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A Diverse Band-Aware Dynamic Spectrum Access Architecture for Connectivity in Rural Communities University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Computer Science Computer Science 2019 A DIVERSE BAND-AWARE DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS ARCHITECTURE FOR CONNECTIVITY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES Vijay K. Shah University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2019.226 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Shah, Vijay K., "A DIVERSE BAND-AWARE DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS ARCHITECTURE FOR CONNECTIVITY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES" (2019). Theses and Dissertations--Computer Science. 82. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cs_etds/82 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Computer Science by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Vijay K. Shah, Student Dr. Simone Silvestri, Major Professor Dr. Mirek Truszczynski, Director of Graduate Studies A DIVERSE BAND-AWARE DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS ARCHITECTURE FOR CONNECTIVITY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Engineering at the University of Kentucky By Vijay K. Shah Lexington, Kentucky Co-Directors: Dr. Simone Silvestri, Assistant Professor of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington and Dr. Sajal K. Das, Professor of Computer Science, Missouri S&T, Rolla 2019 Copyright c Vijay K. Shah 2019 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A DIVERSE BAND-AWARE DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS ARCHITECTURE FOR CONNECTIVITY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES Ubiquitous connectivity plays an important role in improving the quality of life in terms of economic development, health and well being, social justice and equity, as well as in providing new educational opportunities. However, rural communities which account for 46% of the world's population lacks access to proper connectivity to avail such societal benefits, creating a huge \digital divide" between the urban and ru- ral areas. A primary reason is that the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) providers have less incentives to invest in rural areas due to lack of promising revenue returns. Existing research and industrial attempts in providing connectivity to rural communities suffer from severe drawbacks, such as expensive wireless spec- trum licenses and infrastructures, under- and over-provisioning of spectrum resources while handling heterogeneous traffic, lack of novel wireless technologies tailored to the unique challenges and requirements of rural communities (e.g., agricultural fields). Leveraging the recent advances in Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) technologies like wide band spectrum analyzers and spectrum access systems, and multi-radio access technologies (multi-RAT), this dissertation proposes a novel Diverse Band- aware DSA (d-DSA) network architecture, that addresses the drawbacks of existing standard and DSA wireless solutions, and extends ubiquitous connectivity to rural communities; a step forward in the direction of the societal and economic improve- ments in rural communities, and hence, narrowing the \digital divide" between the rural and urban societies. According to this paradigm, a certain wireless device is equipped with software defined radios (SDRs) that are capable of accessing multiple (un)licensed spectrum bands, such as, TV, LTE, GSM, CBRS, ISM, and possibly futuristic mmWaves. In order to fully exploit the potential of the d-DSA paradigm, while meeting heterogeneous traffic demands that may be generated in rural com- munities, we design efficient routing strategies and optimization techniques, which are based on a variety of tools such as graph modeling, integer linear programming, dynamic programming, and heuristic design. Our results on realistic traces in a large variety of rural scenarios show that the proposed techniques are able to meet the het- erogeneous traffic requirements of rural applications, while ensuring energy efficiency and robustness of the architecture for providing connectivity to rural communities. KEYWORDS: Rural Connectivity, Dynamic Spectrum Access, Graph Modeling, Delay Tolerant Network, Network Architecture, Routing Protocol Author's signature: Vijay K. Shah Date: May 30, 2019 A DIVERSE BAND-AWARE DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS ARCHITECTURE FOR CONNECTIVITY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES By Vijay K. Shah Co-Director of Dissertation: Dr. Simone Silvestri Co-director of Dissertation: Dr. Sajal K. Das Director of Graduate Studies: Dr. Mirek Truszczynski Date: May 30, 2019 To my family... parents, brothers, wife for their unconditional love and support. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout my graduate study, I have been very fortunate to be blessed with love, support, guidance, and encouragement of many people including my advisors, faculty, colleagues, friends and family. I would first like to thank my advisor, Dr. Simone Silvestri, whose guidance, mentorship and expertise was invaluable in my pursuit of academic excellence. I would not have made to this point without his guidance and mentorship. The academic and non-academic training that I have received un- der his supervision is the biggest asset that I have earned, and I will cherish it forever. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my co-advisor, Dr. Sajal K. Das, for his constant support and guidance towards achieving my research goal. I would like to thank Dr. Ken Calvert, Dr. Hana Khamfroush, and Dr. Henry Dietz for be- ing a part of my PhD committee and for reviewing my work. Your helpful feedback during qualifier exam were very helpful in improving the quality of this dissertation. Next, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Nirnay Ghosh, Dr. Shameek Bhattacharjee, Satyaki Roy, Krishnandu Hazra, and my undergraduate mentees, Brian Luciano, Tej Patel, and Eric Chheang. You have played an important role in my academic life through group discussions, knowledge sharing, feedback, and collaborations. My sin- cere token of appreciation goes to my undergraduate advisors, Dr. Sujoy Saha and Dr. Subrata Nandi, for their continuous support, guidance and mentoring. My re- search journey started with you. I would also like to extend token of appreciation to Rakesh Kumar, Pratool Bharti, other colleagues and friends at Rolla and Lexington, who have made my last four years enjoyable and pleasantly memorable. iii Lastly, I would like to acknowledge my loving family { my parents, brothers, and wife, whose unconditional love and support has always directed me towards a successful and meaningful life. This dissertation would not have been possible without their constant love, encouragement, and support. Thank you for being there for me always. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments . iii Table of Contents . v List of Figures . vii List of Tables . ix Chapter 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Contributions of This Dissertation . 3 1.2 Organization of This Dissertation . 5 Chapter 2 A Literature Survey of Standard (non-DSA) and DSA Network Architectures . 6 2.1 Standard Network Architectures . 6 2.2 DSA Network Architectures . 8 Chapter 3 Proposed d-DSA Network Architecture . 11 3.1 Key Components . 11 3.2 d-DSA Network Topology . 13 Chapter 4 Characterization of Communication Over Diverse Spectrum Bands 15 4.1 Energy Consumption and Transmission Delay Characterization . 15 4.2 Impact of EM properties . 17 Chapter 5 Routing with Static d-DSA Network Architectures . 20 5.1 Network Model . 20 5.2 Proposed Routing Approach under Hard Deadlines . 21 5.3 Proposed Routing under Soft Deadlines . 28 5.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis . 30 5.5 Experimental Results . 31 5.6 Conclusions of This Chapter . 39 Chapter 6 Routing with Dynamic yet Sufficiently Predictable d-DSA Archi- tectures . 41 6.1 Network Model . 41 6.2 dDSAaR Routing Protocol . 44 6.3 Least Delay Cost (LDC) Path Computation . 50 6.4 Simulation Results . 55 6.5 Conclusion of This Chapter . 61 v Chapter 7 Routing in Time-varying d-DSA Network Architectures with Un- predictable Mobility . 64 7.1 Network Model . 64 7.2 Issues with Standard DTN routing protocols . 65 7.3 Problem Formulation . 67 7.4 d-DSA aware Geographical Routing Protocol . 70 7.5 Performance Evaluations . 76 7.6 Conclusion of This Chapter . 85 Chapter 8 Conclusions and Future Directions . 87 Bibliography . 90 Vita . 98 vi LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 DakNet Architecture [10] . 6 2.2 Project Loon [12] . 7 2.3 Facebook Internet.org [13] . 8 2.4 An example motivating the d-DSA paradigm: different bands are prefer- able depending on the traffic characteristics.
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