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Secure Device-To-Device Communication for Emergency Response, Dissertation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 2020

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Secure Device-To-Device Communication for Emergency Response, Dissertation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 2020 SECUREDEVICE-TO-DEVICECOMMUNICATIONFOR EMERGENCYRESPONSE Vom Fachbereich Informatik der Technische Universität Darmstadt genehmigte dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieurin (Dr.-Ing.) von flor maría álvarez zurita, m. sc. Erstreferent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Hollick Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Andreas Mauthe Darmstadt 2020 Hochschulkennziffer D17 Flor María Álvarez Zurita, Secure Device-to-Device Communication for Emergency Response, Dissertation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 2020. Fachgebiet Sichere Mobile Netze Fachbereich Informatik Technische Universität Darmstadt Jahr der Veröffentlichung: 2020 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 21. Februar 2020 URN: urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-114864 Veröffentlicht unter CC BY-SA 4.0 International (Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 International (Attribution - ShareAlike) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en “It is impossible to live without failing at something. Unless you live so cautiously that you might as well not have lived at all, in which case, you fail by default.” – J.K. Rowling. Dedicated to the loving memory of my parents. Although they are no longer in this world, I still feel their presence in every step I follow. I also want to dedicate this work to my family and friends in Ecuador. The distance and time have not diminished the love and appreciation I have for all of you. Especialmente dedicado a Jonilu y Tobi. ABSTRACT Mobile devices have the potential to make a significant impact during disasters. However, their practical impact is severely limited by the loss of access to mobile communication infrastructure: Precisely, when there is a surge in demand for communications from people in a disaster zone, this capacity for communications is severely curtailed. This loss of communications undermines the effectiveness of the many recent innovations in the use of smartphones and similar devices to mitigate the effects of disasters. While various solutions have been proposed, e. g., by having hand- sets form wireless ad hoc networks, none are complete: Some are specific to certain mobile operating systems or operating system ver- sions. Others result in unacceptably increased energy consumption, flattening the batteries of phones at a time when users need tocon- serve energy due to the loss of access to opportunities to recharge their mobile devices. Realistic user behaviour, including patterns of movement and communications, are also rarely addressed. Further, se- curity is rarely considered in a comprehensive and satisfying manner, leaving users exposed to a variety of potential attacks. Thus there is a compelling need to find more effective solutions for communications, energy management, and security of mobile devices operating in disaster conditions. To address these shortcomings, this thesis provides a suite of com- prehensive solutions that contribute to facilitate secure device-to- device communication for emergency response. This thesis works to solve these problems by: (i) Conducting a large-scale field-trial to understand and analyze civilians’ behaviour during disaster scenar- ios; (ii) Proposing a practical, lightweight scheme for bootstrapping device-to-device security, that is tailored for local urban operations representative of disaster scenarios; (iii) Realizing novel energy man- agement strategies for the neighbour discovery problem, which deliver significant energy savings in return for only a minimal reduction in neighbour discovery efficiency; (iv) The description of novel concepts for using devices in a smart city environment that remain functional following a disaster to support communications among mobile de- vices. In short, this thesis adds considerably to the understanding of the difficulties in the formation of direct device-to-device communica- tions networks composed primarily of civilians’ mobile devices, and how several facets of this problem can be mitigated. Several of the proposed enhancements are also implemented. Thus, this thesis also takes essential steps in the direction of realizing such solutions to v demonstrate their feasibility on real devices, intending to improve the tools available to civilians post-disaster. vi ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Mobile Endgeräte, wie beispielsweise Smartphones, haben ein enor- mes Potential in Katastrophensituationen eine wichtige Rolle als Werk- zeug für Einsatzkräfte und die Zivilbevölkerung zu spielen. Durch den Wegfall der Mobilfunkinfrastruktur, der häufig mit Katastrophen einhergeht, werden die praktischen Einsatzmöglichkeiten dieser Gerä- te jedoch drastisch reduziert. Gerade in diesen Situationen, in denen ein immenser Kommunikationsbedarf bei den Personen im Katastro- phengebiet besteht, ist die Kommunikationsfähigkeit eingeschränkt oder nicht vorhanden. Dies hebelt viele der Innovationen und des technischen Fortschrittes der letzten Jahre aus, die diese Geräte in ei- ner solchen Situation so wertvoll machen könnten, die Auswirkungen der Katastrophe zu mindern. Es gibt verschiedenste Konzepte und Lösungsvorschläge die eine direkte Kommunikation zwischen den Endgeräten ermöglichen und diese somit unabhängig von der Mobilfunkinfrastruktur werden las- sen. Keine dieser Lösungen greift jedoch vollumfänglich in unserem Katastrophenszenario. So sind einige nur auf spezifischen mobilen Betriebssystemversionen verfügbar, andere führen hingegen zu unan- nehmbarem Energieverbrauch, in einer Situation in der Energiesparen häufig hohe Priorität hat. Andere basieren auf der individuellen An- passung eines Betriebsystems oder benötigen Root-Zugriffsrechte und sind daher nicht praktikabel auf handelsüblichen Smartphones ein- zusetzen. Außerdem werden Fragen der Sicherheit nicht umfassend und zufriedenstellend gelöst und der Nutzer sieht sich daher einer Vielzahl potentieller Angriffe ausgesetzt. Zur Optimierung einer Lö- sung auf ein Katastrophenszenario sollte ebenfalls das Verhalten der betroffenen Bevölkerung einschließlich deren Bewegungs- und Kom- munikationsmuster berücksichtig werden. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass hier noch ein offenes Forschungsfeld besteht, um den hohen Bedarf an eine angepasste und maßgeschneiderte Kommunikations- lösung für Katastrophenfälle, die die zuvor angesprochenen Aspekte adressiert, zu decken. Diese Arbeit liefert eine Sammlung von Lösungen und Konzepten die dazu beitragen, eine sichere direkte Geräte-zu-Geräte Kommunika- tion für Notfallmaßnahmen im Katastrophenfall bereitzustellen. Den zuvor angesprochen Problemen wird sich durch folgenden Beiträge dieser Arbeit angenommen: (i) Die Durchführung eines groß ange- legten Feldversuches, um das Verhalten von Zivilisten während einer Katastrophe zu verstehen und zu beschreiben; (ii) Den Vorschlag eines praktikablen und leichtgewichtigen Konzeptes zur Inbetriebnahme ei- ner sicheren direkten Kommunikation zwischen Smartphones, die auf lokale urbane Katastrophenszenarien zugeschnitten ist; (iii) Der Reali- vii sierung neuer Strategien zum Energiemanagement für das Problem der Nachbarschaftserkennung, welche signifikante Energieeinsparung bieten bei nur minimaler Effizienz-Reduktion der Nachbarschaftser- kennung; (iv) Eine Beschreibung eines neuartigen Konzeptes, welches es ermöglicht, im Katastrophenfall funktional gebliebene Endgerä- te in einer Smart City Umgebung zur Unterstützung der mobilen Kommunikation einzusetzen. Zusammenfassend trägt diese Arbeit wesentlich zum Verständnis bei, welche Problemstellung bei der Bildung von Geräte-zu-Geräte Kommunikationsnetzwerken, die hauptsächlich aus Endgeräten der Zivilbevölkerung gebildet werden, bestehen. Des Weiteren wird auf- gezeigt, wie diese Probleme überwunden oder zumindest auf ein akzeptables Maß reduziert werden können. Eine Reihe der vorgeschla- genen Konzepte sind bereits implementiert und demonstrieren deren Machbarkeit auf echten Endgeräten. Damit geht diese Arbeit einen wichtigen Schritt in Richtung der Realisierung einer Lösung und ver- sucht der Bevölkerung verbesserte Werkzeuge unmittelbar nach einem Katastrophenfall an die Hand zu geben. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to use the following lines to thank the persons who have actively accompanied me the last years on my way to this thesis, without the participation and support of so many, this work would not have been possible. First of all I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Hollick for his trust, continued support and helpfulness during all these years. I would like also to express my thanks to my co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Andreas Mauthe for accepting review this thesis and his invested time and valuable feedback. Special thanks goes to Prof. Dr. Paul Gardner-Stephen for his stimulating exchange of ideas, insights into his vast experience in this field, and his unconditional willingness to help. Furthermore, I would like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the SMARTER project and the Federal State of Hesse for funding my work. I would like to thank all my colleagues for the pleasant working atmosphere, in particular, Lars Baumgärtner, Milan Stute and Jiska Classen for their feedback on this thesis, Lars Almon and Patrick Lieser for their collaboration and discussing ideas for several papers. I thank Doris Müller for her support as well as all my students for their contributions. Especially I thank Max, Tobias and Hauke. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and love to Tobias for supporting
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