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Sociologisk Arbejdspapir Nr. 1, 1999 the Search for Sociological Truth Sociologisk Arbejdspapir Nr. 1, 1999 Michael Hviid Jacobsen The Search for Sociological Truth - A History of the Rise and Fall of the Reign of Positivism in the Social Sciences ociologisk S aboratorium L Aalborg Universitet Kroghstræde 5, 9220 Aalborg Ø Tlf. 96 35 81 50, fax 98 11 50 56, e-mail: [email protected] Michael Hviid Jacobsen The Search for Sociological Truth - A History of the Rise and Fall of the Reign of Positivism in the Social Sciences Copyright © 1999 Forfatteren og Sociologisk Laboratorium. ISSN: 1399-4514 ISBN: 87-90867-00-9 Sociologiske Arbejdspapirer udgives af Sociologisk Laboratorium, som betegner det faglige milj omkring sociologiuddannelsen p AAU. Her udgives mindre arbejder fx seminaroplg, konferencebidrag, udkast til artikler eller kapitler - af medlemmer af miljet eller af inviterede bidragydere udefra, mhp. formidling og videre befordring af den lbende fagligt-sociologiske aktivitet. Redaktrer af serien er professor Jens Tonboe (ansv.) og Ph.D- stipendiat Michael Hviid Jacobsen. Eksemplarer kan bestilles hos Aalborg Centerboghandel, Fibigerstrde 15, 2 9220 Aalborg st, tlf. 96358071, fax 98152862, e-mail: [email protected]. 3 Michael Hviid Jacobsen The Search for Sociological Truth - A History of the Rise and Fall of the Reign of Positivism in the Social Sciences 4 List of content: 1. A short introduction to the reign of Positivism in the history of sociology ..................... 5 2. Positivism as a sociological school of thought, a discourse, an SRP or a paradigm ........ 8 3. Positivism and its doctrines ............................................................................................ 15 4. Ritualistic truths in sociology derived from the reign of Positivism .............................. 24 5. The search for a scientific sociological truth .................................................................. 26 6. Peter McHugh’s antagonism towards Positivism ........................................................... 38 7. Percy S. Cohen’s defense of Positivism: Bringing Positivism back to life .................... 41 8. Jonathan H. Turner and the revival of a Comtean Positivism ........................................ 43 9. Christopher G. A. Bryant and a reconsideration of Positivism ...................................... 46 10. Excursion: The death of Positivism or Positivism hiberanting? .................................... 47 11. A proposed middleground: Kantian philosophy and Weberian sociology ..................... 49 12. Conclusions: Sociological truth revisited ....................................................................... 55 “A truth that reigns without checks and balances is a tyrant who must be overthrown and any falsehood that can aid us in the overthrow of this tyrant is to be welcomed”. - Paul K. Feuerabend “Science...is the domination through truth”. - Stefan Nowak “We are living in a time when the simplest truths have no course but to come 5 back to us naked and wearing a mask of old wisdom”. - Jean Paulhan 6 The Search for Sociological Truth†0 - A History of the Rise and Fall of the Reign of Positivism in the Social Sciences 1. A short introduction to the reign of Positivism in the history of sociology: “In the Beginning was Nothingness...” is the biblical account of the pre- Genesis and the creation of the universe. In the case of sociology, which is the topic of this essay, the Genesis could be paraphrased as: “In the Beginning was Positivism...”. Ever since the so-called father of sociology, Auguste Comte, coined the term sociology in 1824 (Horkheimer & Adorno 1973:12), the field has been biased towards and in favour of the doctrine of Positivism or what Comte himself described as a Science Positive and equally often termed social physics. It is therefore an indisputable fact that Positivism has been in a coign of vantage compared to other epistemological traditions within the field, and it will not be an overstatement if one claims that Positivism has been in a hegemonic position in sociology throughout the last more than 170 years although “attempts to establish any sort of Positivist hegemony in sociology have always faced numerous challenges that alternative understandings of the social world are more appropriate to the human nature of its subject matter” (Halfpenny 1982:120). At the same time it is evident that this hegemony has not been unchallenged which this paper sets out to illustrate. Questions such as: Why is the “spell” of Positivism presumably broken and which tendencies in 0‛†I would like to take this opportunity to thank B.Sc. Angela Swales (University of Sunderland) for taking the time and effort reading, discussing, constructively critisizing and contributing with valuable comments on the points of view forwarded in this essay at the interim stages of its completion. Furthermore I would like to express my appreciation to Professor Charles Ragin (University of Chicago) for accessing and evaluating the perspectives offered here during the Oslo Summer School for Comparative Social Science in 1998. For the record it must be noted that this essay is a further development of the ideas presented in another essay titled The Sociological Problem of Definition - A Critique and Deconstruction of Positivist Sociology. University of Aalborg, 1995, copies of which can be 7 sociological theory brought about the supposed fall of Postivism?; What are the pitfalls and insufficiencies of Positivism and how can they be overcome conceptually, theoretically and empirically?; and finally: Can Positivism, as a doctrine of philosophy of science within sociology, anticipate an ‘Indian Summer’ within the field ? are essential to an adequate understanding and explanation of sociology’s position today - both internally within the scientific field as well externally in the general social space. One claim is, metaphorically speaking, that Positivism, as an epistemology of truth and knowledge, has performed as a scarecrow in the somewhat impoverished and dessicanted theoretical field of sociology and, hence, that the knowledge produced about i.e. human behaviour/action has had limited scope and dubious value. Another viewpoint, at the other end of the continuum is, that Positivism was (and still is) the scientific pioneer bringing about an Entzauberung of sociology, and that sociology without Positivism would be in a primordial position and an utterly conjectural affair. It can be postulated, that bringing Positivism back to life, is the trend in some parts of current sociology (Cohen 1980 and Turner 1985) whereas in the 1960’s and 1970’s the aim of the so-called creative, interpretative, constructionist or alternative sociologies was to bring an end to the Positivist order. The question of vital importance to raise is whether or not Positivism is the best applier of sociological truths ? But initially, as an appetizer for the subsequent discussion, it must be investigated exactly what Positivism is and not until then can the nature of sociological truths be applied to the question. Thereafter different relatively recent views on Positivism within sociology must be presented, as will be done throughout parts 6, 7, 8 and 9 first of all to answer the question of the status of sociological truth claims related to Positivism, and, secondly to evaluate Positivism’s influence today. Initially it is important to gain a slight insight into the two main concepts in this essay: ‘Positivism’ and ‘truth’. An inchoate approximation as to what Positivism really is could be answered quite compressed as: “...sociological Positivism...in essence...reflects the attempt to apply models and methods derived from the natural sciences to the study of human affairs. It treats the social world as if it was the natural world, adopting a “realist” approach to ontology. This is backed up by a “positivist” epistemology, relatively “deterministic” views of human nature and the use of “nonothetic” methodologies” (Burrell & Morgan 1979:7). distained through the author. 8 Though this is not suffient to gain a full understanding of Positivism it nevertheless compressedly outlines many of the features of Positivism. The matter will be treated more profoundly below in part 3. The other concept, sociological truth, cannot either be satisfactorily developed in one single line. It will suffice, for the moment, to question whether truth necessarily always is coherent and systematic (Guenon 1972:16) and ask if truth is not, on the contrary, relative and that truth is not always scientifically graspable (Cohen et al. 1976: 79). These claims will also be evaluated further below in part 4. One of the interesting features of sociological truths is nevertheless whether or not they can be said to be scientific at all and what makes them either scientific or non-scientific. This raises yet another question as to what is science and the criterias for scientificality ? An answer will be sought and estimated throughout this essay and particularly in the fourth part. The question: ‘Is Positivism dead ?’ will probably seem trivial and rhetorical at first sight to many social scientists today. They will claim that Positivism suffered its first major defeat in the so-called Methodenstreit1 in the 1890’s Germany between Positivists and Subjectivists (Ritzer 1992:113) exemplified with the dispute between Gustav Schmoller and Carl Menger, and that Positivism was totally annihilated during the massive Positivismusstreit2 - Positivist Dispute - in German sociology throughout the 1960’s. Basically it is
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