DOCSLIB.ORG

Distributed Sensor Logging: As Easy As a Mesh of Yoyos*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Distributed Sensor Logging: As Easy As a Mesh of Yoyos* Int. J. Communications, Network and System Sciences, 2013, 6, 309-315 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2013.66033 Published Online June 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijcns) Distributed Sensor Logging: As Easy as a Mesh of Yoyos* Corey Wallis1, Alison Hutton2, Steve Brown1,3, Romana Challans1, Paul Gardner-Stephen1 1School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia 2School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia 3Tourism Department, School of Humanities, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received April 16, 2013; revised May 20, 2013; accepted June 14, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Corey Wallis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT The Mass Gathering Data Acquisition and Analysis (MaGDAA) project involved the development of hardware and software solutions to facilitate the rapid and effective collection of autonomous and survey based data during mass gathering events. The aim of the project was the development and trial of a purpose-built Open Hardware based envi- ronment monitoring sensor prototypes using IOIO (pronounced “yoyo”) boards. Data from these sensors, and other de- vices, was collected using Open Source software running on Android powered mobile phones, tablets and other open hardware based platforms. Data was shared using a Wi-Fi mesh network based on an Open Source project called The Serval Project. Additional data in the form of survey based questionnaires were collected using ODK Collect, one of the applications in the Open Data Kit suite. The MaGDAA project demonstrated that it is possible for researchers (through the use of Open Source software and Open Hardware) to own, visualise, and share data without the difficulties of set- ting up and maintaining servers. MaGDAA proved to be an effective infrastructure independent sensor logging network that enables a broad range of data collection (demographic, predispositions, motivations, psychosocial and environ- mental influencers and modifiers of audience behaviour, cultural value) in the field of mass gathering research. Keywords: Sensor Logging; Open Source Software; Open Source Hardware; Automated Data Acquisition; Surveying 1. Objective 2. Background The Mass Gathering Data Acquisition and Analysis 2.1. Mass Gathering Research (MaGDAA) project has been focused on the develop- In 2004 Arbon proposed a conceptual model that was ment of Open Source Software and Open Hardware to founded on the idea that mass-gathering health can be support research in the area of mass gatherings. By using understood as an inter-relationship between three do- open technologies and standards the project has been mains: 1) the biomedical; 2) the environmental; and 3) able to develop prototype hardware and software in a the psychosocial [1]. Mass gatherings are defined in relatively short time period. terms of the number of people who attend an event where The use of the MaGDAA sensors and survey man- people gather and where there is potential for a delay agement tools on Android powered devices were devel- response to emergencies or medical care [2]. To date the oped to improve the speed, automation and overall effec- science of mass gatherings has focused on the environ- tiveness of the collection of data, particularly in a way mental and biomedical domains with limited knowledge that could be incorporated into the overall dataset for a to support understanding of the psychosocial domain. wide range of events. The psychosocial domain captures the psychological and Additionally, through the use of mesh networking, the social influences within mass gatherings mass gatherings sensor network can be used without the need for addi- and includes both individual and audience behaviour and tional infrastructure and can also support distributed data motivation [1]. management. In the past there has been recognition that the nature of *This project was funded by a Flinders University Health Science Infra- the audience will impact directly on its health and safety, structure Grant. however the majority of published research focuses on Copyright © 2013 SciRes. IJCNS 310 C. WALLIS ET AL. audience behaviour in a negative context such as vio- attending these large public events and support the de- lence or conflict [3,4]. Additionally there is no agreement velopment of theory. Part of this strategy is to measure on what audience behaviour, mood and type actually audience behaviour through a wide range of variables mean. At the same time these elements have a number of (including density, humidity and temperature) and relate applications, including event design and management, these back to the observed health status of individuals. emergency planning and mass gathering medicine. These To achieve this a data collection system is being de- questions are, therefore, worthy of exploration. signed to capture and compare real-time data on the wide An important component of this early model is the po- range of variables of audience behaviour at mass gather- tential impact that the psychosocial domain may have on ings that can influence the health of individuals and are the incidence of injury and illness due to features tradi- measured as patient presentation (PPR) and transport to tionally described as crowd mood and type. This poten- hospital rates (TTHR). tial arises from the interaction of key features of the The maintenance of public order at mass gatherings is event and understanding the audience’s demographic, often referred to as audience management [11]. The size predispositions and behaviour can lead to the develop- of the audience and the type of event can impact on the ment of interventions that are likely to reduce risk and workload of emergency services [12]. Therefore gaining enhance the safety of the event. Yet this potential has an understanding of audience behaviour is important in been little explored until now and there is a dearth of supporting timely and appropriate management princi- literature describing how the audience’s behaviour, mood, ples in the planning and provision of emergency services type and motivation impacts on their health and safety at at mass gathering. There is a large theory to practice gap mass gatherings. In addition there is limited evidence of in relation to crowd/audience psychology within the mass models with practical applications to monitor and meas- gathering setting [3]. ure crowd at mass gatherings [5]. This assertion is sup- The purpose of the research is to develop an evidence ported by Emergency Management Australia (2005) who base to support theoretical and conceptual models to pro- state that “practical applications to monitor and measure vide a better understanding of the interaction between crowd type and mood have received limited attention” key characteristics of individual behaviour and the health (Emergency Management Australia (p. 14) in the past. effects of mass gatherings. This data will contribute to Crowd (or audience) behaviour has been defined by [5] more accurate predictive models for patient presentation as the demonstrable factor that requires assessment and rate (PPR) and transport to hospital rate (TTHR) for monitoring to underpin management actions at mass mass-gatherings. gathering events. Zeitz et al. [5] proclaim the term refers The purpose of the MaGDAA project is to automate to the gathering of a large number of people; not de- the collection of as much of the environment data as pos- pendent on the reason for the gathering. Whereas “type” sible, while at the same time supporting the collection of is a social descriptor of the sub-culture (society) and empirical data using surveys that are accessed using tab- “mood” is a psychological descriptor of an audience. let based computers. Additionally a Wi-Fi mesh network Type and mood impact on behaviour. Impacting factors is used to support the distribution of data to each device on behaviour also include the nature of the activity, mo- in the network to reduce the risk of data loss and support tivation of the crowd, security, weather and the density of easier data management activities. the audience (e.g. people per square metre) [2,6]. As audience behaviour is the most visible feature of 2.2. MaGDAA System Architecture the psychosocial domain of mass gatherings it is surpris- The core of the MaGDAA system architecture is a Wi-Fi ing that is has not been measured in a rigorous fashion. mesh network. A mesh network within the context of the In the mid-nineties two models where developed to as- MaGDAA project is a Wi-Fi network that supports peer- sess crowd mood and crowd type; Berlonghi (USA) [7] to-peer communication and where the network can be and Pines and Maslach (UK). In Australia Berlonghi’s created, used and maintained independently of the pres- classification of crowd types is now promoted by the ence of any traditional wireless network infrastructure. EMA (1999) and the work of Pines and Maslach [8] was The formation and management of the Wi-Fi mesh net- adapted by Zeitz et al. [5] to analyse the effect crowd work is undertaken by the open source Serval Mesh mood may have on emergency services workload at mass software developed by the Serval Project. gatherings. In the past few years Brown and Hutton [9,10] have 2.2.1. The Serval Project been examining practical strategies to develop accurate The Serval Project has developed software, which uses models to understand crowd behaviour at mass gather- the Wi-Fi capabilities of mobile devices powered by the ings. The outcomes of this research will enable more Android operating system to form a wireless mesh net- accurate predictions on the health care needs of people work.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Overview in May of 2011, the United Nations Declared Internet Access a Basic Human Right
    Overview In May of 2011, the United Nations declared internet access a basic human right. While we have made great strides, 53% of the global population still lacks access [1]. This is an amazing proliferation, up from the 1% of the population that had connectivity back in 1995, but there are still 4 billion unconnected people. While 75% of people aged 15-24 have access to the internet [1], there are huge disparities in access. Regions with highest offline population are Africa (75%), the Arab States (58%) and Asia-Pacific (58%). The exclusion rate in those regions is worse for the female, rural, poor, illiterate and elderly populations [2]. Several reasons determine the absence of the service, but the largest challenge on the supply side is the infrastructure required. On the demand side digital literacy, the gender gap and affordability remain significant hurdles. In this article, we explore diverse trends, projects, technologies and initiatives with focus on expanding and enabling access with a cost-effective approach. What is Broadband? The first thing we need to discuss is the definition of internet access. What services and speeds constitute access? Much of the recent increase in access in lower and middle income countries, hereafter LMICs, is due to the rapid adoption of mobile phones. Network access is continuing to expand as well as costs for both the mobile hardware and data plans are continuing to drop. This has led to a 30-50% growth rate in mobile broadband subscriptions in LMICs over the last five years [1]. In 2015, the Pew Research Center found that smartphone ownership in LMICs had reached 37% [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Secure Device-To-Device Communication for Emergency Response, Dissertation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 2020
    SECUREDEVICE-TO-DEVICECOMMUNICATIONFOR EMERGENCYRESPONSE Vom Fachbereich Informatik der Technische Universität Darmstadt genehmigte dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieurin (Dr.-Ing.) von flor maría álvarez zurita, m. sc. Erstreferent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Hollick Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Andreas Mauthe Darmstadt 2020 Hochschulkennziffer D17 Flor María Álvarez Zurita, Secure Device-to-Device Communication for Emergency Response, Dissertation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 2020. Fachgebiet Sichere Mobile Netze Fachbereich Informatik Technische Universität Darmstadt Jahr der Veröffentlichung: 2020 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 21. Februar 2020 URN: urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-114864 Veröffentlicht unter CC BY-SA 4.0 International (Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 International (Attribution - ShareAlike) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en “It is impossible to live without failing at something. Unless you live so cautiously that you might as well not have lived at all, in which case, you fail by default.” – J.K. Rowling. Dedicated to the loving memory of my parents. Although they are no longer in this world, I still feel their presence in every step I follow. I also want to dedicate this work to my family and friends in Ecuador. The distance and time have not diminished the love and appreciation I have for all of you. Especialmente dedicado a Jonilu y Tobi. ABSTRACT Mobile devices have the potential to make a significant impact during disasters. However, their practical impact is severely limited by the loss of access to mobile communication infrastructure: Precisely, when there is a surge in demand for communications from people in a disaster zone, this capacity for communications is severely curtailed.
    [Show full text]
  • Ad-Hoc Data Transfer for Android Devices
    Master Degree Project Ad-hoc Data Transfer for Android Devices Author: Emre Baykal Date: 2013-03-17 Subject: Ad-hoc Data Transfer for Android Devices Level: Master Course code: 5DV00E Abstract With the introduction of smart phones and mobile devices, the rate of technology usage has became widespread. It is very likely to see anyone using mobile device on the street, in the bus, at work, at school or even at home no matter if there is a fully functional computer nearby. Particularly, the usage of smart phones is not just limited to basic communication; they are being used as a technological gadget in our daily lives for years. We can easily reach such applications on different fields e.g. image processing, audio tuning, video editing, voice recognition. With the help of these smart applications we are able to interact with our environment much faster, and consequently make life easier; relatively for sure. Apart from mobile phone industry, sharing and staying connected to our envi- ronment has become very popular. A person who has a mobile phones with latest technology desires to communicate with friends, share feelings instantly, and of course meet new people who understand him well. In this context, technology came to the point where needs of modern human overlaps todays technology. This study aims to provide a basic application to users who has got those needs in terms of sharing and communicating, for maintaining easy and costless solution. This study currently offers prototype application to this problem using WiFi Direct technology, and intends to be pioneer of its field in consequence of existing small numbers of related applications in the market.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimentation with Manets of Smartphones
    Experimentation with MANETs of Smartphones Eduardo Soares∗, Pedro Brandão∗, Rui Prior∗, Ana Aguiary ∗Instituto de Telecomunicações and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto {esoares, pbrandao, rprior}@dcc.fc.up.pt yInstituto de Telecomunicações and Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto [email protected] Abstract—Mobile AdHoc NETworks (MANETs) have been Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). IP-level multi-hop identified as a key emerging technology for scenarios in which networking makes the difference in scenarios where latency IEEE 802.11 or cellular communications are either infeasible, is critical, and where communication with other IP enabled inefficient, or cost-ineffective. Smartphones are the most adequate devices like laptops or PCs is wanted. Moreover, it is completely network nodes in many of these scenarios, but it is not straight- transparent to applications, which just use the sockets API. forward to build a network with them. We extensively survey existing possibilities to build applications on top of ad-hoc smart- In this paper, we review work on MANETs of smartphones, phone networks for experimentation purposes, and introduce a and proceed to extensively survey solutions that claim to taxonomy to classify them. We present AdHocDroid, an Android provide ad-hoc connectivity for smartphones (section II) We package that creates an IP-level MANET of (rooted) Android then introduce AdHocDroid to turn smartphones into nodes smartphones, and make it publicly available to the community. AdHocDroid supports standard TCP/IP applications, providing of an IP-level mobile ad-hoc network. A MANET of Android real smartphone IEEE 802.11 MANET and the capability to smartphones enables simplified instantiation of a test-bed for easily change the routing protocol.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesh Networking: in Disaster Situations, Real Apps Can Do What Zello Cannot Do
    Mesh Networking: In Disaster Situations, Real Apps Can Do What Zello Cannot Do Virally widespread misinformation claims that Zello is an app that can be installed on smart phones and tablets as backup in case the cellular network goes down in a natural disaster such as a hurricane, but this is emphatically false. While Zello is a very useful app – I’ve been a fan for years – it depends upon internet connectivity – snopes.com/zello-work-without-internet – obtained either from the cellular network or a WiFi access point and therefore is not the first-choice for disaster communication. To their credit, the makers of Zello have tried to dispel the wrong information circulated by others about their product. There are, however, real apps that provide “mesh networking” – en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking – that can do precisely what Zello cannot: create peer-to-peer ad hoc networks using Bluetooth or WiFi that are independent of any central server. Of these, the Serval Project – en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serval_Project – is the most ambitious, seeking to form a mesh network as an extension of existing networks. There is an Android app – play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.servalproject&hl=en – also linked – servalproject.org – from the project website. It has modules that allow connecting to discontiguous mesh networks, such as the HSMM system – hsmm-mesh.org – that is explicitly designed for amateur (ham) radio to be used in natural disasters, which otherwise would not be available to the general public. Serval is funded by the non-profit Shuttleworth Foundation associated with Mark Shuttleworth, the man behind Ubuntu Linux.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesh Messaging in Large-Scale Protests: Breaking Bridgefy (Abridged∗ Version)
    Mesh Messaging in Large-scale Protests: Breaking Bridgefy (Abridged∗ version) Martin R. Albrecht Jorge Blasco Royal Holloway, University of London Royal Holloway, University of London [email protected] [email protected] Rikke Bjerg Jensen Lenka Marekova Royal Holloway, University of London Royal Holloway, University of London [email protected] [email protected] Abstract 3685%” [55] in reference to an increase in downloads of a mesh messaging application, Bridgefy [30], in Hong Kong. Mesh messaging applications allow users in relative prox- Bridgefy is both an application and a platform for developers imity to communicate without the Internet. The most viable to create their own mesh network applications.1 It uses BLE or offering in this space, Bridgefy, has recently seen increased Bluetooth Classic and is designed for use cases such as “music uptake in areas experiencing large-scale protests (Hong Kong, festivals, sports stadiums, rural communities, natural disasters, India, Iran, US, Zimbabwe, Belarus, Thailand), suggesting traveling abroad”, as given by its Google Play store descrip- its use in these protests. It is also being promoted as a com- tion [31]. Other use cases mentioned on its webpage are ad munication tool for use in such situations by its developers distribution (including “before/during/after natural disasters” and others. In this work, we perform a security analysis of to “capitalize on those markets before anybody else” [30]) Bridgefy. Our results show that Bridgefy permits its users to and turn-based games. The Bridgefy application has crossed be tracked, offers no authenticity, no effective confidentiality 1.7 million downloads as of August 2020 [67].
    [Show full text]
  • Mesh Messaging in Large-Scale Protests: Breaking Bridgefy
    Mesh Messaging in Large-scale Protests: Breaking Bridgefy Martin R. Albrecht, Jorge Blasco, Rikke Bjerg Jensen, and Lenka Marekov´a Royal Holloway, University of London fmartin.albrecht,jorge.blascoalis,rikke.jensen,[email protected] Abstract. Mesh messaging applications allow users in relative proximity to communicate without the Internet. The most viable offering in this space, Bridgefy, has recently seen increased uptake in areas experiencing large-scale protests (Hong Kong, India, Iran, US, Zimbabwe, Belarus), suggesting its use in these protests. It is also being promoted as a com- munication tool for use in such situations by its developers and others. In this work, we report on a security analysis of Bridgefy. Our results show that Bridgefy, as analysed, permitted its users to be tracked, offered no authenticity, no effective confidentiality protections and lacked resilience against adversarially crafted messages. We verified these vulnerabilities by demonstrating a series of practical attacks on Bridgefy. Thus, if protesters relied on Bridgefy, an adversary could produce social graphs about them, read their messages, impersonate anyone to anyone and shut down the entire network with a single maliciously crafted message. Keywords: Mesh messaging · Bridgefy · Security analysis. 1 Introduction Mesh messaging applications rely on wireless technologies such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to create communication networks that do not require Internet connectivity. These can be useful in scenarios where the cellular network may simply be overloaded, e.g. during mass gatherings, or when governments impose restrictions on Internet usage, up to a full blackout, to suppress civil unrest. While the functionality requirements of such networks may be the same in both of these scenarios { delivering messages from A to B { the security requirements for their users change dramatically.
    [Show full text]
  • Smartphone-Based Frameworks and Protocolsfor Opportunistic Networking
    Smartphone-based Frameworks and Protocols for Opportunistic Networking Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf vorgelegt von Andre Ippisch geboren in Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, November 2018 aus dem Institut für Informatik der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Berichterstatter: 1. Jun.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kalman Graffi 2. Prof. Dr. Michael Schöttner Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16. Januar 2019 Für meinen Fuchs... Abstract Opportunistic Networks are mobile, delay-tolerant networks with intermittent node contacts in which messages are transferred with the Store-Carry-Forward principle. In these decentralized networks, which stand in contrast to the Internet’s infrastructure, devices are connected to each other instead of an access point. Many of the current smartphones and apps heavily rely on and are rather useless without Internet access, but this access is not always guaranteed and can be unavailable due to catastrophes, censorship or just dead spots. Additionally, the usage of the Internet might be unwanted because of its dependency on hardware and lack of privacy. Hence for smartphones, Opportunistic Networks can offer a useful addition or alternative to the Internet. Because there are parallels between the movement of people and the dynamics in Opportunistic Networks, and additionally, most people own a smartphone, they have the potential to be a suitable platform for Opportunistic Networks. However, there has not been much work on this combination, and in fact not much work on the use of Opportunistic Networks themselves in practice. To change that, several challenges have to be resolved to establish an Opportunistic Network with smartphones and provide the network application opptain.
    [Show full text]
  • Ramble: Opportunistic Content M Dissemination for Infrastructure-Deprived Environments
    Ramble: Opportunistic Content M Dissemination for Infrastructure-Deprived Environments Miguel Ângelo Felisberto Garcia Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia de Redes e Sistemas Informáticos Departamento de Ciência de Computadores 2018 Orientador Eduardo Marques, Prof. Auxiliar Convidado, DCC/FCUP Coorientador Luís Lopes, Prof. Associado, DCC/FCUP Abstract Mobile devices have become ubiquitous. As time progresses, these devices have become more powerful, having larger computational and memory capacities. Besides these advances, the majority of smartphones in the market today include Device-to-Device (D2D) communication technologies such as WiFi-Direct and Bluetooth. Despite being present in a large portion of mobile devices, these technologies are not always used to their full potential. Smartphones have also become a great tool for crowdsourcing, thanks to their large number and input capabilities. These factors have given rise to a field of study that focuses on connecting nearby devices in order to pool their resources together to perform, for example, distributed computation. This work focuses on the scenario where there is no infrastructure support, such as a disaster one. In these situations, a system that provides content dissemination through the use of mobile devices and cloudlets could prove useful, as users could generate and share data that would help rescue teams. In this context we propose Ramble, an opportunistic content dissemination system for mobile devices and cloudlets. Ramble is designed around using as many contact opportunities as possible to make a connection and synchronise with other peers. These contacts can be made using WiFi, bridging mobile devices with cloudlets and with each other, WiFi-Direct, bridging two or more mobile devices nearby by establishing a temporary network between them, and by using a mesh network, connecting cloudlets together allowing the spread of information over larger distances.
    [Show full text]
  • A Diverse Band-Aware Dynamic Spectrum Access Architecture for Connectivity in Rural Communities
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Computer Science Computer Science 2019 A DIVERSE BAND-AWARE DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS ARCHITECTURE FOR CONNECTIVITY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES Vijay K. Shah University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2019.226 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Shah, Vijay K., "A DIVERSE BAND-AWARE DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS ARCHITECTURE FOR CONNECTIVITY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES" (2019). Theses and Dissertations--Computer Science. 82. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cs_etds/82 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Computer Science by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Mesh Networking Messengers
    Survey of Mesh Networking Messengers Simon Blöchinger, Richard von Seck∗ ∗Chair of Network Architectures and Services, Department of Informatics Technical University of Munich, Germany Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—A centralized architecture utilizing one or more Because mesh networking messengers are inherently central servers is used by most messenger applications. attractive to people interested in privacy-oriented The messenger will only work if the server is functioning messaging, most mesh networking messengers are open- and a connection is possible. Mesh networking messengers source as well. This allows users to inspect the code of use peer-to-peer connections to exchange messages directly, the application they are using themselves to make sure without the need for central servers. that there are no hidden side effects. A decentralized architecture is more resilient against failures. Mesh networking messengers have privacy benefits In Section 2 three types of mesh networking systems as well. This paper analyzes different mesh networking are introduced and use cases explored. messengers and compares their features. In Section 3 different mesh networking messenger Briar and Technitium Mesh provide secure mesh net- applications are analyzed and compared. working messaging for their respective platforms Android and Windows. Meshenger implements encrypted local audio 2. Mesh Based Networks and video calls. Index Terms—mesh networking messenger, mesh messenger, There are three different types of mesh networking peer-to-peer messenger, mesh network, peer-to-peer network, systems [1]. The Infrastructure Mesh Network is differen- instant messaging tiating between infrastructure and clients. The infrastruc- ture is interconnected in a mesh, the clients are connecting to the infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Smartphones in Wireless Communication Without Mobile Networks
    Smartphones in wireless communication without mobile networks A study on Android smartphones and XBee radio modules Dag Roger Stokland Rui Thesis submitted for the degree of Master in Programming and Networks 60 credits Institute of Informatics Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences UNIVERSITY OF OSLO November 2016 © Dag Roger Stokland Rui 2016 Smartphones in wireless communication without mobile networks Dag Roger Stokland Rui http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo Abstract Smartphones are among the most popular communication devices there are today. They have the functionality, the flexibility, the prevalence and the economic and technological growth that makes them interesting for new applications. This thesis will focus on the use of smartphones as communication terminals without the use of mobile cellular networks. It explains how smartphones can be used for communication in situations when the mobile network is out of range or not working. These situations include emergency situations in case of hurricanes or flooding, but also less demanding situations where alternative communication may be useful. This thesis compares the current communication technologies available on smartphones and explores the alternatives in order to improve the use smartphones in communication without mobile networks. Finally, the thesis proposes an implementation where a radio module is used together with an Android smartphone to create a wireless messaging system. Foreword First of all I want to thank my supervisor Joar Martin Østby. Thank you for making it possible for me to work on this thesis, and thank you for supporting and helping me through these years. Writing this thesis would have been impossible without you.
    [Show full text]