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Periostitis: an Indicator of Stress and Health in Past Populations Explored

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Periostitis: an Indicator of Stress and Health in Past Populations Explored University of Nevada, Reno Periostitis: An Indicator of Stress and Health in Past Populations Explored A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology and the Honors Program by Jordan N. Cramer Dr. Marin Pilloud, Thesis Advisor May, 2018 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA RENO THE HONORS PROGRAM We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by Jordan N. Cramer Entitled Periostitis: An Indicator of Stress and Health in Past Populations Explored be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS, Anthropology ______________________________________________ Marin Pilloud, Ph.D., Thesis Advisor ______________________________________________ Tamara Valentine, Ph. D., Director, Honors Program May, 2018 i Abstract Periostitis is a skeletal condition where new bone is formed in response to many different insults to bone. The condition has been used as an indicator of stress in bioarchaeological research for decades and is key in research of disease in the past. Despite the wide use of periostitis as an indicator of stress and disease there is little research into the condition itself and the process leading to the new bone formation. This thesis takes into consideration clinical and bioarchaeological literature in order to provide a better understanding of the process and causes of periostitis. In addition to analysis of literature a case study looking at prevalence of periostitis in an archaeological sample from central California is done to assess the use of periostitis as an indicator of stress and health in the past and the information that such analyses may give. A more rounded understanding of periostitis will allow research into stress in the past to better implement analysis of periostitis and as such create a better overall picture of health within the past. ii Acknowledgments There are many people that I must thank for getting me where I am today. First, I want to thank my mentor Marin Pilloud. Thank you for your patience and guidance through this long process. It is because of you that I have found an area of study that I truly love. Secondly, I must thank my family for always supporting me and pushing me to be better and improve. I would also like to thank Bonnie for always reminding me to write and for her support. Special thanks to Robert for believing in me no matter what and putting up with me on those days that I was going crazy working on this project. Lastly, I would like to thank the Honors Program. Thank you for believing in me and not letting me give up on myself. Thank you to everyone who gave words of encouragement and supported me through this process. It would not have been possible without you. iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. ii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 A Look at Stress ................................................................................................................ 7 What is Stress? Physiological Origins of Interpretation. ............................................. 7 Stress Research within Bioarchaeology ........................................................................ 9 Stress in Place of Health .............................................................................................. 10 Skeletal Indicators of Stress ........................................................................................ 11 The Periosteum and Periosteal Reactions..................................................................... 13 The Periosteum ............................................................................................................ 13 Periosteal Reactions ..................................................................................................... 17 Periostitis within Bioarchaeology .................................................................................. 22 Background and Methods .............................................................................................. 26 Bio-Cultural Background of California Sample ........................................................ 26 Data Collection Procedures ......................................................................................... 27 Stage 1 ...................................................................................................................... 28 Stage 2 ...................................................................................................................... 29 Results and Analysis ....................................................................................................... 31 Full Sample and Temporal Analysis ........................................................................... 31 Early Period (3050-500 B.C.) ...................................................................................... 34 Early Middle Period (500 B.C. – A.D. 420) ................................................................ 36 Late Middle Period (A.D. 420-1010) ........................................................................... 38 Middle-Late Transition Period (A.D. 1010-1390)....................................................... 40 Late Prehistoric (A.D. 1390-1720) .............................................................................. 42 iv Protohistoric/Historic (A.D. 1720-1899) ..................................................................... 44 Overall Trends .............................................................................................................. 47 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 49 Conclusions from Literature Review ........................................................................... 49 Conclusions from Case Study ...................................................................................... 50 References ........................................................................................................................ 54 Appendix A ...................................................................................................................... 60 Figures .......................................................................................................................... 60 Tables ............................................................................................................................ 71 v List of Tables Table 1. Table of Prevalence by Temporal Period. 31 Table 2. Total Prevalence by Sex. 33 Table 3. Total Prevalence by Age 34 Table 4. Prevalence by Sex from 3050-500 B.C. 35 Table 5. Prevalence by Age from 3050-500 B.C. 36 Table 6. Prevalence by Age from 500 B.C. - A.D. 420 37 Table 7. Prevalence by Sex from 500 B.C. - A.D. 420 38 Table 8. Prevalence by Sex from A.D. 420-1010 39 Table 9. Prevalence by Age from A.D. 420-1010 40 Table 10. Prevalence by Sex from A.D. 1010-1390 41 Table 11. Prevalence by Age from A.D. 1010-1390 42 Table 12. Prevalence by Age from A.D. 1390-1720 43 Table 13. Prevalence by Sex from A.D. 1390-1720 44 Table 14. Prevalence by Sex from A.D. 1720-1899 45 Table 15. Prevalence by Age from A.D. 1720-1899 46 vi List of Figures Figure 1. Subtypes of Periosteal Reactions. 18 Figure 2.Central California Sites Included in CCBD (From Pilloud et al., 2014) 28 Figure 3. Prevalence of Periostitis per Temporal Period by Percentage 32 Figure 4. Total Percentage of Males and Females with Periostitis Present. 32 Figure 5. Total Percentage of Individuals with Periostitis Present Per Age 33 Figure 6. Percentage of Males and Females with Periostitis from 3050-500 B.C. 34 Figure 7. Percentage of Periostitis by Age from 3050-500 B.C. 35 Figure 8. Percentages of Periostitis by Age from 500 B.C. - A.D. 420 37 Figure 9. Percentage of Periostitis by Sex from 500 B.C. - A.D. 420 38 Figure 10. Percentage of Periostitis by Sex from A.D. 420-1010 39 Figure 11. Percentage of Periostitis by Age from A.D. 420-1010 40 Figure 12. Percentage of Periostitis by Sex from A.D. 1010-1390 41 Figure 13. Percentage of Periostitis by Age from A.D. 1010-1390 42 Figure 14. Percentage of Periostitis by Age from A.D. 1390-1720 43 Figure 15. Percentage of Periostitis by Sex from A.D. 1390-1720 44 Figure 16. Percentage of Periostitis by Sex from A.D. 1720-1899 45 Figure 17. Percentage of Periostitis by Age from A.D. 1720-1899 46 Figure 18. Change in Prevalence of Periostitis by Age over Time. 47 Figure 19. Prevalence of Periostitis Over Time by Sex 48 1 Introduction Bioarchaeology works to answer questions about the archaeological past through analysis of human remains. Certain information about human lives may be observed on bone, which preserves for thousands, or even hundreds of thousands of years. Current research in the field of bioarchaeology includes analysis of basic elements such as stature, sex and age, diet, disease, and trauma. In addition to these more descriptive
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