * Richard Dawkins (Guardian, 8 février 2008). Richard Dawkins FRS est le Charles Simonyi Professor of the Public Understanding of Science à l’Université d’Oxford, Royaume-Uni.

04 Roots • Vol 5 (2) Darwin le botaniste Darwin el botánico

David Kohn Darwin the botanist

Summary In his theory of evolution, Charles Darwin proposed that living beings were Darwin’s botanical formation Left: Matthiola sinuata “all netted together” through a Darwin was heir to a rich botanical collected by common ancestry. Yet one tradition, one that often resonated in Charles Darwin branch of the tree of life, the the specific botanical topics and in 1831 for plant kingdom, was Darwin’s viewpoints he was to adopt. His Prof. J.S. most enduring focus. grandfather Erasmus Darwin, for Henslow’s He was a major field collector, example, was an evolutionist and Herbarium. spread the Linnaean doctrine that Earliest known a consummate and sustained plants, just like animals, have sexes. Darwin observer of plant life, a rigorous Darwin’s first botanical exposure was specimen in a botanical experimentalist, and in his father’s ample garden at The working natural the high theorist of plant Mount in Shrewsbury where young history evolution. Charles played among apple trees bred collection by Thomas Andrew Knight, President (Cambridge Botany played a pivotal part in each phase of Darwin’s life. As an of the Royal Horticultural Society. University undergraduate, he collected specimens for his botany professor’s However, the foundations of Darwin’s Herbarium) herbarium while on a geological expedition in Wales. Voyaging for five formal education in botany were laid at Cambridge by his dynamic professor years aboard the HMS Beagle, he collected plants along with fossil bones John Stevens Henslow (1796-1861) and bird skins. Preparing to write On the Origin of Species, botany became who later opened the way for Darwin to critical to the growth of his evolutionary theory. Ultimately, he turned his participate in the Beagle’s scientific home and the surrounding countryside into a botanical field station. cruise around the world.

Darwin’s six botanical books would recast large areas of plant science. The Beagle voyage His studies on the fertilisation of orchids, on insectivorous plants, and on the climbing and other plant movements were each a beautifully The Beagle expedition concentrated on articulate example of how evolution could solve the traditional mysteries certain regions of South America: coastal Brazil, Patagonia, Tierra del of natural history. Through his work, Darwin laid foundations for modern Fuego, the Andean coast as far north botany that remain firm to this day. as Lima and the oceanic Galápagos archipelago.

Roots • Vol 5 (2) • 05-08 05 the flower continued until Darwin began publishing on the biological meaning of flowers in the 1860s. The prevalence of cross-pollination was Darwin’s single most important botanical truth.

Indeed Darwin realised there was a problem with plant sex immediately after discovering natural selection in 1838. If flowers perpetually self fertilised then both natural selection and evolution would be invalid, because natural selection requires hereditary variation. If there is no variation, there is simply nothing to select. Evolution stops. If flowers self fertilised for generation after generation, they would become unvarying clones. Furthermore, without variation, where did the thousands of known plant species come from? Evolution would not explain the diverse families of flowering plant genera and species. The world’s flowers were just too big a part of nature for Darwin to forfeit them to the creationist position that species are immutable. Right: Henslow’s Arum ‘cut & In the case of flowers, he undertook paste’ teaching decades of field and garden sheet, c. 1837 observations and breeding (Cambridge experiments, all focused on testing and University supporting one powerful hypothesis: Herbarium) that of natural selection. Through his painstaking studies, such as the Plants came before birds in the birth of In 1856, Darwin put ink to blue Primula example below, Darwin Darwinian evolution. Darwin did not foolscap and began to steadily write. discovered that flowering plants have become an evolutionist on the His seminal book, On the Origin of evolved elaborate structures, Galápagos, but the basis for a Species , was finally published in strategies, and relations with animals profound shift in his understanding of November 1859. and reasoned that it was all to avoid species was established there – and it the apparent necessity of perpetual began with plants. When the Beagle Preserving priority inbreeding. Thus the Darwinian arrived in the Galápagos in September meaning of flowers became a pillar of 1835, Darwin immediately observed Once the Origin was published, botany botany and botany became one of the that the flora appeared unique. became the central focus of Darwin’s strongest fields supporting evolution. Therupon, he collected “all the plants research for the remaining years of his in flower”. This we know from a life. This botanical work was highly Love, primula style pocket field notebook that Darwin kept original, not only because of the quality when he was in the archipelago. of his observations, but because it was Spring 1860 was the first flowering Darwin’s Galápagos plant specimens, the first attempt to apply the principles season following Origin’s publication. numbering well over 200, constitute the of evolution to plants. Darwin, bursting with experimental single most influential natural history energy, made several crucial botanical collection of live organisms in the entire Darwin’s crucial contribution to botany discoveries. In May, he observed two history of science. Indeed, Darwin’s was his understanding of and ability to different kinds of flowers among plants represent the foundational demonstrate that the flower is a common primulas. The style, or shaft collection for the entire Galápagos product of evolution. By the 18th of the female part, is either tall, flora. Settled back in London in 1837, century, botanists were convinced that protruding like a pin, or it is short. he sketched his first evolutionary tree flowering plants have both male and Darwin’s children gathered armloads of and began firmly applying the idea of female parts, and assumed that most flowers for their father, who noticed descent with modification to all of plants self fertilise or inbreed. This something: the two kinds of flower natural history. erroneous and deeply ingrained view of occur in a 50:50 ratio. To explain these

06 Roots • Vol 5 (2) two morphs, Darwin would follow the move despite being rooted in the soil. a tentacle relaxes, the aggregation scientific method, but after his very own Darwin’s passion for working out the disappears. Darwin compared this personal style. At first, the 50:50 ratio botanical adaptations that allow plants reversible process, which he thought reminded him of a normal male-female to stay in sensitive touch with their required a ferment (soon afterwards sex ratio. So he believed the two kinds environment occupied him for years in called an enzyme), “with a reflex action of flowers were evolving into separate physiological experiments that in the nervous system of an animal”. sexes. That is, he thought he had prefigure the biochemical and cellular witnessed one step in the evolution of studies of the early 20th century on What he actually saw, by modern lights, separate male and female flowers. The enzymatic catalysis and plant has not been established and is tall-style flowers must be evolving into hormones. Thus these green controversial to this day. Today, pure females, he surmised. Conversely, adaptations in leaves and stems not mechanisms for communication their short stamens must be losing only paralleled Darwin’s flowers, they between plant cells are at the forefront potency. To test this he crossed the added a new level of sophistication to of research. But the point is just how two forms. But to his surprise, the the botanical bulwarks Darwin had built far Darwin pushed his Drosera studies ‘males’ produced abundant seeds. to support evolution and adaptation by towards experimental biology while So the experimental method forced him natural selection. For example, pursuing his evolutionary physiological to abandon his first hypothesis. insectivorous plants that trap and botany. As Darwin once observed, his first digest insects with specialised leaves explanations of things frequently fascinated Darwin. So did vines that Power of movement: are plants proved wrong. The originality and climb up and over other plants. He alive? breakthrough would come with thinking saw plants as sensitive creatures up the next explanation. whose growing tips or leaves or Darwin wrote six botanical books, over seedlings can track the movement of 75 articles, and well-articulated and He now realised that the maximum the sun. Indeed, he showed they rigorously executed studies. He titled fertility occurs when pollen moves from could respond to the least beam of his last plant book The power of one form to the other. It was always incident light, the pull of gravity, and movement in plants (1880). the self fertilised flowers that had the slight touch of a browsing animal. Fascination with the ways that plants reduced fertility. Thus the two forms, move entered the early botanical each of which is both male and female, Much of this work Darwin performed in literature in conjunction with a difficult are favoured to maintain a stable a string of hothouses that gradually question: Are plants alive? Although population. Darwin had in fact sprang up along the kitchen garden wall they don’t have evident nervous discovered a breeding strategy that beginning in the late 1850s. Eventually, systems, they can respond to irritation gave a clear advantage to cross- there were five houses heated by a in some cases. This was taken as a pollination and thus provided boiler and offering a fair range of sign of life. At the bottom is the even experimental support for his long-held conditions for the array of plants that more difficult question, ‘What is life?’ interpretation of the meaning of Darwin, assisted in his last years by his For Darwin, the traditional ‘What is flowers. To think of flowers in terms of son Francis, wished to study. life?’ question was transformed into an plant breeding strategies, now that is effort to demonstrate the unity of all life evolutionary botany. And Darwin’s Time-lapse time machine and hence, by implication, the primulas have been a prime example of common descent of all branches of the this new way of thinking ever since. Darwin was also keenly aware of the evolutionary tree. This is the unspoken cell theory, and by the end of his life in thesis of Power of Movement . Darwin Plant sensitivity: green April 1882 was venturing quite earnestly was once again universalising. By adaptations with Francis into what we now call showing that plants have a power of biochemistry and cell biology. Darwin movement and given that mobility and Plants don’t have feet and they also believed there must be cellular the capacity for movement are animal- don’t have brains. But as far as processes underlying, for example, a like characteristics, he is supporting Darwin was concerned, some plants as sundew’s ability to trap insects. He the unity of common descent, which in good as have eyes, and they do have used a James Smith achromatic turn is an underlying assumption or behaviour, often expressed in the compound microscope to visually implication (depending on how the extraordinary ways these beings can capture what went on at the cellular argument is phrased) of evolution. level when the tentacles of a Drosera rotundiflora curl over a fly that has Darwin and the foundation of landed on one of its leaves. In his field evolutionary botany of vision he focused on a single cell Left: The from the tentacle of a sundew that had As we have seen, Darwin not only Sandwalk, earlier been ‘fed’. Over a period of an contributed to botany, he actually Darwin’s, hour he drew the same cell seven times changed the discipline by his very thinking path, at as he observed progressive changes in contributions. Since all of his botanical Down House what he considered to be the cell’s researches were conducted as where he lived protoplasm. He called the process applications of the theory of evolution, from 1842-1882 aggregation . He also observed that as replete with well-worked examples (David Kohn)

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 07 often treated as evidence for natural selection, he was using botany to Right: Scalesia defend his theory. But simultaneously pedunctulata , he was also providing botanists with a ‘daisy tree’, model for how to think about their own A distinctive observations in evolutionary terms. Galápagos Those who followed Darwin’s botanical endemic writings would have seen that their collected by discipline, and indeed the plant Darwin in 1835 kingdom, was full of examples of (David Kohn) evolution. It was not left for late-19th- century botanists, as it largely was for zoologists, to apply the concepts in the professeur de botanique lors d’une La botánica jugó un papel central en Origin on their own. Darwin directly led sortie géologique au pays de Galles. cada una de las fases de la vida de the way for his botanical followers. En voyage à bord du HMS Beagle Darwin. Como estudiante, colectaba Thus he was the first openly practicing durant cinq ans, il rassembla des plantas para el herbario de su profesor evolutionary botanist in the midst of a plantes, ainsi que des os fossilisés et de botánica mientras desarrollaba community that included some des dépouilles d’oiseaux. Dans sa actividades de geología en Gales. En botanists who were - and some who préparation à la rédaction de L’origine su travesía de cinco años a bordo del weren’t - swayed by evolution. Darwin des espèces , la botanique prit une Beagle, colectó tanto plantas como was so invested in his plant research place essentielle dans le huesos fósiles y pieles de aves. that he himself built the bridge directly développement de sa théorie de Preparándose para escribir El origen from the Origin to fundamental l’évolution. Il finit par transformer son de las especies , la botánica fue un problems in botanical science. domicile et les paysages environnants elemento crítico para el desarrollo de Thus did Darwin assist at the birth of en une station botanique et se complut su teoría de la evolución. Se sabe que evolutionary botany. fortement dans son jardin expérimental. convirtió su casa y los terrenos Les six volumes botaniques de Darwin aledaños en una estación botánica la This dual role as both founder of allaient reprendre la phytologie en de que con un enorme gusto fue su jardín evolution by natural selection and nombreux points, à présent experimental. Los seis libros de exponent of how the theory could be uniquement abordables à la lumière de botánica escritos por Darwin abarcan applied in botany is quite remarkable. l’évolution. Ses études sur la diversas áreas de la biología vegetal Later generations of Darwinian fertilisation des orchidées, sur les hoy en día solo entendibles bajo la luz botanists would complete the plantes insectivores et sur les plantes de la evolución. Sus estudios en la transformation of botany into grimpantes ainsi que d’autres actions fertilización de orquídeas, plantas evolutionary science. But Darwin went de végétaux ont toutes fourni des insectívoras, trepadoras y otros a long way in providing a model for exemples très clairs et précis sur la movimientos de las plantas, that transformation. manière dont l’évolution est en mesure constituyen un ejemplo bellamente de résoudre les traditionnels mystères articulado de cómo la evolución de l’histoire naturelle. Par son travail, solucionó algunos de los misterios Résumé Darwin a posé les fondations de la dentro de la historia natural. A través botanique moderne, encore solides à de su trabajo, Darwin sentó los Dans sa théorie de l’évolution, Charles ce jour. fundamentos de la botánica moderna, Darwin avançait que les êtres vivants los cuales a la fecha son vigentes. étaient « tous reliés les uns aux autres » à travers un ancêtre commun. Resumen Professor David Kohn Toutefois Darwin porta une attention Darwin Digital Library of Evolution des plus vives à l’une des branches de En su teoría de la evolución, Charles AMNH Research Library l’arbre de la vie, le règne végétal, Darwin planteó que todos los seres American Museum of Natural source intarissable de sa joie. Il étudia vivos “estaban relacionados” ya que History les plantes avec cohérence et provenían de un ancestro común. De Central Park West at 79th Street profondeur au cours d’une longue hecho, la rama del árbol de la vida que New York NY 10024, USA carrière scientifique. Il s’agissait d’un más llamó la atención de Darwin, fue la Email: [email protected] grand homme de terrain, d’un del reino vegetal, siendo éste una observateur accompli et soutenu du continua fuente de asombro. Estudió Professor David Kohn is Oxnam monde végétal, d’un expérimentateur las plantas con gran consistencia y Professor of Science and Society, botanique rigoureux, et de l’éminent profundidad en el transcurso de una Emeritus at Drew University, USA. théoricien de l’évolution végétale. larga carrera científica. Fue un gran He is also a Research Associate at the colector, un paciente y concienzudo American Museum of Natural History La botanique a joué un rôle crucial à observador del mundo vegetal, un Library, a Senior Research Fellow of chaque étape de la vie de Darwin. En riguroso botánico experimental y el the Charles Darwin Trust and a Life tant qu’étudiant, il collecta des mejor teórico de la evolución de las Member of Clare Hall, Cambridge spécimens pour l’herbier de son plantas. University.

08 Roots • Vol 5 (2) Apprendre aux enfants à aborder de grandes questions Enseñando a los niños a enfrentar grandes preguntas

Sue Johnson Teaching children to tackle big questions

Summary The garden at Down House, Charles Darwin’s home for 40 years, provided him with experimental sites. Now managed by English Heritage, the garden contains many vegetable and fruit varieties Left: Using digital that Darwin would have known. Growing similar plants in botanic notebooks to gardens puts a new perspective on plant science for school groups and record images, the potential for Darwin inspired learning. Many gooseberry, raspberry, discussions and cabbage, pea, bean and potato varieties grow in the kitchen garden. sounds, An orchard of newly planted old varieties of apple, plum and pear grow children are in a wild flower meadow. The herb garden attracts pollinators, particularly encouraged to work like honey and bumble bees. Worms still move soil on Darwin’s modest scientists estate, probably at the annual rate he calculated, about “83.7 pounds per (Charles Darwin square yard”. Trust by kind permission of Some of Darwin’s experiments can be replicated (e.g. the weed plot English experiment illustrates how weeds out compete seedlings), to encourage Heritage) children to observe, identify, and think laterally and, like Darwin, record every detail in a notebook. Beagle voyage and in the countryside of Kent. His observations led him to think Whether in England or on the Beagle voyage, Darwin’s passion for about plant and animal adaptation and orchids provided fascinating insights into the interdependence of plant survival. Close observations led to and pollinator. The huge range of plants grown in botanic gardens thoughtful questioning and two or three around the world prompt questions about diversity - most of which times each day Darwin walked along the Sandwalk (Bromley Borough Council, Darwin answered in his seminal publication The Origin of Species . 2006), his thinking path, pacing along as he thought deeply about his observations and reflecting on Introduction cabbages to tropical orchids. conflicting evidence. Botanic gardens Educational visits during 2009 may be could provide thinking paths for children 2009 marks the bicentenary of Darwin’s used to emphasise Darwin’s ways of on routes away from the general bustle birth and 150 years since the working and establish some of his of visitors. To encourage them to think publication of On the Origin of Species . experiments to develop children’s more deeply, they should be asked big This is a year full of opportunities for thinking, debating and reasoning skills. questions: why are there so many botanic gardens. The Charles Darwin Simple experiments that underpin different plants? How did so many Trust (CDT) has already developed Darwin’s theories can be illustrated both plants come about? Have plants always Darwin Inspired Learning resources for in botanic gardens and at school. looked like those we see today? schools and professional development programmes for teachers. Thinking about key questions Collaboration

Darwin Inspired Learning draws Darwin asked key questions about the Motivated to solve plant related attention to plants associated with distribution and diversity of life on earth problems, Darwin wrote meticulously Darwin, ranging from foxgloves and based on close observation during the and at length about his experiments,

Roots • Vol 5 (2) • 09-11 09 Growing experiments of the 357 no less than 295 were destroyed, chiefly by slugs and While Darwin’s garden enabled self insects.” (Darwin, 1859). A simple sufficiency for a household of about 20 experiment, such as this, encourages people, it was also his laboratory. His children to work systematically, observe ideas about natural selection began with closely, identify plants and think the artificial selection he saw at laterally. From just five minutes data horticultural shows. Botanic gardens collection daily they too can theorise might emphasise his findings by growing about natural selection through ‘wild’ and known varieties of the crops predation and Darwin’s notion that: he grew in his kitchen garden. A keen “the real importance of a large number gooseberry breeder, Darwin cultivated of eggs or seeds is to make up for much fifty-four varieties, studied reports of destruction at some period in life; and gooseberry exhibits and visited county this period in the great majority of cases shows. He noted that, in as little as 25 is an early one.” (Darwin quoted in Glick years, champion gooseberries went from & Kohn p167). the size of a marble to “6½ inches in circumference”. Darwin also grew many Each year a new weed plot could be varieties of cabbage and bean which started and the old plot, if left provided him with a source of inspiration untouched, can show the process of for reasoning and theorising: succession and how plant composition in the plot changes over time. For Above: Children his methods, his observation and the “See how different the leaves of the educational progression and to generate walking along inferences he drew. Then he asked for cabbage are, and how extremely alike questions, the plot could be mowed or the Sandwalk, corroboration from others or for data the flowers; … how much the fruit of the grazed and changes in plant diversity Darwin’s disclosing anomalous evidence from different kinds of gooseberries differ in and form observed. thinking path their experiments. He wrote and size, colour, shape, and hairiness, and (Charles Darwin received hundreds of letters in yet the flowers present very slight The local environment Trust by kind protracted correspondence ranging differences.….as a general rule, I cannot permission of across many subjects, including doubt that the continued selection of The landscape and natural environment English measurement of worm casts and orchid slight variations, either in the leaves, the was Darwin’s laboratory but botanic Heritage) taxonomy, in different parts of the world. flowers, or the fruit, will produce races gardens can still encourage children to differing from each other chiefly in these make close observations over the year Educators understand the benefits of characters .” (Darwin, 1859 Chapter 1) to understand their local environs. Every group work and drawing out knowledge year of observation adds to a long term that comes from children’s different Growing fruits and vegetables in botanic study of local plants and ecosystems. experiences. Dividing a plant gardens or school grounds would allow Such strategies and conservation investigation between groups and children to see what Darwin saw with his activities were encouraged by the ensuring time for a sufficiently long magnifying glass, because Darwin European Union funded PlaSciGardens plenary to present findings follows noticed what previous scientists had project (2007) when resources were Darwin’s scientific practice and makes overlooked. Closer observation revealed developed to help children understand plants a focus for vocabulary and variations in the size, colour or hairiness the importance of local conservation Right: The scientific language development. of the corolla or calyx. (www.plantscafe.net). wormstone was invented by Providing children with a means of Time Darwin was fascinated by the structure Darwin and his recording their findings will be important. of orchids and delighted in the study of son Francis to For each of his research topics, Darwin Darwin explored the effects of time. For co-evolution of pollinators. He involved measure the wrote in a different notebook. He did example, experiments to determine the rise and fall of not fill in worksheets or rely on his depth to which earthworms buried chalk the soil level. memory of field work to write up his and ash took more than 20 years. Using the findings later. To work like scientists, Children can gain some notion of time wormstone, children need access to notebooks or passing and the effect on plants if one of Darwin was able their contemporary equivalent - digital Darwin’s shorter, but nonetheless to calculate the cameras, hand held computers, MP3 compelling experiments, is replicated. total amount of players to record discussions and soil moved by sounds, digital video to capture plant- At Down House, Darwin chose a piece earthworms in a insect interdependence and data loggers of ground “three feet long and two year (Charles to record environmental conditions. wide”. He dug and cleared it to prevent Darwin Trust by Most of these functions can be made choking of new seedlings by other kind permission available on a single device which saves plants. For this weed plot experiment of English data to a website ready for use in he marked all the seedlings “of our Heritage) school. native weeds as they came up, and out

10 Roots • Vol 5 (2) his own children in watching bees and, Résumé Darwin conoció. El cultivo de plantas to fully understand the pollination similares en los jardines botánicos process, Darwin covered various plants Le jardin de Down House, demeure de presenta una nueva perspectiva de la to exclude pollinators. He compared Charles Darwin pendant 40 ans, a mis biología vegetal para los grupos the minimal number of seeds from divers sites expérimentaux à sa escolares, particularmente el potencial covered plants with the copious seed disposition. À présent entretenu par de inspirar el aprendizaje a través de la produced by those left uncovered. English Heritage, le jardin rassemble de vida y obra de Darwin. Muchas Attracting bees to a public or school nombreuses variétés de légumes et de variedades de frambuesas, zarzamoras, garden confronts Health & Safety fruits que Darwin aurait connues. La coles, chícharos, frijoles y papas crecen concerns but educational experiences culture de ce type de plantes dans les en su jardín. En un prado hay una huerta are a priority when children have to jardins botaniques apporte une nouvelle recién plantada con antiguas variedades understand human dependence on dimension à la phytologie pour les de manzana, ciruela y pera creciendo pollinating insects for food production. groupes scolaires, ainsi que des junto con la flora silvestre. El jardín de Weighing yields of covered and possibilités d’apprentissage inspiré de plantas aromáticas atrae a los uncovered plants shows children Darwin. De nombreuses variétés de polinizadores, especialmente a las human reliance on insect pollinators. groseilles, de framboises, de choux, de abejas y abejorros. Las lombrices pois, de haricots et de pommes de terre presentes aún mueven el suelo de la Inspired learning poussent dans le jardin potager. Un propiedad de Darwin, probablemente a verger d’anciennes variétés de pommes, la velocidad que él calculó de “83.7 Work at CDT has supported children in de prunes et de poires récemment libras por yarda cuadrada”. finding their own answers to self- plantées partage une prairie de fleurs generated questions by observing sauvages. Le jardin d’herbes Algunos de los experimentos de Darwin closely the local environment and aromatiques attire les pollinisateurs, pueden reproducirse (por ejemplo, en la plants in particular. They have time to notamment les abeilles et les bourdons. parcela de malezas puede mostrarse think and big questions to consider. Les vers remuent toujours la terre de la como compiten éstas con las plántulas), If you implement some of these modeste propriété de Darwin, para motivar a los niños a observar, suggestions your way of teaching may vraisemblablement à la vitesse annuelle identificar, y pensar abiertamente, y al alter. The way children react in a qu’il avait calculée, soit environ « 83,70 igual que Darwin, anotar cada detalle en botanic garden is likely to change if livres au yard carré ». su libreta. Ya sea en Inglaterra o a bordo you abandon worksheets and trust del Beagle, la pasión de Darwin por las children to record the information that Certaines expériences de Darwin sont orquídeas le permitió fascinantes they think is important to the big reproductibles (par exemple l’expérience introspecciones sobre la questions they pose for themselves. du carré de mauvaises herbes démontre interdependencia de la planta y el You will have to be prepared for comment celles-ci gagnent sur les polinizador. La enorme variedad de children to think the unthinkable and jeunes plants), afin d’encourager les plantas que crecen en los jardines surprise you – just as Darwin shook the enfants à observer, identifier, réfléchir en botánicos del mundo, incitan a world when he put forward his ground formulant des comparaisons et, comme cuestionarnos sobre la diversidad; breaking theories. Darwin, enregistrer chaque détail dans muchos de estos cuestionamientos Below: un carnet. tienen respuestas en la obra magna de One of the References Darwin “El origen de las especies”. experimental En Angleterre tout comme lors du plots at Down ¬ Bromley Borough Council, 2006, voyage sur le Beagle , la passion des Dr Sue Johnson House (Charles World Heritage Site Nomination orchidées de Darwin a été source de Institute of Education (MST) Darwin Trust by Documents http://www.bromley. données fascinantes sur 20 Bedford Way kind permission org/ciswebpl/darwin2/docs_pdfs/ l’interdépendance entre plantes et London WC1 H 0AL of English Section2.pdf see also pollinisateurs. L’immense variété de Email: [email protected] Heritage) http://www.darwinatdowne.co.uk/ plantes cultivées dans les jardins Accessed June 30th 2008 botaniques à travers le monde soulève ¬ Darwin, C.R., 1859, On the origin of des questions liées à la diversité, species , 1st edn, John Murray, auxquelles Darwin a répondu en grande London partie dans sa publication-phare ¬ http://www.darwin-online.org.uk/ « L’origine des espèces ». (accessed July 2008) ¬ Glick, T.F. & Kohn, D., 1996, Darwin on Evolution: The development of the Resumen Theory of Natural Selection , Hackett Publishing Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana. El jardín en Down House, hogar de ¬ PSG, 2007, PlaSciGardens EU Charles Darwin durante 40 años, le funded project conservation section brindó sitios experimentales. of the website: Actualmente manejado por el Patrimonio http://www.plantscafe.net/ (Accessed Británico, el jardín contiene muchas 7th July 2008) variedades de frutas y vegetales que

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 11 La grande chasse aux plantes La gran búsqueda de plantas

Angela McFarlane

The great plant hunt

Right: Materials Summary The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew has a long and successful history of working with schools at our developed for gardens in South West London and Wakehurst Place in Sussex. Just under 100,000 children enjoyed organised visits the Great Plant in 2007 and 2008. But to celebrate Darwin200 (a national programme to celebrate the impact that Darwin’s ideas had Hunt are on evolution), and our 250th anniversary in 2009 we are embarking on The Great Plant Hunt. This exciting and available on the website (Royal challenging project will take plant science and conservation into every primary school in the UK. Funded by The Botanic Wellcome Trust we will be sending a treasure chest of resources to 22,000 maintained primary schools in March ready Gardens, Kew) for them to start studying the native spring flowering species that grow around them, whether in the local park, beauty spot or cracks in the playground. A website, produced in partnership with Below: The The Guardian (newspaper and website), will connect schools to share their Great Plant findings, uniting British children in the largest ever project to collect and bank Hunt aims to get children out the seeds of one species. By engaging children in real science will help them and about and to appreciate not only the great contribution Darwin made to science but how excited by real life plant hunters still play a vital role in understanding and saving our nature (Royal plant heritage, and realise that they too can make a contribution. Botanic Gardens, Kew)

It is usual for botanic gardens to have a clear mission to inspire and educate our visitors, in particular the young. Through its two properties at Wakehurst Place and in Kew, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew has nearly 100,000 school visitors a year with over 250,000 children visiting with their families. We are delighted to enjoy the attractive to more people and increase company of so many young people, the impact of our messages. but there is a limit to the number we The result was Kew’s Learning Agenda, can reach directly. And yet the with its four key messages: messages we have to offer young people about the importance of plants • Plants and plant diversity are vital in their lives, and the need to better for life. understand and protect plant life are equally important to all. • Kew maintains diverse and beautiful gardens where threatened plants are In 2007 RBG, Kew engaged a cared for. consultant to review the learning activities across Kew, and recommend • Kew leads science-based plant and how we could make our offer more fungal conservation worldwide.

12 Roots • Vol 5 (2) • 12-14 • And you can take action too.

We were also set the ambitious challenge of reaching out to every child in the UK. So in addition to our onsite schools and families operation, we were looking for a way to engage with an outreach programme that could take our work and the work of botanic gardens to every child. The result is our most exciting schools’ project so far.

To coincide with the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin’s birth, Kew has teamed up with the Wellcome Trust to create The Great Plant Hunt. This innovative project aims to get primary school children out and about and excited by nature. The Great Plant Hunt will offer children aged 5-11 hands-on experience of what it’s like to be a plant hunter, working with Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank scientists who Left: play a vital role in saving our natural A young girl world heritage. experiencing what it’s like to In March 2009, Kew will be sending the be a plant UK’s 22,000 primary schools a hunter (Royal Treasure Chest full of free resources to Botanic be used in the classroom, online and in Gardens, Kew) the great outdoors. The activities are clearly mapped to the primary science Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank build the observations of nature and maintained curriculum and include fun activities for world’s largest, and most genetically an open mind in interpreting what he Years 1-6. With exciting missions to diverse, collection of seeds from a found. His methods were low-tech, but discover plants in the wild (from the single species. The heart of The Great his science has revolutionised our school playing fields to weeds growing Plant Hunt is children doing real understanding of the world and of our in the cracks in the pavement!), the science in a fun and accessible way. place in it. Children in schools across Great Plant Hunt also gives children Dr Steven Sinkins, Wellcome Trust the country can readily follow his the chance to be part of the UK’s Senior Research Fellow at Oxford inspiring example. biggest ever school science project. University, observed that Charles Year 5 children will be invited to take Darwin, perhaps the most influential People often forget how young Charles part in a unique experiment to help scientist of all time, made meticulous Darwin was when he set out for foreign shores on the Beagle. We all know him as a bearded old man but in actual fact he was a mere stripling of 22 when he started his travels overseas. On his return, still not 30, he was a national celebrity.

The project is already causing some excitement. On 1st July, the anniversary of the first reading of Left: Darwin and Wallace’s papers at the By engaging Linnaen Society in London, we children in real launched the project website where science they will teachers can find the information they appreciate how need to plan the project into next plant hunters year’s lessons. Teachers are invited to play a vital role register their interest in the project by in saving our visiting www.kew.org/great-plant-hunt. plant heritage In the first week over 1100 schools had (Royal Botanic registered. Gardens, Kew)

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 13 Right: la science, de même que le rôle crucial Over 250,000 encore joué par les chasseurs de children and plantes actuels quant à la their families compréhension et la conservation de visit Kew each notre patrimoine végétal. Ils verront year and learn qu’eux aussi peuvent apporter leur about the contribution. wonderful world of plants (Royal Botanic Resumen Gardens, Kew) Los Reales Jardines Botánicos de Kew, Mick Waters, Director of Curriculum at some of the materials for use within the cuentan ya con una larga y exitosa the Qualifications and Curriculum gardens at Kew and Wakehurst Place trayectoria trabajando con escuelas en Authority, is looking forward to the and hope these will be of use to other nuestros jardines en el Sur Oeste de project: “Children are fascinated by gardens wishing to mark Darwin200. Londres y en Wakehurst Place en plants. Darwin challenged the thinking Sussex. Poco menos de 100 000 niños of his time. He asked key scientific Through The Great Plant Hunt we hope y niñas disfrutaron visitas organizadas questions. Teachers have to sow the to introduce the nation’s children to a en 2007 y 2008. Pero para celebrar el seeds of learning...we’re trying to grow lifetime of caring for the natural world. bicentenario de Darwin y los 250 años scientists! This project will help.” Who knows, we may find the next en 2009 de los Jardines Reales de Kew, Darwin! estamos emprendiendo “La gran All the materials developed for the búsqueda de plantas”. Este project will be made available through emocionante y retador proyecto llevará Below: the web under a creative commons Résumé la ciencia de las plantas y la The Great Plant licence. This means that anyone who conservación a todas las escuelas Hunt will give wants to can take the material and Une longue histoire de partenariats primarias del Reino Unido. Financiado children a reproduce or amend it for their use so scolaires florissants est associée aux por el Fideicomiso Wellcome, en el mes chance to be long as they acknowledge the source Jardins botaniques royaux de Kew, de marzo enviaremos un cofre de part of the UK’s and do not sell the materials. We are dans nos jardins du sud-ouest de tesoros para 21000 escuelas primarias biggest ever also making the materials in such a Londres et de Wakehurst Place dans le con los recursos necesarios para que school science way that they can easily be localised Sussex. Presque 100 000 enfants ont estudien y las especies nativas que project (Royal for use outside the UK. We have had participé à des visites guidées en florecen en esa época, ya sea en el Botanic interest from as far away as Brazil, the 07/08. Et pour célébrer le bicentenaire parque cercano, en las jardineras o Gardens, Kew) US and Australia. We plan to develop de Darwin, et notre 250ème entre las grietas del patio escolar. Un anniversaire en 2009, nous nous sitio web, producido en colaboración lançons dans « La grande chasse aux con el periódico The Guardian, plantes ». À travers ce projet conectará a las escuelas para passionnant et ambitieux, des notions compartir sus descubrimientos, de botanique et de conservation seront uniendo así a los niños y niñas diffusées dans toutes les écoles británicos en un proyecto sin primaires du Royaume-Uni. Avec le precedentes para colectar y almacenar soutien du Wellcome Trust, nous las semillas en un gran banco de enverrons en mars une malle aux semillas de estas especies. Involucrar a trésors de ressources à 21 000 écoles las niñas y niños en un proyecto primaires financées par l’Etat. Elles científico real les permite apreciar no permettront l’étude d’espèces solo la importante contribución de indigènes à fleurs printanières qui Darwin a la ciencia, sino también como poussent dans leurs environs, dans les los buscadores de plantas en la parcs alentour, les lieux pittoresques actualidad aún juegan un papel vital ou les fissures de la cour de récréation. para el conocimiento y protección de Un site internet, réalisé en nuestro patrimonio vegetal, y que ellos collaboration avec The Guardian, también pueden contribuir a protegerlo. mettra les écoles en réseau pour partager leurs résultats, rassemblant Professor Angela McFarlane ainsi les enfants du Royaume-Uni dans Director of Content and Learning le plus important des projets de Royal Botanic Gardens collectage et de mise en banque de Kew semences d’une même espèce. Richmond L’introduction des sciences pures aux Surrey enfants leur permettra d’apprécier la TW9 3AB remarquable contribution de Darwin à Email: [email protected]

14 Roots • Vol 5 (2) Le Jardin de Darwin : une aventure évolutionniste El Jardín de Darwin: una aventura evolutiva

George Shakespear

Darwin’s garden: an evolutionary adventure

Summary The untold story of Charles Darwin’s lifelong fascination and work with plants was presented in an exhibition entitled Interactive displays of plants explained Darwin’s Garden: An Evolutionary Adventure at The New York Botanical some of Darwin’s often simple yet Garden, April 25–June 15, 2008. Rich in interpretation and educational ingenious experimental studies, such as his investigations into pollination programming, Darwin’s Garden included displays of living plants and and co-evolution of plants and their historical documents in three venues plus an ‘evolutionary tour’ of living pollinators, and his many explorations plants in the Tree of Life. It showed how Darwin’s botanical experiments into the power of movement in plants, and discoveries helped shape his contributions to the understanding of from insectivorous plants that life in general. A symposium with leading scientists, extensive hands-on dynamically trap their prey to the many different climbing mechanisms of vines programmes for children, and lectures for adults were among the and other climbing plants. On June 16, highlights in the educational programming. Darwin’s Garden was the 2008, The New York Times observed, latest in the botanical garden’s ongoing flower shows and exhibitions combining horticulture, botanical science, and education, the three pillars Left: of its institutional mission as an advocate for the plant kingdom. Major A re-creation of Charles sponsors included the National Endowment for the Humanities and Mr. Darwin’s garden and Mrs. Marvin H. Davidson. and study at his home in Kent, England, was a Few people know that Darwin was an Darwin’s own garden re-created centerpiece of avid gardener and that many of his the exhibition scientific discoveries were inspired by Darwin’s Garden was a garden-wide Darwin’s more than 40 years of research and exhibition, with components in multiple Garden: An experimentation with plants and venues. In the botanical garden’s Enid Evolutionary flowers. Darwin historian and Darwin’s A. Haupt Conservatory, a stunning Adventure Garden curator David Kohn, Ph.D., flower show re-created Darwin’s own (Mick Hales) explains the significance of the garden in Kent, England, filled with exhibition: “Only in his work as a colourful delphiniums, foxgloves, and botanist can we truly see all the other typical English cottage garden dimensions of Darwin as a scientist— flowers that Darwin and his wife, that is as a successful collector, as a Emma, grew, as well as a ‘kitchen powerful theorist, as an insightful garden’ and orchard. The exhibition observer, and as a rigorous and almost also featured Darwin’s work with living prophetic experimenter.” plants and botanical research.

Roots • Vol 5 (2) • 15-17 15 Right; Children’s activities included potting up Sixty-two rare a vegetable plant, creating a herbarium books and specimen, and investigating various objects were bogs. At an interactive Tree of Life, displayed in the focused on the oak family, children LuEsther T. were invited to create their own Mertz Library’s evolutionary tree to show simple gallery at The relationships between different species New York of oak trees. Botanical Garden Darwin’s living legacy (Talisman Brolin/Talisman As part of Darwin’s Garden , visitors PHOTO) were also brought up-to-date on current evolutionary plant science. The concept of evolution is the foundation of all plant science today at institutions such as the New York Botanical Garden. To educate visitors on the latest thinking, the exhibition exploring Darwin’s deep personal also included an Evolutionary Tour and relationship with plants, beginning in a scientific symposium. childhood. It combined information about Darwin as a person with the story The Evolutionary Tour consisted of a of his rich botanical ideas, featuring 40-minute scavenger hunt in the Enid Darwin’s own writings and collections. A. Haupt Conservatory and Illustrated books, manuscripts, and surrounding outdoor plantings. other historical documents offered Representative plants in the insight into his thinking and evolutionary Tree of Life were demonstrated the importance of botany highlighted at stops along the way, throughout his life. A handsome using signage and commentary by the exhibition catalogue accompanied the exhibition curator and garden scientists exhibition, featuring a scholarly essay and visitors were also able to access by Dr. Kohn on the essential role of this information using their mobile plants in Darwin’s life and science. phones. In the Conservatory, visitors On May 29, 2008, The Christian saw living representatives of some of Science Monitor (an international daily the earliest forms of plant life such as paper published by The First Church of algae, mosses, ferns, and cycads, Christ, Scientist) commented, while in the surrounding outdoor plantings, the Evolutionary Tour “the documents and artifacts at the featured some of the great diversity of botanical garden’s Mertz Library… flowering plants that have evolved on chronicle Darwin’s ‘journey of the Earth in the past 140 million years. mind.’ The library exhibit illuminates In 1859, Darwin’s theory of natural Darwin’s long love affair with plants, selection as the engine of evolution not only as experimental subjects and shattered basic assumptions about Above: “…the garden can make us feel like objects of enthralling beauty, but as science and the world. The impact of Visitors were Darwin, looking through his window on examples of nature’s greater process.” the thinking that he launched is no less invited to sit at the variety and density of life, seeking significant today. A symposium on two Darwin’s desk, fundamental principles. And out of the Children’s aventures with evenings in May featured presentations to observe the careful observation of differentiation Darwin by scientists, historians, philosophers, garden. and interaction, out of the pleasures and environmentalists. Hosted by The A notebook taken in park and forest, the garden In the Everett Children’s Adventure New York Botanical Garden in further works that timeless ancient magic: Garden, an interactive exhibition collaboration with the American encouraged we begin to see things whole.” including plants important to the Museum of Natural History, the people to development of the concept of symposium, entitled Darwin: 21st- comment on or Darwin’s botany in his own evolution invited children to explore Century Perspectives , offered an to sketch what words and learn through hands-on activities. opportunity to hear top class scholars they saw A centerpiece of the display was a and commentators discuss how his (Talisman The exhibition in the LuEsther T. Mertz replica of the ship, HMS Beagle , which thinking continues to influence science Brolin/Talisman Library’s Rondina and LoFaro Gallery took Darwin on a five-year voyage to and society today. Edward O. Wilson, PHOTO) included original historical documents South America and around the world. Ph.D., two-time Pulitzer Prize winner,

16 Roots • Vol 5 (2) entomologist, and biologist known for his pioneering work on evolution and sociobiology, introduced both sessions and served as moderator. Left: A visitor Many other educational tools and observes programmes were employed to tell the insectivorous historical story of Charles Darwin’s plants up close work with plants, to explain the cultural (Talisman and historical context of his work, and Brolin/Talisman to relate it to today’s scientific PHOTO) challenges. A special website (www.nybg.org/darwin) was created for creation of his own garden. It allowed the exhibition, including an interactive visitors to literally put themselves in his diagram of the Evolutionary Tour, home and surroundings, to take on information on the other various Darwin’s worldview. Feedback included elements of the show, and background sketches of the flowers in the garden material on the life of Charles Darwin. as well as commentary, which ranged Weekend programmes featured drop-in from the personal to the philosophical. lectures, workshops, and guided tours. Many visitors commented on the sheer Performances featured music and beauty of the flowers and others on poetry from Darwin’s era, much of it Darwin’s penetrating insights or the heavily influenced by nature. An audio exhibition’s celebration of the diversity tour – separate from the Evolutionary of life. Tour – was available to guide visitors through Darwin’s Garden in the Haupt After closing in New York, parts of the Conservatory and Mertz Library. Darwin’s Garden exhibition are travelling to The Huntington Library, Art Resumen Above: Results and travelling Collections, and Botanical Gardens in ‘Vegetable exhibition San Marino, California and will be on La historia desconocida del largo y Voyaging’, one display from October 4, 2008 – January fascinante trabajo de Charles Darwin of several Both the exhibition and the symposium 5, 2009. con las plantas, se presentó en una interactive received extensive press coverage and exhibición titulada “El Jardín de activities at the were very well attended, with more Darwin: una aventura evolutiva” en el Children’s than 200,000 visitors to the Botanical Résumé Jardín Botánico de Nueva York del 25 Adventure Garden during the run of the exhibition. de abril al 15 de junio de 2008. Una Garden In a popular feature of the exhibition in L’histoire non relatée de la fascination exhibición de gran riqueza (Talisman the Haupt Conservatory, visitors were et du travail incessant de Charles interpretativa y con programas Brolin/Talisman invited to sit at Darwin’s desk and to Darwin sur les plantes a été présenté educativos, El Jardín de Darwin incluyó PHOTO) jot down their observations as they dans une exposition intitulée « Le jardin la exposición de plantas vivas y looked out the window at the re- de Darwin : Une aventure documentos históricos en tres sitios évolutionniste » au Jardin botanique de del jardín botánico, así como el New York du 25 avril au 15 juin 2008. “recorrido evolutivo” en la colección Right: An Exposition riche en interprétations et viva de El Árbol de la Vida. El recorrido Evolutionary en programmations pédagogiques, mostraba cómo los experimentos Tour with 30 « Le jardin de Darwin » était composé botánicos de Darwin y sus stops allowed de galeries de plantes vivantes et de descubrimientos le ayudaron a moldear visitors to walk documents historiques disposés dans sus contribuciones al entendimiento de through the Tree trois salles, plus une « visite la vida en general. Un simposio con of Life, viewing évolutionniste » de plantes vivantes sur investigadores, actividades prácticas, living plants in l’Arbre de l’évolution. Cette exposition programas para niños y pláticas para Enid A. Haupt témoigne de la façon dont les adultos fueron las acciones más Conservatory expériences et découvertes botaniques sobresalientes del programa educativo. and across the de Darwin lui ont permis de formuler garden grounds ses contributions à la compréhension George Shakespear (Talisman de la vie en général. Un symposium Director of Science Public Brolin/Talisman rassemblant des personnalités Relations PHOTO) scientifiques, de vastes programmes New York Botanical Garden pratiques pour les enfants, et des 200th St. & Kazimiroff Boulevard cours pour adultes ont constitué les Bronx, NY 10458-5126 points forts de la programmation USA pédagogique. Email: [email protected]

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 17 Darwin aux antipodes Darwin en las antípodas

Janelle Hatherly & Sophie Daniel Darwin ‘down under’

Summary Charles Darwin’s observations of Australian flora and fauna during his visit in 1836 formed a key part in the development of his theory of evolution through natural selection and his subsequent publishing of Origin of Species .

2009 is the bicentenary of Charles Darwin’s birth and his work will be the In 1836 Charles Darwin disembarked focus of celebrations throughout the year in Australia’s scientific and from HMS Beagle in Sydney Town, cultural sectors. Botanic gardens, with their scientific integrity and rich Australia. The arid landscape he observed was a stark contrast to the diversity of living plants and animals, are ideal places to introduce people lush tropical forests of South America to the man, his achievements and his legacy through interpretive from where the Beagle had recently programmes focusing on Darwin’s fascination with life, his keen eye for sailed, and equally removed from the detail and his theory of evolution. Linked to national herbaria and misty green pastures and cultivated horticultural research centres, botanic gardens encourage an exploration gardens of Darwin’s homeland, England. Between January and March of 1836, into modern methods of studying the origin of life and all its forms. Darwin visited New South Wales, Botanic gardens across Australia are exchanging ideas and discussing Tasmania and finally King George’s Sound in Western Australia. His potential partnerships for a year-long programme of community events. impressions of the landscape were Hopefully our collective legacy will be to inspire a passion and sometimes less than flattering and on appreciation for nature that fosters budding naturalists and the next leaving Australia, his parting words were: generation of scientists.

Right: ‘…you are too great and ambitious for Big Answers to affection, yet not great enough for Big Questions is respect. I leave your shores without While visiting Sydney Town, he strolled ‘… The town stands at the base of a programme sorrow or regret.’ (Charles Darwin, The through the Royal Botanic Gardens Mount Wellington, a mountain 3100 ft, that provides Voyage of the Beagle , Modern Library, and Domain and looked favourably on but of no picturesque beauty: from this opportunities New York 2001 p 403). our fledgling gardens, stating: it receives a good supply of water, a for people to thing which is much wanted in Sydney.’ exchange ideas ‘…there are no fine trees, but the walks (F.W and J.M Nicholas, Charles Darwin and express wind about the Shrubberies & are to in Australia , Cambridge University their opinions me infinitely more pleasing than the Press, 1989 p 84). about issues, formal Alamedes of S. America’ such as Natural (A.J Marshall, Darwin and Huxley in Darwin describes at length his attempts versus Australia, Hodder and Stroughton, to climb Mount Wellington on the two Unnatural Sydney 1970 pp 89-90) days before his 27th birthday. Although Selection a botanic garden was established in (Botanic On his arrival in Hobart, Tasmania, Hobart in 1818, we have not found Gardens Trust) Darwin commented: direct reference to it in any accounts of

18 Roots • Vol 5 (2) • 18-20 Darwin’s visit. Darwin’s detailed observations about Australian flora and fauna documented in diaries, letters and books were part of the development of his theory of evolution through natural selection. As such, his work will be the focus of celebratory events throughout 2009 in Australia’s scientific and cultural sectors. Major exhibitions and scientific conferences on evolution and Darwin’s voyages are being held around the country and botanic gardens are already forging potential partnerships to showcase the contribution of plants to In Sydney, the Botanic Gardens Trust Darwin’s life-work. (the Trust) is developing a year-long public programme at the Royal Botanic Botanic garden educators across Gardens to celebrate Darwin’s ongoing Australia are a particularly collaborative legacy. Launched around Darwin’s group and are sharing information and 200th birthday on 12 February, the exchanging ideas for a year filled with programme will involve the Australian Darwin-themed public programmes. Museum and other neighbouring Botanic gardens linked to herbaria and cultural and scientific organisations. historic libraries will make historical The Trust will also take part in events material accessible to the public and staged at other institutions, such as the interpret the challenges society faced in two-day Darwin symposium to be held the light of Darwin’s theory of natural at the Australian National Maritime selection. Highlights of contemporary Museum in conjunction with its major scientific research related to Darwin’s exhibition ‘Charles Darwin – Voyages work will also be interpreted. and Ideas that Shake the World’. A major exhibition in our Red Box Partnerships already budding between Gallery will be launched during the cultural institutions and botanic gardens National Science Week festival in in major cities include the Australian August and this will remain open to the National Botanic Gardens in Canberra public until November, in recognition of our Australian Biota lessons, currently Above: supplying plant material to the National the month of the 150th anniversary of run in partnership with Taronga Zoo Miguel Garcia, Museum of Australia to complement its the publication of On the Origin of and the Australian Museum. Botanic Gardens travelling ‘Darwin’ exhibition from New Species . Highlights of this exhibition Trust Librarian York’s American Museum of Natural will be the display of rare specimens Following in the footsteps of the Trust’s holding 1st History. Further south in Hobart, staff at from the Trust’s Library: a first edition ‘Big Answers to Big Questions’ (BABQ) edition of the Royal Tasmanian Botanic Gardens print inscribed copy of On the Origin of programme in 2005, there will also be Darwin’s On are exploring links to two planned Species , correspondence between many opportunities for the public to The Origin of exhibitions at the Tasmanian Museum Darwin and the Garden’s Director at the gather information, exchange ideas Species and Art Gallery and a series of eight time, Charles Moore, and a Linnaean and express their opinions freely at (Botanic ‘Walks with Charles Darwin’ run by Society Journal containing the joint evening lectures, public seminars and Gardens Trust) Tasmanian Adult Education. papers of Darwin and Wallace outlining a special ‘Darwin’s Birthday’ dinner their theory of natural selection. debate. These BABQ events will Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne and engage people in discussion of Royal Botanic Gardens Cranbourne are Visitors to the botanic gardens will contemporary issues such as Evolution participating in an Evolution Conference investigate plant breeding and vs Intelligent Design, Natural vs opening in Melbourne in February 2009. propagation through a self-guided trail Unnatural Selection, and Taxonomy: The conference embodies the concept ‘Mutants, Clones and Crossbreeds’ or is it as dead as the dodo? of ‘Melbourne as a thinking city’ and discover extreme plant adaptations on will bring intellectuals and specialists to a themed guided walk with our There is much being planned to the city while encouraging a social and volunteer guides. Holiday programmes celebrate Darwin’s bicentenary ‘Down public programme to run alongside the for families will encourage the Under’ and Australian botanic gardens specialist conference. A highlight of the exploration of ideas such as are key players. Our contribution will conference will be the public Grand cooperation between plants and ensure that the important role plants Evolutionary Dinner. Diners will be insects and feature displays and plant played in Darwin’s life and work will be encouraged to ‘Eat your way up the sales will be held in partnership with appropriately acknowledged and that tree of life, starting with primeval soup local plant societies. In addition, the botanic gardens will continue to be and finishing with a devastating NSW school curriculum lends itself well recognised as places of inspiration and meteorite impact surprise!’ to incorporating a Darwin focus into education.

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 19 Résumé

Right: Les observations de Charles Darwin Botanic gardens sur la flore et la faune d’Australie lors across Australia de sa visite en 1836 constituent un are planning a élément clé dans le développement de year filled with sa théorie de l’évolution par la Darwin-themed sélection naturelle et la publication de programmes. « l’Origine des espèces » qui s’ensuivit. Here the public are listening to 2009 est le bicentenaire de la a debate that naissance de Charles Darwin, et son took place at travail sera au cœur des célébrations the Royal tout au long de l’année dans le secteur Botanic Gardens scientifique et culturel en Australie. Les in Sydney jardins botaniques, en raison de leur (Botanic intégrité scientifique et la riche diversité Gardens Trust) de plantes et d’animaux vivants qu’ils possèdent, sont l’endroit idéal pour présenter au public l’homme de rica diversidad de plantas y animales science, ses travaux et son héritage au vivientes, son lugares ideales para Professional development travers de programmes d’interprétation introducir al público los logros del course for botanic gardens ciblés sur la fascination qu’avait Darwin hombre, sus alcances y su legado a educators pour le monde vivant, son oeil assidu través de programas interpretativos pour les détails et sa théorie de enfocando sobre la fascinación de With so much happening at l’évolution. En collaboration avec les Darwin con su vida, su ojo apto para el Sydney’s botanic gardens during herbiers et les centres de recherches detalle y su teoría de evolución ligado the Darwin celebrations, the Trust horticole nationaux, les jardins a los herbarios nacionales y sus is taking this opportunity to run a botaniques invitent à explorer les centros de investigación hortícola, professional development course méthodes modernes d’étude des jardines botánicos que animan a for botanic garden educators origines de la vie et de toutes les explorar entre los métodos modernos around September 2009. formes vivantes. de estudio del origen de la vida y todas sus formas. Participants will take part in our A travers toute l’Australie, les jardins school, community and outreach botaniques échangent des idées et Los jardines botánicos a traves de programmes and acquire hands- discutent de partenariats potentiels Australia estan intercambiando ideas y on experience in design, concernant un programme annuel discutiendo socios potenciales para un development and delivery of d’évènements publics. Nous avons bon largo año de eventos de la comunidad. educational material. They can espoir que notre patrimoine commun Para nosotros nuestro legado also visit other botanic gardens. inspirera une passion et une colectivo sera inspirar pasión y appréciation de la nature qui favorisera apreciación por la naturaleza que This course will be similar to l’émergence de naturalistes en herbe et adopta naturalistas budding y la BGCI/Kew’s International Diploma de la prochaine génération de próxima generación de científicos. in Botanic Gardens Education in scientifiques. format, cost and duration. It is Janelle Hatherly being developed collaboratively Manager Public Programs with BGCI/Kew and Australia’s Resumen Email: Janelle.Hatherly@rbgsyd. botanic garden network: Botanic nsw.gov.au Gardens of Australia and New Las observaciones de Charles Darwin Zealand (BGANZ). de la flora y fauna Australiana durante Sophie Daniel su visita en 1836 fueron una parte Community Programs Officer It will complement a similar clave en el desarrollo de su teoría de la Email: Sophie.Daniel@rbgsyd. initiative (a Diploma in Asia Pacific evolución a través de la seleccion nsw.gov.au Botanic Gardens Management) natural y su publicación subsecuente being developed within the Asia- del Origin of Species . Botanic Gardens Trust Pacific region. Mrs Macquaries Road 2009 es el bicentenario del nacimiento Sydney Anyone interested in taking part in de Charles Darwin y su trabajo será el NSW this course can find out more by foco de la celebraciones a través del Australia 2000 emailing the authors on año en los sectores científicos y [email protected] culturales en Australia. Los Jardines or [email protected] botánicos con su integridad cientifica y

20 Roots • Vol 5 (2) Une promenade à travers le temps Un paseo a través del tiempo

Mara Sugni

Left: One of the A walk visitors to the exhibition using a magnifying lense to closely through time observe a living plant specimen (Bergamo Botanic Garden)

Summary Visitors in Italy have been invited to take a walk back in time through the evolution of plants at Bergamo Botanic Garden. Mimosa pudica and Dionea muscipula : As part of their celebrations of Darwin’s 199th birthday, the gardens have both have leaves that demonstrate rapid created an exhibition focussed on the adaptive strategies of plant plant movement ( nyctinastic movement) and are representative of the movements. Strategies such as tropisms to light or touch have been angiosperm group. extremely important in the evolutionary development of plants and Darwin in his latter years did extensive work on both. This work was On a table a petri-dish was prepared revolutionary for botany as well as helping to solidify his evolutionary with wild oats seeds ( Avena sativa ) to theory. The exhibition has used lower plants such as algae through to illustrate their twisting movement due to the variation in atmospheric humidity higher plants such as trees to highlight the importance of tropisms to and garden cress seed ( Lepidium plant evolution. Practical activities are offered and there is an sativum ) was grown in glass tubes with opportunity for visitors to interact with botanists and take a refreshing agar jelly to illustrate phototropism drink in the garden’s ancient Sala Viscontea laboratory rooms. (growth and response to a light stimuli) and geotropism (turning or growth movement in response to gravity). During the week prior to the ‘party’, one A special birthday party was held this The evening party began with Darwin’s of the glass tubes had been turned year on 12 February at Bergamo Botanic words spoken by an actor, located in a upside down once a day so that the Garden, Italy, to celebrate Charles scene resembling Darwin’s studio. The stem and radicle clearly showed Darwin’s 199th birthday. In a crowded actor read some extracts from the texts rotations. medieval laboratory room (Sala The Power of Movement in Plants and Viscontea), where educational activities The Movements and Habits of Climbing During the evening, a selection of short usually take place, visitors were offered Plants which perfectly described the movie clips were shown from the a unique presentation about Darwin’s enthusiasm, curiosity and accurate celebrated TV series The Private Life of work concerning plant sensitivity and observations of the man who, two Plants by David Attenborough, to movement. centuries earlier, laid the foundations of illustrate some of the most surprising our modern vision of evolution. examples of plant reactions: dispersal, Following the readings, the voice of a nyctinastic movements, climbing, ‘modern’ botanist expounding Darwin’s pollination, etc. The metaphorical step words took visitors by the hand for a trip back in time also encouraged visitors to back in time, during which time they look at the group of gymnosperms and were invited to look at the most progymnosperms, with their cones Left: important steps in plants evolution. perfectly adapted to wind-mediated Garden cress pollen transport. Graphs were used to seed ( Lepidium In order to help people visualise these illustrate how the perfect geometry of sativum ) was steps, a spiral-shaped path was female cones enhances the probability grown in a designed on the laboratory room floor by of pollen entrapment and seed dispersal glass tube with means of a long tissue cloth. Along the while dormant Gingko seeds were on agar jelly to path a few potted specimens were display to highlight motile gamete illustrate placed to illustrate the plant features of fertilisation - a type of fertilisation only phototropism sensitivity and movement which mark occuring in gingkos, cycads, ferns, (Bergamo the most important groups, including mosses and algae. Botanic Garden)

Roots • Vol 5 (2) • 21-22 21 Far right: With the help of stereomicroscopes (a The exhibition microscope used to analyze specimens displayed side-by-side) and magnifying lenses, herbarium visitors were able to closely observe a specimens and sample of specimens. For example, fern artefacts to sporangia with spores that can survive illustrate the for extended periods of time in evolution of unfavorable conditions and mosses with plants their small moving leaves which orient sujets. Ce travail a été révolutionnaire (Bergamo themselves in order to convey and pour la botanique ainsi que pour la Botanic Garden) accumulate water drops (their gametes consolidation de sa théorie de need water, as they move by means of l’évolution. Cette exposition utilise des Right: Petri flagella!). Mosses also move to release plantes inférieures, telles que les algues, dishes prepared their spores: they open their spore case jusqu’aux plantes supérieures, comme with wild oat lid and enlarge their peristomal teeth to Darwin’s 199th birthday celebration les arbres, pour souligner l’importance seeds (Avena let the spores out. ended with a cocktail accompanied by a du tropisme dans l’évolution des sativa) to special time-traveller dish, Vanilla plantes. Des activités pratiques sont illustrate The final stage of this virtual journey Pudding which contains vanilla from an proposées et sont une occasion pour les twisting looked at the most primitive members of orchid ( Vanilla planifolia ) at the height of visiteurs d’échanger avec les botanistes movements the plant family, algae. In particular, the evolution and Agar Agar from a seaweed et de prendre un rafraîchissement dans (Bergamo focus was on cyanobacteria (also known (Gelidium amansii ) a jelly thickener from la salle de l’ancien laboratoire Sala Botanic Garden) as blue-green algae or Cyanophyta), the most ancient plant form, algae! Viscontea du jardin. which were probably among the first photosynthetic organisms on earth. References Scientists suggest that they have a key- Resumen role to play in oxygen enrichment of our ¬ Darwin, C. R.., 1880, The Power of atmosphere, allowing the ozone layer to Movements in Plants . http://darwin- Visitantes en el Jardín botánico en form and protecting us from excessive online.org.uk Bergamo Italia, han sido invitados a solar radiation. Cyanobacteria also ¬ Darwin, C. R.,1882, The movements realizar un paseo desde el pasado a represent the base level of the planet’s and habits of climbing plants . traves de la evolución de plantas. trophic pyramid and in the Precambrian http://darwin-online.org.uk Como partea del 150º aniversario de era were the primary producers. A digital ¬ Darwin, C. R., 1882, The Movements Darwin, los jardines han creado una microscope camera with an image and Habits of Climbing Plants . exhibición enfocada en las estrategias projector allowed people to see http://darwin-online.org.uk adaptivas del movimiento de las plantas. examples of the first ever plant ¬ Darwin, C. R., 1839, Narrative of the Estrategias tales como los tropismos a movements, those of Oscillatoria ssp. surveying voyages of His Majesty’s la luz o al tacto han sido Ships Adventure and Beagle between extremedamente importantes en el A beautiful citation from Charles the years 1826 and 1836, describing desarrollo evolutivo de plantas y Darwin Darwin’s Beagle Diary helped us to feel their examination of the southern en sus años posteriores hizo trabajo the emotions he probably perceived shores of South America, and the extensivo sobre ambas. Este trabajo fue when, on the 18th April 1832 he was Beagle’s circumnavigation of the revolucionario en la botánica como walking through a forest in Socêgo, Rio globe. Journal and remarks. 1832- tambien ayudo a solidificar su teoria de de Janeiro: 1836 . London: Henry Colburn. la evolución. La exhibición ha usado desde plantas inferiores como algas “If the eye was turned from the world of hasta plantas superiors como los foliage above, to the ground beneath, it Résumé árboles para resaltar la importancia de was attracted by the extreme elegance tropismos para la evolución de las of the leaves of the ferns and mimosæ. En Italie, les visiteurs sont invités à plantas. Actividades prácticas son The latter, in some parts, covered the remonter dans le temps à travers ofrecidas y hay una oportunidad para los surface with a brushwood only a few l’évolution des plantes au Jardin visitantes de interactuar con botánicos y inches high. In walking across these botanique de Bergame. Dans le cadre tomar una bebida refrescante en el jardin thick beds, a broad track was marked by des célébrations du 150ème anniversaire de los cuartos de laboratoriao de la Sala the change of shade, produced by the de la naissance de Darwin, le jardin a Viscontea. drooping of their sensitive petioles. It is réalisé une exposition ciblée sur les easy to specify the individual objects of stratégies adaptatives liées aux Mara Sugni admiration in these grand scenes; but it mouvements des plantes. Ces Biologist is not possible to give an adequate idea stratégies, comme le tropisme vers la Orto Botanico di Bergamo “Lorenzo of the higher feelings of wonder, lumière ou le toucher, ont été Rota” astonishment, and devotion, which fill extrêmement importantes dans le Passaggio Torre di Adalberto and elevate the mind”. développement et dans l’évolution des 2 Bergamo plantes, et Darwin, à la fin de sa vie, fit Italy, I – 24129 une étude très vaste sur ces deux Email: [email protected]

22 Roots • Vol 5 (2) Design as a teaching tool El diseño como una herramienta de enseñanza

Didier Rousseau-Navarre Le Design comme outil pédagogique

Résumé L’arbre de l’évolution de Darwin a inspiré l’aménagement du Jardin Botanique de Marnay-sur-Seine, qui a ouvert au public en 1999. Les visiteurs peuvent suivre le chemin de l’évolution des plantes en commençant par les formes les plus simples puis, en progressant dans le temps, vers les plantes à fleurs. La volonté d’aménager le jardin de cette Comment ne pas se sentir alors soi- façon s’inspire du philosophe Gaston Bachelard et de son idée d’une même comme faisant partie du règne relation intelligente entre l’homme et les plantes. Les modèles de du vivant au même titre que les classification de ce dernier ainsi que l’arbre de l’évolution de Darwin et ses plantes? idées d’évolution continuelle ont fourni l’ossature conceptuelle pour C’est dans cet esprit que j’ai abordé aménager le jardin suivant un thème progressif. Partant du principe de cette réflexion pour aménager la n’utiliser que des plantes vivantes, il a fallu trouver des plantes pour « partie systématique » du jardin. évoquer les espèces éteintes ou pour représenter certains maillons du Ma préoccupation immédiate était et développement évolutionniste. Celles-ci ont été sélectionnées sur la base reste la suivante: de critères communs, telles les cyanobactéries et leur capacité à réaliser la photosynthèse. Le début de la vie dans l’eau évolue jusqu’aux • « Donner à voir certes mais donner à comprendre pour mieux voir. » algues. Puis le terrain s’assèche • Quoi de mieux qu’une école et et les sélaginelles et les fougères s’agissant des plantes, quoi de représentent les premières plantes mieux qu’une école de botanique ? terrestres. On avance pour arriver ensuite à la partie du jardin Une école doit permettre de former des spécialistes et d’informer des non- consacrée aux plantes pollinisées initiés aux arcanes de la science Left: par le vent et les fleurs, qui botanique, en divulguant les Panneau dominent le monde actuel. connaissances actuelles. Au regard d’interprétation des différents modèles de schémas expliquant le classiques, créés par des plan du jardin systématiciens comme Dahlgren, systématique Le Jardin Botanique de Marnay-sur- Cronquist, qui sont autant de (Jardin Seine, ouvert au public, est sans doute propositions conceptuelles brillantes Botanique le plus jeune des jardins botaniques de mais caduques, nous avons choisi une Marnay-sur- France. Créé en 1998, la première modeste mais pertinente solution. Seine) partie, d’une surface de 5 000 m 2, a été inaugurée en 1999. Il est en cours Le philosophe Gaston Bachelard m’a C’est pourquoi notre jardin d’aménagement et son étendue inspiré, puis m’a convaincu lorsque systématique a été pensé, voulu et actuelle atteint 2ha. La motivation qui dans son ouvrage La terre et les réalisé sous l’appellation de « Chemin m’a conduit à sa création était et reste rêveries du repos il cite le poète Lucien de l’Évolution » en suivant le modèle l’envie de restaurer et de refonder un Becker qui a écrit : « Personne ne sait de K. Kubitski le plus proche de rapport intelligent entre l’Homme et la si son corps est une plante que la terre l’Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2 ème Nature. a faite pour donner un nom au désir ». édition (APG2).

Roots • Vol 5 (2) • 23-25 23 « Chemin de l’évolution » pour parler Un détail important qui caractérise de la systématique, nous voici bien notre systématique : la surface dans l’idée de phylogénie, et la attribuée à la culture des plantes phylogénie, à l’instar de C. Darwin, est correspond à un ratio établi en fonction fondée sur la non fixité des espèces. du nombre de genres et d’espèces Ce modèle nous invite à revisiter le selon l’estimation de D.J.Mabberley. monde du vivant dans le cours de Cette particularité permet d’un seul l’histoire et à comprendre la vie selon regard de se faire une idée de une définition du hasard comme étant : l’importance de la diversité des « la rencontre de plusieurs espèces représentant les différentes déterminismes à un moment divisions du règne végétal. Nous avons déterminé ». fait le choix de montrer peu d’espèces d’algues, d’hépatiques et de mousses, Exprimer la systématique sous difficiles à gérer en culture et exigeant la forme d’un cheminement des aménagements particuliers, mais leur présence est suffisamment C’est associer le monde vivant à un explicite. Les végétaux ont été monde en mouvement qu’on disposés selon un cheminement accompagne physiquement. L’image pédagogique montrant les étapes de la plus appropriée pour évoquer la l’évolution. L’aménagement a été phylogénie, comme la généalogie, réalisé avec des matériaux naturels et c’est l’arbre. C’est une image fractale : courants pour créer une ambiance on peut considérer que la phylogénie simple et conviviale. du règne végétal est à l’image de la perception qu’on a des individus qui la Évoquer l’évolution en suivant composent. le « Chemin de l’évolution »

Après avoir défini la forme et le cadre, Dans un bassin circulaire enchâssé il restait à définir le contenu. dans la pouzzolane des cyanobactéries Évidemment, on ne saurait être évoquent les débuts de la vie et des exhaustif dans une telle démarche algues vertes figurent, dans l’eau, les qu’en incluant les éléments fossiles de débuts de la vie végétale différenciée l’histoire des plantes, mais le parti pris (premiers Eucaryotes chlorophylliens). de n’utiliser que des végétaux vivants a permis d’éviter la connotation muséale, Eucaryotes chlorophylliens (passéiste), une étiquette qui colle terrestres encore aux botanistes. C’est pourquoi le choix des Eucaryotes chlorophylliens Sur le bord du bassin, des hépatiques encore vivants s’est imposé. Il nous a et des mousses colonisent les terres et semblé, par ailleurs, important de roches émergées…on avance. représenter quelques Champignons et Lichens de manière à être plus Cryptogames vasculaires explicite sur leur appartenance à des Règnes différents en ayant recours à Toujours inféodées à la présence de une forme signalétique différente. l’eau, les sélaginelles, prêles et fougères représentent les premiers Montrer des végétaux vivants végétaux dotés de tissus vasculaires permettant la circulation de la sève Montrer des végétaux vivants comme depuis les racines jusqu’aux organes témoins des âges les plus reculés est chlorophylliens. À la faveur des frappant pour exprimer la réalité. ombrages créés par les plus grands Il restait à faire les recherches pour représentants de ces groupes, la identifier et se procurer des végétaux diversité s’accroît. Le Carbonifère est rustiques sous notre climat océanique évoqué par la présence des fougères à nuances continentales concernant arborescentes. L’évolution engendre toutes les Classes, Sous-classes, aussi la différenciation des organes Ordres, Familles et Genres à reproducteurs et photosynthétiques ; représenter. Ces grandes divisions du l’osmonde royale ( Osmunda regalis L.), règne végétal sont présentées dans ce installée à l’extrémité de ce massif en « chemin de l’évolution ». témoigne.

24 Roots • Vol 5 (2) Gymnospermes Bibliographie: to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. From this initial water based start there Les Cycadacées : La charnière entre ¬ Darwin, C., 1973, L’Origine des is a progression to algae. From there les Cryptogames et les Gymnospermes espèces au moyen de la sélection the garden moves onto dry land with est évoquée par la présence du Cycas naturelle ou la lutte pour l’existence selaginella and ferns representing the du Japon ( Cycas revoluta Thunb.). Les dans la nature, trad. J.-J. Moulinié first land-based plants. This progresses premières plantes à fleurs et à graines (d’après les 5è et 6è éditions until the garden reaches the wind and apparaissent. Nous voulons montrer anglaises), Verviers, Gérard & C°, flower pollinating plants that dominate par là que les Gymnospermes se sont Marabout - Université the world today. émancipées du point de vue sexuel, ¬ Cronquist, A., 1981, An integrated par rapport à la présence de l’eau et system of classification of flowering que, les premiers, ils ont pratiqué plants. Columbia University Press, Resumen l’anémogamie, les plus avancés d’entre New York eux pratiquant même l’entomogamie. ¬ Dahlgren, R., 1983, Général aspects El árbol evolutivo de Darwin fue la of angiosperm evolution and inspiración para el diseño del Jardin Ephédracées macrosystematics. Nordic J. Bot.3 Botánico de Marnay-sur-Seine, el cual 119-149. abrió al publico en 1999. Los La charnière entre Gymnospermes et ¬ Mabberley, D.J., 1997, The Plant- visitantes pueden seguir el camino de Angiospermes est mise en évidence Book, second édition. Cambridge la evolución, desde plantas que par Ephedra equisetina Bunge. Le University Press emergen en las formas mas simples y genre Ephedra , apparu pendant la ¬ Kubitzki, K., 1990, The families and evolucionan con el tiempo hasta las période entre le Jurassique qui genera of vascular plants, in The plantas con flor. La motivación para el s’achève par la dernière grande plant Book D. J. Mabberley. diseño en esta forma viene del filosofo extinction (190/135 millions d’années) Cambridge University Press 1997 Gaston Bachelard y sus ideas de una et le Crétacé (65 millions d’années). ¬ Bachelard, G., 1971, La terre et les relación inteligente entre humanos y rêveries du repos. Librairie José plantas. Su modelo de clasificación asi Angiospermes Corti, p. 290 también como el árbol de la evolución ¬ The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, de Darwin y las ideas sobre la continua Les plantes à fleurs modernes figurent 2002, An update of the Angiosperm evolución proporcionaron la estructura le dernier modèle de sexualité apparu Phylogeny Group classification for conceptual para el diseño del jardín a et ne manquent pas d’imagination. Ce the orders and families of flowering lo largo de un tema progresivo. Con el sont les végétaux dominants depuis 65 plants: APGII .. Bot. J. Linnean Soc., deseo de usar únicamente las plantas millions d’années. On y reconnaît deux Pp 141: 399-436. vivientes, las plantas tenian que haber grandes Classes distinctes : les sido encontradas para representar Dicotylédones et les Monocotylédones. plantas que estan extintas o que Summary representan una cierta parte del Signalétique progreso evolutivo. Estos fueron Darwin’s evolutionary tree was the seleccionados sobre caracteristicas Afin de rendre plus accessible inspiration for the design of Marnay- compartidas tales como cianobacterias l’approche de la classification et de sur-Seine Botanic Garden, which y su habilidad para realizar fotosíntesis l’évolution lors du cheminement sur le opened to the public in 1999. Visitors oxigénica. terrain, les Classes sont signalées par can follow the road of evolution, from un panneau rouge sur l’axe principal ; plants emerging in their simplest forms De este inicio basado en agua hay un les allées secondaires signalées en and evolving over time to flowering avance a las algas. De ahi el jardin se bleu marquent l’entrée dans les Sous- plants. The motivation to design the mueve a tierra seca con selaginellas y classes ; les panneaux verts signalent garden in this way came from the helechos representando las primeras l’entrée dans les Ordres ; les cartels philosopher Gaston Bachelard and his plantas terrestres. Esto progresa hasta blancs déclinent les différents taxons ideas of an intelligent relationship que el jardin alcanza el viento y las de rangs inférieurs et indiquent l’entrée between humans and plants. His flores polinizando plantas que dominan dans les Familles, Genres et Espèces. classification models as well as el mundo hoy. Darwin’s evolutionary tree and L’avenir de ce jardin continual evolution ideas provided the Didier Rousseau-Navarre Far right: systématique conceptual framework for the garden’s Director Vue aérienne du design along a progressive theme. Jardin Botanique de Marnay-sur- Jardin C’est un espace modulable. Il est aisé With the desire to use only living flora, Seine Botanique de d’en modifier les tracés et les surfaces plants had to be sourced to either 68 Grande Rue Marnay-sur- afin de faire évoluer le jardin en stand in for extinct plants or represent Marnay-sur-Seine Seine qui a fonction des connaissances. Ainsi, plants in a certain part of the 10400 France ouvert au pubic cette représentation de la systématique evolutionary progress. These were Email: didier.rousseau@jardin- en 1999 (Jardin au Jardin Botanique de Marnay-sur- selected on shared characteristics botanique.org Botanique Seine restera d’actualité. such as cyanobacteria and their ability Marnay-sur- Seine)

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 25 L’évolution détient la clé La evolución tiene la clave

Tracy Greenfield Evolution holds the key

Summary Thousands of schools around the world are gripped by Rockford’s Rock Opera, a unique story with an important environmental message. This is an engaging, original view of the current tragedy of mass species extinction. Though the use of music, a narrated story and animated videos, Rockford’s Rock Opera highlights the crucial natural world this may seem utterly discoveries and inventions made possible as a result of the study of obvious, but to the wider population, plants and animals, evolved to meet their own challenges of existence. it’s an original message that we are It demonstrates how the secrets locked up in at-risk species could hold using to engage minds across the the solutions to the world’s future needs. world.

An ecological multi-media musical story Evolution and the secrets influence of plants goes further than of life their study in medicine. For example, Rockford’s Rock Opera is a unique the Cocklebur seed ( Xanthium ecological musical story with this No one knows how many plant species strumarium L.) was the inspiration for important environmental message at its we have on our planet, but they are the the creation of Velcro fastenings and heart. Think of a cross between ultimate source of medicines for 75% many tropical plants are now showing ‘Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy’ and of the world’s population. A quarter of scientists how to create self-cleaning Jeff Wayne’s ‘War of the Worlds’, or all modern drugs – including Aspirin, paints and surfaces, reducing our need perhaps, ‘Jurassic Park’ crossed with morphine, antibiotics, antiseptics and for harmful soaps and detergents. ‘The Jungle Book’ and a bit of ‘The anesthetics – are either derived from or Butterfly Ball’! Rockford’s Rock Opera based on plant compounds. And the In solving the challenges of existence, deals with extinction, evolution, the evolution has led plants (and animals) secrets of life and the importance of to create innovative design solutions – eco-systems. It engages minds, asks the true ‘secrets of life’ that now questions and addresses the wonder provide the bedrock of human of life in an entirely original way. scientific ‘discovery’. Losing plants This multi-media story (a great deal of and animals to the current crisis of which is free to stream or download mass extinction is a tragedy and from the web) is for all ages with a free without doubt we are throwing away audio book, characters, songs, sound important answers – naturally evolved effects, animated videos and more. solutions that could hold the key to the The site also includes an extensive earth’s future challenges. By saving selection of ecological lesson plans and species, we could actually be saving teaching resources that can be ourselves. To those of us who downloaded free to use in the understand the crucial role of the classroom. The Rockford’s Rock Opera

26 Roots • Vol 5 (2) • 26-27 website also contains a fascinating Résumé ‘Secrets of Life’ directory, listing just some of the amazing breakthroughs Des milliers d’écoliers à travers le that have happened as a result of the monde se sont passionnés pour study of plants and animals. l’Opéra rock de Rockford, une histoire sans égal transmettant un important Reaching the World message pour l’environnement. Il s’agit d’une représentation intéressante et Although individual stories of extinction originale de la tragédie actuelle de are very sad, Rockford’s Rock Opera is l’extinction massive des espèces. Par a positive story of wonder, hope and of le biais de la musique, d’une histoire belief that we can learn from the retracée, de vidéos et de musique mistakes of our past and make things d’animation, l’Opéra rock de Rockford better. This is the message that’s now met en lumière les découvertes El uso de la música bien pensado, spreading across the world, from the cruciales et les inventions réalisées una historia narrada, videos animados Rockford’s Rock Opera website and in grâce à l’étude des plantes et des y musica, live performances, education materials animaux, qui ont évolué en relevant and lots more. We hope it will inspire leurs propres défis de l’existence. Rockford’s Rock Opera resalta los all people to view life, in all its evolved Il démontre comment les secrets que descubrimientos cruciales e forms, not just as a work of ‘nature’, recèlent les espèces menacées invenciones que hicieron possible but also as a gift for us to treasure, pourraient être sources de solutions como un resultado del estudio de to protect and to learn from. aux futurs besoins planétaires. plantas y animales, evolucionó para alcanzar sus cambios propios retos de Take a look at our video, ‘Distant existencia. Ella demuestra como los Generation’:http://www.rockfordsrock Resumen secretos tan bien guardados en opera.com/video/distant-generation.asp especies al riesgo de la extinctión, Or discover the whole story at: Miles de escuelas alrededor del mundo podrian contener las soluciones de las www.rockfordsrockopera.com estan emocionado por la Rockford’s necesidades futuras del mundo Rock Opera, una historia única con un Rockford’s Rock Opera was created by mensaje importante. Esta es una Tracy Greenfield award winning creative team, historia unica con un mensaje Popefield Farm Sweetapple (www.sweetapple.co.uk), ambiental importante. Esta es una Hatfield Road and features well-known BBC writer, forma atractiva y original de la tragedia Smallford Steve Punt. It is an entirely self-funded, actual de la extinction massiva de St Albans self-produced project created to make especies. Herts, AL4 0HW a positive impact. Email: [email protected]

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 27 Disponibles Recursos Resources

Resources Disponible Recursos

Books and Education Livres et programmes scolaires Libros y programas escolares Curriculum L’œuf du kiwi : Charles Darwin et la Carlos Darwin y la Selección Natural The Kiwi’s Egg: Charles Darwin and sélection naturelle El huevo de Kiwi: Charles Darwin y Natural Selection la selección natural Si vous vous êtes déjà demandé qui If you have ever wondered who Darwin était Darwin et ce qu’il a dit, ce livre est Te has preguntado quien fue Darwin y was and what he said, then this book pour vous. Au début du XIXème siècle, que dijo que lo ha hecho famoso, si no is an excellent read. Evolution, during l’évolution était une idée dont on parlait lo sabes, entonces este libro es el the early nineteenth century, was an déjà. D’autres penseurs en avaient fait adecuado para informarte. Durante el idea in the air. Other thinkers had état, mais personne n’avait encore siglo XIX Evolución era solo una suggested it, but no one had proposed proposé d’explication valable de la palabra en el ‘aire’. Ya algunos a convincing explanation for how façon dont fonctionne l’évolution. estudiosos habían notado que la evolution occurs. In September 1838, En septembre 1838, Charles Darwin evolución existía pero ninguno de ellos Charles Darwin hit upon the idea that découvrit que la sélection naturelle había dado una explicación ‘natural selection’ among competing entre des individus qui se font convincente de como ocurría. A pesar individuals would lead to adaptations concurrence mène à l’adaptation et à de que en septiembre de 1838, la idea and species diversity. However, it took la diversité des espèces. Cependant, il de la ‘selección natural’ fue propuesta another 21 years until The Origin of fallut encore 21 ans pour que paraisse por Darwin como la competencia que a Species was published. Drawing from « L’origine des espèces ». En los que los organismos se veían Darwin’s secret ‘transmutation’ s’appuyant sur les carnets secrets de presionados a responder al medio notebooks and his personal letters, Darwin sur la « transmutation des ambiente con adaptaciones que David Quammen has sketched a espèces» et ses lettres personnelles, reflejan la su diversidad, fue sino hasta colourful life portrait of the man whose David Quammen dresse le portrait 21 años después que el ‘Origen de las work continues to be controversial. imagé d’un homme dont le travail especies’ fuese publicado. En este reste, aujourd’hui encore, controversé. libro David Quammen saca a la luz de David Quammen, 2008, 304pp, los cuadernos de ‘notas de paperback, Orion Publishing Group, David Quammen, 2008, 304pp, livre de transmutación’ y cartas personales de ISBN 9780753823507. poche, Orion Publishing Group, ISBN Darwin, un extraordinario relato de www.orionbooks.co.uk. 9780753823507. quien fue este gran y controversial www.orionbooks.co.uk. personaje. Forensic Botany Investigations (FBI) Enquête scientifique en botanique David Quammen, 2008, This new curriculum unit on economic 304pp, edition rustic a, botany introduces sixth through eight Ce nouvel élément du programme Orion Publishing Group, graders to the vital roles plants play in relatif aux aspects économiques de la ISBN 9780753823507. culture, commerce and our daily lives. botanique présente aux jeunes de 10 à www.orionbooks.co.uk. Students are presented with fun and 13 ans le rôle essentiel que jouent les challenging scenarios and plantes dans la culture, le commerce et

28 Roots • Vol 5 (2) • 28-32 investigations, and work in teams to Investigación de solve plant based mysteries while medicina forense learning about plant science, ecology botánica (FBI) and conservation. The lessons are accompanied by a documentary style Es una nueva materia en DVD, which features New York el plan de estudios del Botanical Garden scientists and their sexto al octavo grado long term research projects. botánica económica. Resaltando que las The curriculum includes classroom plantas son un aspecto lessons, a teacher’s guide and la vie quotidienne. Des scénarios et importante en la cultura, comercio y handouts, a 24 minute documentary enquêtes amusantes et stimulantes eventos cotidianos de nuestra vida. style DVD and materials for hands-on sont proposées aux élèves qui La medicina forense se presenta a los activities and investigations. Lessons travaillent en équipe pour résoudre des estudiantes por medio de escenarios found in the curriculum include mystères liés aux plantes tout en se interesantes con retos e understanding different plant parts and familiarisant avec la botanique, investigaciones detectivescas; el their functions; the important role that l’écologie et la conservation. Les trabajo se efectúa en equipos que bees play in maintaining balance with leçons sont accompagnées d’un DVD tratan de resolver los misterios de las forest ecosystems; analysing documentaire présentant les plantas, en los que al mismo tiempo, ecological and botanical data; and scientifiques du jardin botanique de el alumno aprende ciencia, ecología y learning the important variables for New-York et leurs projets de recherche conservación de las mismas. En un growing rice. à long terme. DVD se ilustran algunos ejemplos de proyectos científicos que se Funded through a generous grant from Le programme comprend des leçons, desarrollan en el Jardín Botánico de Bristol-Myers Squibb, the curriculum un guide pour les enseignants et des Nueva York. was developed in collaboration with fiches à distribuer, le DVD et du Education Development Center (EDC), matériel pour les enquêtes et activités Se incluyen actividades para el salón a leading science curriculum pratiques. Les leçons portent, entre de clases, guía practica para los development firm. autres, sur les différentes parties d’une profesores, cuadernos de trabajo, un plante et leurs fonctions, le rôle documental de 24 minutos en DVD y Forensic Botany Investigations, 2008, essentiel des abeilles dans l’équilibre materiales para actividades de Glencoe, the science education des écosystèmes forestiers, l’analyse investigación practica. En las lecciones division of McGraw-Hill, ISBN de données écologiques et botaniques, se tratan las diferentes partes de las 0078804477. www.glencoe.com. et les facteurs déterminant la plantas y sus funciones; asimismo Available only in the USA. croissance du riz. temas como: la importancia que juegan las abejas en mantener el The Tree of Knowledge Financé par un don de Bristol-Myers balance del ecosistema del bosque; Squibb, le programme a été élaboré como analizar datos ecológicos y The construction of knowledge and en collaboration avec une entreprise botánicos; aprender las variables development of a creative, critical spécialisée dans la conception de importantes para crecer arroz, entre human being, with responsibility for the programmes scientifiques. muchos mas. planet is like the growth of a tree. This is the thinking behind a new education Forensic Botany Investigations, 2008, Esta iniciativa fue lograda gracias al Glencoe, the science education apoyo económico de Bristol-Myers division of McGraw-Hill, ISBN Squibb, en colaboración con el plan 0078804477. www.glencoe.com de estudios de el Centro de Desarrollo Educativo - Education Development L’arbre de connaissance Center, (EDC).

La construction des savoirs et le Forensic Botany Investigations, 2008, développement d’êtres humains Glencoe, the science education créatifs et dotés d’un esprit critique, division of McGraw-Hill, ISBN assumant leurs responsabilités à 0078804477. www.glencoe.com l’égard de la planète, ressemble à la croissance d’un arbre. Telle est l’idée El árbol del conocimiento qui sous-tend le nouveau dossier pédagogique produit par le jardin El jardín botánico Xiitbal neek (México) botanique de Xiitbal neek à Mexico. Le pensando en el reto educativo y con dossier (en espagnol) contient 3 livrets, un paso creativo al futuro, ha l’image d’un arbre de la connaissance producido el paquete ‘El árbol del (qui explique le cadre conceptuel du conocimiento’, cuya responsabilidad projet) et une affiche en couleurs pour es como crecer un árbol para el

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 29 pack produced by the Xiitbal neek les enseignants de maternelle, du planeta. El Botanic Garden in Mexico. The pack primaire et du secondaire. Les livrets material es en (in Spanish) contains three booklets, proposent diverses activités liées au español y a pictorial representation of a ‘tree of programme national mexicain et entrant consiste en 3 knowledge’ (which explains the dans le cadre d’une éducation au pequeños libros conceptual framework of the project) développement durable. Centré sur des en los que se and a colourful poster aimed at thèmes environnementaux, les activités ilustran y preschool, primary and secondary peuvent être menées dans n’importe explican el school teachers. The booklets offer a quel jardin botanique, espace vert, concepto del wide range of activities that are linked jardin d’école ou même en classe. proyecto, además de un colorido to the Mexican National Curriculum Jardín Botánico Regional Xíitbal neek’, cartel. El diseño esta orientado para and centred within the Education for Mexico, 2008, Disponible en échange profesores de educación pre escolar, Sustainable Foundations. Focusing on du coût de l’emaballage et de l’envoi . primaria y secundaria. Los libros environmental themes, the activities Contact: Verónica Franco- contienen actividades que se conectan can be carried out in any botanic [email protected] al plan de estudio nacional mexicano garden, green space and school en el tema de educación para la garden as well as a classroom. Concevoir des panneaux sustentabilidad. Enfocados a los d’interprétation: des principes mis temas del medio ambiente, se Jardín Botánico Regional Xíitbal neek’, en pratique proyectan actividades para llevar a Mexico, 2008, Available for the cost of cabo en el salón de clases así como postage and packing. Contact Ce très bon guide a été écrit à las áreas verdes de las escuelas o de Verónica Franco- [email protected] l’intention des étudiants, chercheurs et un jardín botánico. éducateurs qui travaillent dans le Designing Interpretive Signs: domaine de l’interprétation. Il expose Jardín Botánico Regional Xíitbal neek’, Principles in Practice une série de principes pour concevoir México, 2008, Disponible al costo del efficacement des panneaux, avec des porte del correo, por medio de This excellent comprehensive guide is instructions basées sur la recherche et Verónica Franco- [email protected] intended for students, researchers and les plus récentes théories en educators working in the field of pédagogie et psychologie, ainsi que Diseñando señales interpretativas: interpretation. It provides a series of des indications pratiques. Tout au long principios y practicas principles for effective sign design, with du guide, des images en couleur instruction based on research, the illustrent ces principes et donnent des Guía excelente para estudiantes, latest in educational and psychological exemples concrets de réalisations. investigadores, educadores y theory and practical guidelines. Full Il contient d’utiles renseignements sur profesores que trabajan en el campo colour illustrations are used throughout la façon de choisir un emplacement, de la interpretación. Aquí se the guide to reinforce the principles d’attirer et de soutenir l’attention des proporciona una serie de principios and provide real world examples. visiteurs, de disposer les informations para un diseño efectivo, con Valuable information is included about de telle sorte que les visiteurs s’y instrucciones que se basan en choosing sign locations, attracting and retrouvent facilement et de concevoir investigaciones, con pautas o keeping visitors’ attention, organising des panneaux pour des sites très directrices practicas de lo ultimo en information so that visitors find it easy divers. Une liste récapitulative est educación y teoría de la psicología. to follow and designing signs for a proposée comme aide mémoire. Ce Con numerosas ilustraciones se guide est un outil précieux dans tout refuerzan los principios y se département pédagogique d’un jardin proporcionan ejemplos del mundo real. botanique. Se incluye información de como seleccionar un gran rango de sitios Gianna Moscardo, Roy Ballantyne, and adecuados que atraigan y mantengan Karen Hughes, 2007, Fulcrum la atención del publico; asimismo de la Publishing, USA, 140pp, ISBN-13: organización de la secuencia de la 978-1-55591-550-6. información para el fácil entendimiento www.fulcrumbooks.com y comprensión de los visitantes. También se incluye un listado de temas a manera de ayuda memoria. Esta guía Sites es una adición muy valiosa para los jardines botánicos como parte de la www.seedsavers.net/publications/ biblioteca educativa. De la graine à la graine: des potagers dans les écoles Gianna Moscardo, Roy Ballantyne, and Karen Hughes, 2007, Fulcrum Le réseau des Seed Savers Publishing, USA, 140pp, ISBN-13: (« Sauveurs de semences ») a produit 978-1-55591-550-6. un nouveau livre qui encourage le www.fulcrumbooks.com

30 Roots • Vol 5 (2) wide range of sites. As an aide memoir jardinage et la création de potagers à Sitios Web a check list is also provided. This l’école. Ce livre cherche à remédier au guide is a valuable addition to a problème de la dégradation des www.seedsavers.net/publications/ botanic garden education library. habitudes alimentaires des enfants, Semilla a Semilla: Jardines de ainsi qu’à leur méconnaissance du comida en escuelas Gianna Moscardo, Roy Ballantyne, and jardinage. Les auteurs font valoir que, Karen Hughes, 2007, Fulcrum vu la diminution de la taille des jardins La red ‘Salvadores de las Semillas’ ha Publishing, USA, 140pp, ISBN-13: et des cours et le caractère de plus en lanzado al publico un nuevo libro que 978-1-55591-550-6. plus trépidant de la vie moderne, les motiva la jardinería y el crecimiento de www.fulcrumbooks.com potagers sont devenus une chose du comida en las escuelas. En el se tratan passé, d’où une disparition de la aspectos del deterioro alimenticio transmission des connaissances de infantil y la carencia de habilidad para Websites jardinage de génération en génération. la jardinería. Se discute la reducción de C’est pourquoi les écoles, qui los espacios de cultivo y el incremento www.seedsavers.net/publications/ disposent plus facilement d’espace de la vida agitada de nuestros días; Seed to Seed: Food Gardens in libre, sont l’endroit idéal pour que les consecuentemente como los jardines Schools enfants se rendent compte de ce domésticos se han perdido en el qu’est la culture maraîchère, et y pasado y con ellos la oportunidad de The Seed Savers’ Network has participent. Le livre couvre tout ce que transmitir nuestros conocimientos o produced a new book encouraging les enseignants et enfants doivent habilidades de jardinería. Las escuelas gardening and growing food in savoir, de la conception d’un jardin à la con su rápida disposición a ayudar schools. The book seeks to address plantation, l’entretien, la récolte et la pueden proporcionar espacios the problem of children’s deteriorating conservation des graines. De la graine adecuados para que los niños vean, eating habits as well as their lack of à la graine : des potagers dans les aprendan y crezcan vegetales que gardening skills. It argues that with écoles est téléchargeable gratuitement forman en parte de la comida. El libro shrinking backyards and increasingly en pdf sur le site Internet. es una fuente muy completa para busy lives, domestic food gardens maestros y alumnos que requieren de have become a thing of the past and http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/ conocimiento, planeamiento y that the opportunity to pass on home.php mantenimiento de cosechar y salvar important gardening skills from Comprendre l’évolution semillas. El libro ‘Semilla a semilla: generation to generation is being lost. Jardines de comida en escuelas’ es Consequently schools, with their more Ce site s’adresse à tout public et offre gratis y se puede descargar en archivo readily available space, are ideal une excellent introduction à la théorie pdf por medio del sitio Web. locations for children to see and be a de l’évolution. Divers sujets y sont part of food production. The book traités, y compris une partie intitulée http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/ covers everything school teachers and « Evolution 101 » qui fournit des home.php children might need to know from explications simples sur les Entendiendo la Evolución planning a garden to planting, mécanismes de l’évolution. Sur le site, maintaining, harvesting and saving on trouve également des cours plus Este sitio web es dirigido de manera seeds. Seed to Seed: Food Gardens in détaillés mais toujours general al publico y es una magnifica Schools is free to download as a pdf compréhensibles sur des aspects plus introducción al tema evolución. Los on the website. avancés de la théorie de l’évolution. contenidos son muy amplios; en una Le site comprend une page consacrée sección titulada ‘Evolución 101’ se http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/ à l’actualité qui est régulièrement mise explican de manera accesible los home.php à jour, ainsi qu’une partie destinée aux mecanismos y patrones evolutivos. Understanding Evolution enseignants contenant des indications También se incluye de manera mas pédagogiques et des idées de leçons detallada, pero fácil de entender, ideas This website is written for a general et d’activités. mas avanzadas en el tema. El sitio es audience and offers an excellent actualizado por medio de una sección introduction to evolution. A wide range www.nhm.ac.uk/index.html de noticias, asimismo como otra of content is available including a Le muséum d’histoire naturelle dedicada a los maestros o profesores section entitled ‘Evolution 101’ which proporcionándoles esquemas de provides simple explanations about the Le muséum d’histoire naturelle de trabajo y actividades para impartir sus patterns and mechanisms of evolution. Londres abrite le centre Darwin, ainsi clases. Also included on the site are more qu’un centre Darwin 2 qui ouvrira l’an detailed, but still understandable, prochain. Ce nouveau bâtiment recevra www.nhm.ac.uk/index.html courses on the more advanced ideas la collection de 28 millions d’insectes El Museo de Historia Natural en on evolution. There is a regularly et 6 millions de plantes du musée. La Londres updated news section as well as a partie évolution du site contient des teachers’ section with teaching nouvelles, des informations sur la En el se alberga el Centro de Darwin y frameworks and ideas for lessons and théorie de l’évolution, et même des el Centro de Darwin 2; que entrara en activities. jeux qui aident à comprendre les acción el año próximo. Este edificio

Roots • Vol 5 (2) 31 www.nhm.ac.uk/index.html mécanismes de l’évolution. Les nuevo mostrara colecciones de 28 The Natural History Museum archives vidéo contiennent millones de insectos y 6 millones de d’excellentes vidéos sur toutes sortes plantas. En el sitio Web del Museo, The Natural History Museum in London de sujet, y compris sur Darwin. en la sección de evolución se puede is home to the Darwin Centre and the encontrar la información sobre la Teoría Darwin Centre 2 which will open next http://fruitipedia.com/ de la Evolución que incluye juegos year. This new building will host the Fruitipedia : encyclopédie des fruits para explicar los posibles mecanismos museum’s collection of 28 million comestibles du monde de la evolución. En un video disponible insects and six million plants. The se encuentran muestras excelentes de evolution section of the website has Comme l’indique son nom, ce site todo tipo, incluyendo aquellos que han news, information on evolutionary Internet récemment créé a pour hecho famoso a Darwin. theory and even games to help explain ambition de constituer une how evolution works. The video archive encyclopédie de tous les fruits du http://fruitipedia.com/ has excellent videos on all kinds of monde. Réalisé par Dr. Chiranjit Frutipedía: Enciclopedia de los subjects including Darwin. Parmar, un spécialiste indien des fruits, frutos comestibles en el mundo le site accumule rapidement toutes http://fruitipedia.com/ sortes de données sur les fruits. Como el titulo lo dice se trata de una Fruitipedia: Encyclopedia of Edible L’objectif est d’encourager les enciclopedia para todos los frutos Fruits of the World internautes à envoyer des articles sur existentes alrededor del mundo. Esta les fruits de leur région. Un coup d’œil fue elaborada por el Dr. Chiranjit As the title states this recently à la base de données permet Parmar, experto en frutos de la India. launched website aims to be an rapidement de constater que nous en El sitio esta rápidamente compilando encyclopedia of all fruits of the world. consommons en fait très peu et que numerosos y diversos frutos; el Dr. Produced by Dr. Chiranjit Parmar, a nous pourrions en goûter de très Parmar le gustaría motivar a los fruit expert from India, the site is intéressants. Le site Internet est facile usuarios para que envíen sus artículos quickly gathering a large and diverse à traduire dans différentes langues. de frutos de cualquier parte del record of fruit. He would like to mundo. Dando una mirada a la base encourage readers to send in articles www.indicator.org.uk disponible al momento, nos damos on fruit from their part of the world. A in’di-ka’ter cuenta que pequeño es el numero de look through the database of fruit frutos comemos, asimismo todos los makes you quickly realise the small Indicator est une réalisation du interesantes otros que podríamos estar number of fruit we actually eat and the programme Education pour le durable disfrutando. El sitio web puede interesting things that we could be mené par l’université londonienne consultarse por medio de diferentes eating. The website is easily translated South Banks en Grande-Bretagne. Ce idiomas ya que una de las opciones into a number of different languages. programme organise depuis plus de nos lo permite. douze ans des débats et des cours sur www.indicator.org.uk ce sujet de par le monde. Le site www.indicator.org.uk in’di-ka’ter comprend un forum permettant aux in’di-ka’ter élèves, aux anciens élèves et à toute Indicator is an initiative of the autre personne de publier des Indicator es una iniciativa en un Education for Sustainability (EfS) informations qui ne répondent pas aux programa de Educación para la programme run at London South Bank critères traditionnels des publications Sustentabilidad (EfS) de la universidad University, UK. The EfS programme universitaires. Il est libre d’accès et de South Bank de Londres, Reino has over 12 years experience in tous les documents téléchargeables Unido. Este programa EfS tiene a la debating and delivering EfS across the seront archivés pour construire un outil actualidad mas de 12 años de global regions. This website provides très utile pour l’avenir. experiencia en debates y expresiones a forum for programme students, orales en todas regiones. El sitio Web alumni and others to publish material provee un foro para estudiantes, that does not fit within the usual alumnos, y otros profesionales formal, ‘stuffy’ criteria that academic permitiéndoles publicar en línea publications generally require. It is electrónica materiales que no encajan freely accessible and downloadable totalmente de una manera formal a los content will be archived to build a criterios o requisitos generales valuable resource over time. académicos. El sitio es de libre acceso y los contenidos son descargables para poder ser usados en forma de archivos los que eventualmente con el tiempo constituyan un recurso muy valioso.

32 Roots • Vol 5 (2) How to join Botanic Gardens Conservation International

The mission of BGCI is to mobilise Institutions can join BGCI for the following benefits: botanic gardens and engage • Membership of the worldwide plant conservation network partners in securing plant diversity • Botanic Garden Management Resource Pack (upon joining)* for the well-being of people and the • Regular publications: planet. It was founded in 1987 and - the regular newsletter, Cuttings now includes over 525 member - BGjournal – an international journal for botanic gardens (2 per year) institutions in 115 countries. - Roots - environmental education review (2 per year) - A wide range of new publications • Invitations to BGCI congresses and discounts on registration fees • BGCI technical support and advisory services

Institution Membership £ Stlg US $ € Euros

A BGCI Patron Institution 5000 8000 7500 B Institution member (budget more than US$2,250,000) 750 1500 1000 C Institution member (budget US$ 1,500,000 - 2,250,000) 500 1000 720 D Institution member (budget US$ 750,000 - 1,500,000) 350 700 500 E Institution member (budget US$ 100,000 - 750,000) 185 370 265 F Institution member (budget below US$100,000)* 85 170 125 *Generally applies to institutions in less developed countries

Other Membership Categories: • Regular publications: - the regular newsletter, Cuttings Membership benefits depend on - BGjournal - an international journal for botanic gardens (2 per year) category - see below. These can - Roots - Environmental Education Review (2 per year) include: • Invitations to BGCI congress and discounts on registration fees

Individual Membership £ Stlg US $ € Euros

J Conservation donor ( BGjournal , Roots and Cuttings plus more) 250 500 350 K Associate member ( Cuttings and BGjournal ) 40 80 60 L Associate member ( Cuttings and Roots ) 40 80 60 M Friend ( Cuttings ) available through online subscription only (www.bgci.org) 10 20 15

*Contents of the Botanic Garden Management Resource Pack: The Darwin Technical Manual for Botanic Gardens, A CITES Manual for Botanic Gardens, A Handbook for Botanic Gardens on the Reintroduction of Plants to the Wild, BGjournal - an international journal for botanic gardens (2 past issues), Roots - environmental education review (2 past issues), The International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation, Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, Environmental Education in Botanic Gardens, BG-Recorder (a computer software package for plant records).

Payment may be made by cheque payable to Botanic Gardens Conservation International, or online at www.bgci.org or by VISA/Mastercard sent to BGCI, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K or Fax: +44 (0) 20 8332 5956.

K I wish to apply for membership of Botanic Gardens Conservation International.

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Please clearly state your name (or the name of your institution) on all documentation. Please contact [email protected] for further information. Botanic Gardens Conservation International

Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K. Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bgci.org

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