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LD5655.V855 1994.G766.Pdf (5.058Mb) MATING DISRUPTION IN APPLE ORCHARDS: DISPENSER RELEASE RATES, GENERIC BLENDS AND COMMUNITY IMPACT By Erik Kyle Gronning Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirments for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ENTOMOLOGY Approved: Douglas G. Pfeiffer (Chair) Robert L. Pienkowski (Lena 1 Phi Le Ll hay! Mark W. Brown Joella C. Killian a oy; Litle’ Co Vthinw U 4 December 20, 1994 Blacksburg, Virginia MATING DISRUPTION IN APPLE ORCHARDS: DISPENSER RELEASE RATES, GENERIC BLENDS AND COMMUNITY IMPACT by Erik Kyle Gronning Committee Chair: Douglas G. Pfeiffer Entomology (ABSTRACT) The release rates of two Pacific Biocontrol codling moth, one AgriSense grape berry moth and two Pacific Biocontrol grape berry moth dispensers were studied using gravimetric measurements. It was found that the addition of titanium dioxide to the polyethylene mixture significantly reduced the release rate of the dispenser when compared with a transparent design. The AgriSense dispenser’s release rate could not be determined gravimetrically, possibly due to water absorption. The Pacific Biocontrol long life grape berry moth dispenser was more effective than the normal type. The effect of other species’ sex pheromone blends and generic blends upon the mating behavior of Platynota flavedanaClemens, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) and Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) was studied using small plots. It was determined that the sex pheromone blend for P. flavedana may control populations of P. idaeusalis and that the two generic blends developed may control P. flavedana, P. idaeusalis and A. velutinana. The impact of a low spray mating disruption program upon the ground dwelling arthropods was investigated. It was determined that alow spray mating disruption program may be more compatible with populations of natural enemies. More taxa, species and individuals were present because of the absence of damaging sprays. Orchard management of ground cover also seemed to play an important role in determining taxa and species present in orchards. To my parents, Norman D. and Mary M. Gronning They have alway provided me the inspiration to strive towards new goals and the fortitude to attain them Thank You ili ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my committee for their very constructive criticism and patience. In particular I would like to personally thank Dr. Doug Pfeiffer. He has over these three years not only provided me guidance with this project but has become a good friend and mentor. Thank you so much for treating me more as a peer than as astudent. I will always be indebted to you. Secondly, I could not have completed this work without the orchard growers providing me plots for my research. Thank you; Mr. Bryant, Mr. Ikenberry, Mr. Sprinkle, Mr. Flippin, and the Virginia Tech horticulture farm along US 460 (it’s gone now). I must also mention the individuals that helped me in the field; Leo Ponton, Dr. Joella Killian and W. Quinten Foster. Their help was immeasurable. lam deeply beholden to Dr. Ross and Joyce Bell. Not only did they confirm my Carabidae identification but they are truly great friends. They ignited my entomology flame that has developed into a raging fire. A fire continuously searching for further entomological knowledge. Thank you so very much. I wish to give thanks to Dr. Hoffman at the Virginia Museum of Natural History for confirming my identification of carabids, millipedes and centipedes. Eric Day and Dr. Bill Ravilin also helped with a few specimens that were difficult to identify. Tara Martz and Barb Watts, part of you is in here as well. I know that without your help I could never have endured my first year here. You both were always there to listen to my problems and giving me support to preserver, thankyou. Dr. Jeff Bloomquist, you are one fine professor. Thank you for making me see the other side of science. You have not forgotten what it is like to be a graduate student. Don’t ever forget it. David Jefferson, you are one great friend. Your cynical side made me smile every day, even when they were rough. You helped me see me for who Iam. Thanks. To the graduate students; Brett Marshall, Alex Spring, Saripha Ulpha, Shane Evans, Jamie Acosta, and Peri Dillion, thanks for putting up with me. You are all great. I wish upon each and every one of you the best life one has to offer and nothing less. Thanks. Lastly to Tom Kuhar and Peter Warren, the two of you are true friends. I can never thank you enough. You both listened intently to my problems and were considerate of my feelings. Only God knew that the road less traveled would lead to the both ofyou. THANK YOU. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. ooicecicccccccccescscssssccssssossessssscescsssossessssecssecsussosscsussesscccsssascessscsesscsenss tecsesesseess sessenssecsesssssseussesesseaseesecseeseeeesssess ii DEDICATION ..u.cccecscscccssccsssccseccsssesssssssescssssescessssessessscssscsssovsesosserssessecsussveseessscs usesscseteseoessersussceeseesucsees iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ........cccssessecesee wes iv LIST OF TABLES. .0... cc ccccsccsssssssscssessscsssesscessssessessssseressssssneens wes Vi LIST oF FIGURES... Vil INTRODUCTIONAND LITERATURE REVIEW a 1 REFERENCES CITED sesvesseuesecessesessesssscsssaetsssuesesecssansuecussesscsassecessecesceasansesseecsactecaesatsntse ueneses 5 CHAPTER 1: Release rate characteristics of several pheromone Gispensers.cssssossserrssssesersasessessassesrnesserseenseeessenss 11 MATERIALS AND METHODS 12 RESULTS. wes 13 DISCUSSION accscccssssosssssscsnseesssssussesssseveevssssteesusnsssscsucossesasvescsvasonsessseseasescuscsesessosssssecsesssseusssosssessvecaussssesessosseassesscassussseeeess 14 REFERENCES CIT ED wicsccssscscssscssssscscsscscessescsssosscccsecsnsonscsssscusscsssecscsssucasesusscsssosesestcusenes eusssssssecsseeusonssassessacscseausessenseoanees 15 CHAPTER 2: Small plot comparisions of the ablity of pheromone blends to disrupt orientation of a leafroller species complex to Pheromone HAPS susssessesssssssssvssssssusseseesssrsessssesiesessessvassiesstsssseeseessssssunsiessevsessissesssists 24 MATERIALS AND METHODS. .....sssssssscsssnsesseernesnsscnscsssessesusecuscasecauecuscassosessessecsunencesasessecaucouccusec nsensertes 25 RESULTS. seavecansanseassaceenseonscanscses 26 DISCUSSION ..secscsssssssscsnsssscesesssecssscasecovscusssuseseccuscsnscasesusessesanecsesansessssovscusssnscssessecsusssscancensessesseesusseecseceesaseasenssetees 27 REFERENCES CITED sesesseee lO CHAPTER 3: The effect of a low spray mating disruption program upon the insect communities in Virginia apple OFChArd ZrOUNA COVET .ssssrossesssvssseersersssssssssesensensssnuscesseeseeee wine d4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 36 RESULTS sovescsneesanuscenseseenses Al DISCUSSION ussessssssesscsssscrssessccnsceesnnseccsssesssneeessuseecensccesserscnssosssuvecsessesessuecssanssessescessuessseueesesersessessanseesusessansesssasees 49 REFERENCES CIT ED w.nssssscsssscsossssscenssesssssnccssesoussensccnsecsnsecaressnsesseseseess 55 VITAE .......cccesccsse w 114 LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1 Table 1. Estimated parameters for the codling moth pheromone dispensers using a second order Y *x max J = polynomial and the grape berry moth pheromone dispensers using | CHAPTER 2 Table 1. Percentage of chemical constituents in sex pheromones of four leafroller spieces and two artificial pheromone blends. .sseassssssssesssssseessessessssnssssessseessesssssssnessssssssssessvssssssssscsssssscessesssesuessecsssnesonsesseeseessees CHAPTER3 Table 1. All non-carabid taxa collected in pitfall traps (Daleville) sestauecsscanussssceseseavecansenas Table 2. All non-carabid taxa collected in pitfall traps (Fincastle)...... Table 3. All non-carabid taxa collected in pitfall traps (Tyro)..... Table 4. All non-carabid taxa collected in pitfall traps (Spring Valley) Table 5. All non-carabid taxa collected in pitfall traps Table 6. List of all Carabidae species collected. Table 7. Diversity and similarity indicies. Includes all taxa. Table 8. Student’s t, degrees of freedom and Horn’s index of similarity between the pheromone and control orchards, for all taxa, within the same year. 94 Table 9. Diversity and similarity indicies. Includes all Carabidae species. 95 Table 10. Student’s t, degrees of freedom and Horn’s index of similarity between the pheromone and control orchards, for all Carabidae, within the same year...... 95 vi LIsT of FIGURES CHAPTER 1 Figure 1. Cumulative weight loss of clear codling moth pheromone dispensers in the shade and SUMLIGHE..ssssssesssssssessvseescssersussssseessssussesssssssesesesssssnnesssessssens sessessnesseanesenenennestsen ses 18 Figure 2. Cumulative weight loss of white codling moth pheromone dispensers in the shade and SUNLIZHE. ...ssssssecosscrsssesssecsesssssessesssssssseesessssssesesssssussssssecsssssseeseecsesseseesasen am 18 Figure 3. Cumulative weight loss of both clear and white codling moth pheromone dispensers in the Shae, ccscssccccsssccssscsssecscscssecssscncsssscvserssecesssscsssonseosssssusvsssssscscesevsecosscossssssecessesseesesseecevscsseessscssaeseeaessssceaoes 19 Figure 4. Cumulative weight loss of both clear and white codling moth pheromone dispensers in the SUNTIGHE. ws.sssssssecccccsovssssecssnsssesetocesssssescsesessnesseceacsnsnsesectssssseetsecessuessscessessusseegetenssersasssnosesesssseessessesseessssssenectssasesesesseese 19 Figure 5. Cumulative weight loss of Agrisense and Biocontrol grape berry moth pheromone is PEMSELS.....cssssssssosssessseeneessssestees
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