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WATERWORKS July 2017 FISHERIES and AQUATIC SCIENCES PROGRAM

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WATERWORKS July 2017 FISHERIES and AQUATIC SCIENCES PROGRAM WATERWORKS July 2017 FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES PROGRAM The Fisheries and Aquatic Science Program provides objective science to support the protection and management of fisheries and aquatic resources, with innovation and excellence in research, education and extension. Faculty have programs in four areas: Aquaculture, Aquatic Animal Health, Conservation and Management of Natural Environments, and Sustainable Fisheries. Many projects span these areas and involve collaboration with other scientists at UF, other universities and institutes, state & federal resource management agencies, and industry. This issue of Waterworks is dedicated to highlighting the program areas of study. Graduate students work closely with the faculty on projects spanning the range of Florida’s diverse aquatic systems. In this issue we present examples of the work that faculty and graduates students are conducting in each of the study areas. Conservation and Management of Aquatic Aquatic Animal Health Sustainable Fisheries Aquaculture Environments Conservation and management of Aquatic animal health is a truly The sustainable fisheries program Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic environments is a response interdisciplinary program well serves Florida’s recreational and freshwater or marine organisms, to the serious challenges facing established at the University of commercial fisheries, which have including fish, shellfish, and plants. Florida due to the explosive growth Florida that involves faculty, staff the highest economic value of any On a worldwide scale, as well as in of human development. This and students from Fisheries and state in the USA. The program our own backyards, aquaculture program focuses on 1) achieving an Aquatic Sciences, The College of focuses on 1) the effects of habitat plays many important roles in objective and comprehensive Veterinary Medicine, and The quality on fish populations, 2) popu- agriculture and natural resource understanding of the structure and Whitney Laboratory. This program lation modeling and stock assess- management. Aquaculture is used function of ecosystems, 2) provid- focuses on, 1) disease diagnosis & ment, 3) identifying essential fish to 1) produce economically ing critical information needed for health management, 2) assessment habitat, and 4) public outreach for important animals and plants for the development of management of the effects of toxic algal blooms sustainable fisheries. Research areas food, recreation, commercial approaches that ensure the integri- & environment contaminants, and of this program include both products and ecosystem manage- ty and sustainability of critical 3) an intensive educational program marine and freshwater fisheries and ment, 2) protect and enhance wild natural resources and 3) generating in aquatic animal health through the encompass population biology and populations through captive breed- the human resources needed to Graduate School and Extension modeling, behavioral ecology, life ing and artificial rearing, and 3) meet the management challenges of Programs. histories, and factors influencing maintain organisms under con- the future through education and fish community structure. Specific trolled conditions in order to study extension programs. studies have estimated growth and fundamental biological processes. In mortality of commercial and order to successfully culture recreationally important species, aquatic organisms in managed predicted population responses to WaterWorks is a semi-annual publication of the Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences systems, aquaculturists must take Program (FAS) in the School of Forest Resources and Conservation (SFRC) at changes in size limits, identified advantage of a variety of biological the University of Florida/IFAS. impacts of tournament angling on disciplines including nutrition, recreational fisheries, tested habitat growth, reproduction, medicine, The purpose of the newsletter is to provide information to prospective students, alumni, stakeholders, partners, and colleagues. Past editions can be effects on variation in growth and husbandry and engineering. Our found at http://sfrc.ufl.edu/fish/about/waterworksnews/ life history parameters, and department emphasizes genetics, assessed population biology and reproductive and environmental This issue was designed by Nancy Montes and edited by Bob Swett and Roy Yanong. To contribute an article or information for a future issue, contact Bill c o m m u n i t y d y n a m i c s o f physiology, health management, and Lindberg ([email protected]). warm-temperate reefs. nutrition. Evolutionary duction, maturation, and sexual transition. We were interested in how Sustainable life history traits (maturation, transition) and population traits consequences of (male:female sex ratio and fertilization rates) evolve or change through time. This model was run for 700 years with 500 years of fishing fishing on sequential Fisheries starting in year 200. The timing of maturation was allowed to evolve through time via inheritance. One of the challenges when predicting hermaphrodites the impacts of fishing on sequential hermaphrodites is determining how transition is controlled because the exact mechanisms are often By Bryan Matthias, PhD graduated, unknown. Therefore, two prominent hypotheses for transition rules Robert Ahrens (Advisor), and were compared to determine the evolutionary and population-level Colette St. Mary impacts of exploitation. 1. Social Control of Transition: Individuals transition when they can Concern over the long-term impacts of fishing has increased in recent produce more offspring as a male than a female. Under this years. These impacts stem from changes in population structure and/or hypothesis, transition is highly dependent on both the number of changes in life history traits, such as natural mortality, growth, or females and the number of males in a population. reproductive schedules. Intensive harvest and the selective practices of 2. Genetic Control of Transition: Transition is determined by inher- many fisheries have been identified as key driving forces behind these itance and is independent of the number of females or males in a changes. This can also lead to evolutionary changes in fish populations if population. fishing leads to the preferential removal of individuals that have certain phenotypic traits (e.g., early maturation, fast growth, etc.) and these For genetic control, mean length-at-maturity increased and transition traits are heritable. When these conditions are not met, then fishing decreased due to size-selective exploitation (Figure 1). These changes practices will not lead to evolutionary changes. Fishery dependent were relatively slow and resulted sperm limitation and extirpation at changes in life history traits, specifically changes in maturation and high exploitation rates (Figure 2). For social control, both the timing of growth trends, have been extensively studied. These trends are usually maturity and transition decreased relatively rapidly from exploitation assessed for dioecious (separate sex) species and have largely ignored (Figure 1). When transition was socially controlled individuals could the evolutionary consequences of fishing on sequential hermaphrodites. respond rapidly to changes in population structure, did not experience sperm limitation, and withstood higher exploitation rates than genetic There are many sequentially hermaphroditic species commercially and control populations (Figure 2). These results highlight important differ- recreationally harvested. Decreases in the timing of maturation and ences between the two transition hypotheses and emphasize why it is transition have been identified in many hermaphroditic species and may important to consider these mechanisms when using population be indicative of an evolutionary response to harvest if the traits are models to set harvest limits and fishery regulations on sequential heritable. For other species, changes in the timing of maturation and hermaphrodites. transition have not been identified. When the timing of maturation and/ or transition does not respond to changes in the population structure, Trends identified in this project could also be used to help predict populations can experience sperm or egg limitation from the loss of transition rules for exploited species because of the very different terminal sex individuals. The extent of these impacts depends on how responses between genetic versus social control of transition to the timing of transition is controlled and can have very different fishing. If there are abrupt changes or spatial differences in fishing outcomes if the timing of transition is static or changes in response to mortality, researchers could identify transition rules by assessing how genetic, environmental, biological, or social factors. rapidly transition or sex ratios change. For example, there are large spatial differences in the timing of transition in Hogfish in which males The goal of this project was to explore the evolutionary impacts inhabiting nearshore reefs on the Florida Coast are smaller than those of size-selective fishing mortality on maturation and sexual occupying offshore reefs, suggesting social control of transition. For transition of a large, long-lived protogynous hermaphrodite Gag, the timing of transition has been relatively stable since the 1970s (individuals initially mature as a female and change to male later in life; and the sex ratios for Gag drastically dropped from about 18% males such as Gag Mycteroperca
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