Football Vs. Football

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Football Vs. Football Emanuel Kaspar, BA MA Football vs. Football Eine vergleichende globale Analyse Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Master of Arts der Studienrichtung Global Studies an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Betreuerin: O.Univ.-Prof. Dr.phil. Renate Pieper Institut für Geschichte Graz, Mai 2015 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen inländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbe- hörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. Datum: Unterschrift: „Aus Gründen der besseren Lesbarkeit wird auf die zusätzliche Verwendung der weiblichen Form verzichtet. Ich möchte deshalb besonders darauf hinweisen, dass die ausschließliche Verwendung der männlichen Form explizit als geschlechtsunabhängig verstanden werden soll.“ Danksagung Ich möchte an dieser Stelle allen Personen, die mir mit Rat und Tat zur Seite gestanden haben, herzlich danken. Besonders hervorheben möchte ich meine Betreuerin O.Univ.-Prof. Dr.phil. Renate Pieper, die sich für die Beantwortung meiner Fragen immer Zeit genommen hat und mir hilfreiche Tipps und konstruktive Kritik geben konnte. Ohne sie wäre die Arbeit so nicht möglich gewesen. Außerdem darf auch die Unterstützung von meinen Eltern und meinen Freunden nicht uner- wähnt bleiben. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ................................................................................................................................ 1 2 Begriffsdefinitionen, Ist-Zustand und Rahmenfaktoren ........................................................ 11 2.1 European Football (Association Football/Fußball) ........................................................ 11 2.2 American Football (Football) ......................................................................................... 17 2.3 Aktuelle Situation und Rahmenbedingungen ................................................................. 24 2.3.1 Wirtschaft, Interesse, Verbreitung und Organisation .............................................. 24 2.3.2 Unterschiedliche Struktur der Ligen und Vereine: „American Exceptionalism“? .. 35 2.3.3 Gesellschaft und ihr Umgang mit Gewalt, Verletzungsrisiko ................................. 41 2.3.4 Taktik, Regeln, Kosten und Verfügbarkeit der Sportausrüstung ............................. 45 3 Historische Analyse ............................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Auswahl und Darstellung des Analyseschemas und Forschungsschwerpunkte ............. 54 3.2 Erste und zweite Phase: Germinal and Incipient – bis 1870 .......................................... 56 3.3 Dritte Phase: Take-Off – von den 1870er- bis Mitte der 1920er-Jahre .......................... 58 3.3.1 „Sport Space“ Theorie und „American Exceptionalism“ ........................................ 59 3.3.2 Migration .................................................................................................................. 72 3.4 Vierte Phase: Struggle-for-Hegemony – Mitte 1920er- bis in die späten 1960er-Jahre. 89 3.5 Fünfte und sechste Phase: Uncertainty und Millennial – späte 1960er-Jahre bis jetzt ... 91 4 Fazit ....................................................................................................................................... 98 5 Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis ....................................................................................... 103 6 Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis ................................................................................. 114 7 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ....................................................................................................... 115 1 1 Einleitung Während verschiedenen Aspekten der Globalisierung in Politik, Umwelt, Gesellschaft und vor allem Wirtschaft im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs viel Platz eingeräumt wird, ist es ver- wunderlich, dass die Globalisierung mancher kultureller Phänomene noch unzureichend un- tersucht wurde.1 Insbesondere fehlen Untersuchungen über wenig verbreitete Sportarten. Be- sonders groß ist trotz Namensgleichheit hierbei die Lücke des Forschungsstands zwischen American Football (Football) und European Football (Association Football/Fußball). Diese Arbeit versucht, daher die Größe der Lücke „etwas“ zu vermindern. Eine vollständige Schlie- ßung ist im Rahmen einer Masterarbeit nicht möglich. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es zudem her- auszufinden, welcher Zeitraum und welche Faktoren – vermutlich – als wesentlich für die immense Verbreitung von Fußball und die geringe von American Football angesehen werden können? Das kann rückbezüglich auch als Beitrag zur allgemeinen Globalisierungsdebatte verstanden werden. Es gilt herauszufinden, welche Phase der Globalisierung wesentlich für die aktuelle Sportsituation wie wir sie heute vorfinden war. Die folgenden Beispiele von American Football und Fußball sollen zeigen, dass auch wenn American Football in Europa weltweit weniger Zuschauer in die Stadien lockt, der Weltfuß- ballverband mehr Nationen zählt als die UNO und es American Football alleine deswegen, weil die amerikanische Profi-Footballliga mehr Umsatz als jede andere Liga generiert, ver- dient hat, in der Forschung untersucht zu werden. 2014 fand in Österreich die Football- Europameisterschaft (EM) statt und zahlreiche Zuschauer kamen in die Stadien. Beim Finale waren es 27.000, die eine knappe Niederlage Österreichs gegen Deutschland bestaunen konn- ten.2 Zum Vergleich dazu kamen bei der Fußball-EM 2008 etwa 51.500 Zuschauer in dasselbe Stadion.3 Das zweite Beispiel betrifft die Anzahl und Verbreitung der nationalen Verbände. 64 Länder weltweit besitzen einen American Footballverband und sind Teil der IFAB, des International Football Association Board. Hauptsächlich kommen die Länder aus Europa und Nord- sowie Südamerika.4 Im Vergleich dazu sind im Weltverband der Fédération Internati- onale de Football Association (FIFA) 209 Mitgliedsnationen vertreten.5 Das dritte Beispiel ist eines aus der Wirtschaft. Die einzige bedeutende Profiliga im American Football, die NFL, ist 1 Vgl. Giulianotti, Sport and globalization, S. 108. 2 Vgl. Der Standard, Deutschland schlägt Österreich. 3 Vgl. ÖFB, Der Europameister 2008. 4 Vgl. IFAF, Federations. 5 Vgl. Giulianotti, Globalization & Football, S. 101. 2 mit einem Schätzwert von 9.130 Millionen Dollar die wertvollste Sportliga der Welt.6 Zum Vergleich dazu: Die Premiere League war 2012 4.170 Millionen Dollar wert, die „Top 5“ der Fußball Ligen insgesamt 10.710 Millionen Dollar.7 Doch weshalb hat sich Fußball zu „dem“ weltweiten Teamsport entwickelt und American Football nicht? Dafür verantwortlich sind vor allem die historische Entwicklung, insbesondere Migration, das Vorhandensein von ausreichend Raum im „Sport Space“. Hinzu kommen jedoch auch Rahmenfaktoren wie der Umgang einer Gesellschaft mit Gewalt, das hohe Verletzungsri- siko, die hohen Kosten, komplexe Taktik und Regeln bei American Football sowie Struk- turen der Liga und Organisation. Im Zuge der Arbeit wird argumentiert, dass für die Verbreitung von Fußball und American Football eine größere Anzahl an Komponenten und nicht eine einzelne ausschlaggebend ist. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit versucht, diese These mit Hilfe einer globalen vergleichenden Analyse zu verifizieren. Könnte die historische Entwicklung für die heutige globale Verbrei- tung verantwortlich sein? Diese Frage ist insofern interessant, als dass sich die Forschung noch unzureichend mit der Entwicklung dieser beiden Teamsportarten im direkten Vergleich einerseits und im Fall von American Football anhand von Globalisierungstheorien anderer- seits auseinandergesetzt hat. Bei der Globalisierung von Fußball handelt es sich um ein welt- weites Phänomen. Als Analyseraum wurde daher die gesamte Welt mit einem speziellen Fo- kus auf Europa und Nordamerika ausgesucht, weshalb der Untertitel der Masterarbeit „eine vergleichende globale Analyse“ gewählt wurde. Der Zeitraum, in dem die Forschung stattfin- den soll, ist weitaus schwieriger zu definieren, da es bei den Globalisierungstheorien unter- schiedliche Definitionsansätze gibt. Damit im Bezug stehen automatisch diverse Ausgangs- punkte, die man für die Arbeit wählen könnte. Manche Wissenschaftler sprechen von einer Globalisierung im Neolithikum, andere setzen den Beginn der Globalisierung mit dem 15. Jahrhundert oder viel später erst mit der Industrialisierung fest.8 In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird für die Analyse der beiden Sportarten Robertsons Sechs-Phasen-Modell der Globalisie- rung (ursprünglich fünf Phasen, 1992), speziell das abgewandelte Framework der Autoren Giulianotti und Robertson aus „Globalization & Football“ herangezogen. Aus diesem Grund wird als Betrachtungszeitraum die Zeit vom 15. Jahrhundert bis heute definiert. Als Beginn für den vertiefenden Forschungsschwerpunkt wird die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts festgelegt. Genau in diesem Jahrhundert begannen diese Sportarten nach heutigem Verständnis zu exis- tieren. Der Standpunkt, der in dieser Arbeit vertreten wird, ist jener, dass die Zeit von 1850– 6 Vgl. Statista, Combined total brand value of teams. 7 Vgl. Brand Finance, Football Brands 2012, S. 34. 8 Vgl. Robinson, Theories of Globalization, S. 128–129.
Recommended publications
  • Elements of the Specific Conditioning in Football at Universitary Level
    ELEMENTS OF THE SPECIFIC CONDITIONING IN FOOTBALL AT UNIVERSITARY LEVEL Dan Cristian MĂNESCU1 Abstract: Football is the most popular sport in the world with millions of practitioners and enthusiasts spreaded everywhere, including universities. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries. Along its popularity the rivalry among competitors increased, so in our days the training program became more intense and divers. In addition to their regular technical training on the field, the elite players also follow a fitness and conditioning routine which are including different components of fitness involved in this sport such as: endurance, strength, speed, power, agility, flexibility and nutrition. Technical and athletic training are both integral parts of a complete football development program. With the way the game has evolved today the players cannot stay competitive without taking the physical conditioning seriously. Once it’s introduced this complete training program to the players, the feedback is an immediate improvement in their game. Keywords: football, specific conditioning, universitary JEL classification: I19; I20 Introduction Football is the most popular sport in the world with millions of practitioners and enthusiasts spreaded everywhere, including universities. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries. The regular football is played between two teams of eleven players but some variants which are very popular to universities have been codified for reduced-sized teams. Usually five, six or seven a side football, played in non-field environments as artificial pitch or indoor with different names as minifootball (or arena football) and futsal (or indoor football). Minifootball (or arena football) is a type of game adapted for play on an artificial pitch in an indoor environment such as a baloon covered arena.
    [Show full text]
  • Hockey Time 27
    Roma, giovedì 14 aprile 2011 scrivi a: [email protected] • www.federhockey.it La Newsletter della Federazione Italiana Hockey ime HC ROMA E HC BRA IN EUROPA PER LA GLORIA Dal 21 al 24 aprile, le due squadre protagoniste della lotta scudetto degli ultimi anni sono impegnate (a Roma) negli EuroHockey Club Trophy. In palio, la promozione per l’Italia all’EuroHockey League del prossimo anno. “Nella foto, una immagine della finale scudetto dell’anno scorso. “All’interno il calendario delle Finali Prato e degli impegni delle Nazionali. ” Da stampare e conservare” Roma, giovedì 14 aprile 2011 scrivi a: [email protected] • www.federhockey.it La Newsletter della Federazione Italiana Hockey ime DONA IL 5 X MILLE DELL’IRPEF ALLA FIH Compila il modello come nel fac-simile illustrato qui a fianco e sostieni le attività della Federazione Italiana Hockey. COD. FISC.: 05288960585 2 La Newsletter della Federazione Italiana Hockey Roma, giovedì 14 aprile 2011 scrivi a: [email protected] • www.federhockey.it La Newsletter della Federazione Italiana Hockey ime HC ROMA E HC BRA, IN EUropa PER LA GLORIA di GIANLUCA IACCARINO radizionale Pasqua di Hockey prossimo anno. Nella tre giorni del round 1.1 la compagine all’Acquacetosa con ben due Proprio l’Euroleague è al centro dei destini piemontese si scontrò con i francesi del compagini italiane impegnate incrociati di Roma e Bra. Nel 2008, ultimo St. Germain ed i tedeschi del Dusseldorfer, nell’EuroHockey Club Trophy 2011. anno prima dell’introduzione dell’Euroleague, ottenendo purtroppo due sconfitte. TCon la riforma delle Coppe Europee, a seguito fu proprio l’HC Roma con il quarto posto Nel primo incontro il St.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountaineers in the Pros
    MOUNTAINEERS IN THE PROS Name (Years Lettered at WVU) Team/League Years Stedman BAILEY ALEXANDER, ROBERT (77-78-79-80) Los Angeles Rams (NFL) 1981-83 Los Angeles Express (USFL) 1985 ANDERSON, WILLIAM (43) Boston Yanks (NFL) 1945 ATTY, ALEXANDER (36-37-38) New York Giants (NFL) 1948 AUSTIN, TAVON (2009-10-11-12) St. Louis Rams (NFL) 2013 BAILEY, RUSSELL (15-16-17-19) Akron Pros (APFA) 1920-21 BAILEY, STEDMAN (10-11-12) St. Louis Rams (NFL) 2013 BAISI, ALBERT (37-38-39) Chicago Bears (NFL) 1940-41,46 Philadelphia Eagles (NFL) 1947 BAKER, MIKE (90-91-93) St. Louis Stampede (AFL) 1996 Albany Firebirds (AFL) 1997 Name (Years Lettered at WVU) Name (Years Lettered at WVU) Grand Rapids Rampage (AFL) 1998-2002 Team/League Years Team/League Years BARBER, KANTROY (94-95) BRAXTON, JIM (68-69-70) CAMPBELL, TODD (79-80-81-82) New England Patriots (NFL) 1996 Buffalo Bills (NFL) 1971-78 Arizona Wranglers (USFL) 1983 Carolina Panthers (NFL) 1997 Miami Dolphins (NFL) 1978 Miami Dolphins (NFL) 1998-99 CAPERS, SELVISH (2005-06-07-08) BREWSTER, WALTER (27-28) New York Giants (NFL) 2012 BARCLAY, DON (2008-09-10-11C) Buffalo Bisons (NFL) 1929 Green Bay Packers 2012-13 CARLISS, JOHN (38-39-40) BRIGGS, TOM (91-92) Richmond Rebels (DFL) 1941 BARNUM, PETE (22-23-25-26) Anaheim Piranhas (AFL) 1997 Columbus Tigers (NFL) 1926 CLARKE, HARRY (37-38-39) Portland Forest Dragons (AFL) 1997-99 Chicago Bears (NFL) 1940-43 BARROWS, SCOTT (82-83-84) Oklahoma Wranglers (AFL) 2000-01 San Diego Bombers (PCFL) 1945 Detroit Lions (NFL) 1986-87 Dallas Desperados (AFL) 2002-03 Los
    [Show full text]
  • Football 09 LTAD 4Print V2.Indd
    Volume One - The Overview 2009 Football Canada acknowledges with gratitude the participation and involvement of its membership and key partners in delivering Football for Life. Member Associations: Key Partners: We acknowledge the fi nancial support of All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced the Government of Canada through Sport or transmitted in any form for commercial purposes, or by any Canada, a branch of the Department of means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and Canadian Heritage. recording or from any information stored in a retrieval system, without permission from the authors or Football Canada. Copyright Football Canada, 2009 ISBN # 978-0-9811633-0-7 3 Acknowledgements Football Canada gratefully acknowledges the work of the following who contributed to this document: EXPERT PANEL STAFF CONTRIBUTORS Richard Way Bob Swan Barry Gunther Dave Hill Cara Lynch Kim Wudrick Paul Jurbala Richard Munro Roger Collette Perry Koziris Rick Sowieta Don VanAchte Jacques Chapdelaine Ryan Bechmanis Peter Repac Jim Daley Shannon Donovan Pierre Robinette Larry Haylor Tamara Medwidski Bob Mironowicz Jerry Friesen Josh Sacobie Kevin McDonald Dan Syrotuik Mike Danischewsky Brian Fryer Brian Olthuis Jeff Yausie Roger Deslaurier Marc Schryburt Tim Enger Kevin Artichuk Jay Hetherington Richard McLean Mike Fitzsimmons Mark McDougall Mike Thomas Craig Bachynski Murray Bennett Erwin Klempner Ed Carleton Doug Krochak Jason Lafferty Paul Normandeau Kevin Sweryd Joe Mlinarc Frank Tilban Lee Barrette Andre Dion George Turgeon Michel Turcotte Dave Blanchard Andrew Allaby This document was prepared by Bob Swan with Bill Murphy Richard Way and Paul Jurbala Robert St. Pierre Kelsey McIntosh Photo Credits: Canadian Football Hall of Fame, Todd Van Ritchie Football Canada, IFAF, Football QC, Football BC, Steve Crane Football SK, Football NB, Saskatchewan Roughriders Karen Ouellette Football Club, Indianapolis Colts, the University of Manitoba, the University of Calgary, CJFL, and Special O PEI.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Curriculum Vitae Personal Name: André van Meerkerk Address: Martinus Nijhofaan 101 Post Code: 4481 DH City: Kloetinge Country: Netherlands Phone number mobile: +31 6 53342654 Email: [email protected] Date of birth: 17 march 1962 Occupation: Multi-camera Director Company: André van Meerkerk Sport & Media Producties BV Website: www.andrevanmeerkerk.nl LinkedIn profile www.linkedin.com/in/andrevanmeerkerk Pure passion, many years (since 1987) of production and directing experience and a daily shot of adrenaline – nothing more, nothing less. And it works. These are the ingredients behind my successful productions for NOS, FOX Sports, Canal+, RTL, SBS6, Talpa, Ziggo and many other broadcasters. Look further to find out more about my production and directing experience in Sports. Productions This is my daily fare. Every year I take care of the production and direction of over 100 live television sport programmes. These programmes include many sports events, such as the matches in the Dutch Football Leaque, the Dutch National Football Team, the most important baseball tournaments and live coverage of boxing galas and other competitions. Besides this sports-based work, I also take care of the training of new directors. Television programmes I am specialised in live programmes that makes every fibre in your body feel the excitement and tension. It is necessary to react quickly, maintain an overview and to be able to draw on knowledge of the game. And it is always a matter of close collaboration with a strong and experienced crew. Directing It all starts with passion - but that on itself is not enough… Being a good director means understanding how to play the game, both on and of the pitch.
    [Show full text]
  • FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 2015 and FIFA Futsal World Cup 2016
    FIF~ Far the Came. Far the WarLd. TO THE MEMBERS OF FIFA Cireular no. 1316 Zurich, 9 August 2012 DSG/mfa/ial Bidding for FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 2015 and FIFA Futsal World Cup 2016 Dear Sir or Madam, FIFA is pleased to open the bidding for the following FIFA World Cups: • FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 2015 • FIFA Futsal World Cup 2016 We invite all member associations to join the bidding proeess by completing and submitting the attached Declaration of Interest form. As you review the information, please bear in mind that while you may bid for more than one event, FIFA will only award one event per bidding association . FIFA World Cups open for bidding: FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 2015 This World Cup is held every two years and 2015 will be the eighth edition. 16 teams will participate in the final competition and one stadium will be required. The duration of the competition is approximately ten to 12 days. The loeation of the venue should reflect the sun, sea and sand of the Copaeabana beach, the birthplace of beach soccer. FIFA Futsal World Cup 2016 This World Cup is held every four years and 2016 will be the eighth edition. 24 teams will participate in the final competition and as a result, three to six stadiums that fulfil FIFA's specifications will be required. The duration of the competition is approximately three weeks and is expected to take place between October and November. The bidding timeline is as folIows: 14 September 2012 Declaration of Interest - deadline for the member associations to declare their interest in hosting by submitting the completed and signed Declaration of Interest form 12 Oetober 2012 FIFA Hosting Agreements - deadline for FIFA to send out the corresponding Hosting Agreements to those associations who have declared an interest Federation Internationale de Football Association FIFA-Strasse 20 P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Arena Football League 5 Vs 5 Men's League Rules & Policies
    Updated: April 2016 Miller Activity Complex Arena Football League 5 vs 5 Men’s League Rules & Policies ADULT LEAGUES General Information 1. No food, drink, gum, sunflower seeds (any seed casings) or spitting allowed on the turf. 2. Tennis shoes, flats, turf shoes or molded cleats allowed. No metal cleats allowed. 3. The Field Supervisor and/or Town of Castle Rock Athletic Staff shall act upon any and all situations not covered explicitly in these rules. All decisions will be final. 4. Town of Castle Rock reserves the right to re-classify a team at any point in the season in order to maintain a fair balance of competition. This will only be done with the cooperation of the teams involved. (if applicable) 5. Town of Castle Rock reserves the right to expel any team from the league for reasons of conduct, failure to observe rules, regulations and procedures and/or failure to field a team for 1 or more games. Written notifications of such actions will be provided to the individual and/or team manager. 6. Teams are responsible for knowing the rules. 7. All spectators must be in the spectator area and are not permitted to play on any of the facility amenities without purchase of a pass. 8. No spectators (including children) are allowed in the player bench area. 9. Any team caught intentionally kicking a ball at the light fixtures above the field will result in a $100 fine. 10. Any player spitting on the turf, walls, cement, or any place other than the designated trash cans will be subject to a $25 fine.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Annual Report As Board Members, the Melbourne Chairman of the Board
    SPORT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE ANNUAL REPORT 2017 CONTENTS Chairman’s Report 3 PERFORMANCE 22 02 Director’s Report 3 Representative Sport 23 ANNUAL REPORTANNUAL 2017 SPORTS Melbourne University Sport 4 - Australian University Games 23 The Journey to a Strategic Plan for Sport - Towards 2021 5 - Australian University Championships and other Intervarsity Events 24 HIGHLIGHTS 6 - Southern University Games 24 - Varsity Challenge 24 Water Safety Program Makes a Splash 7 Blues and Sports Awards 28 Andrew and Geraldine Buxton Athletics Scholarship Awarded to Regan Lamble 8 Representative Sport by the Numbers 29 University Football League Competition Extended 8 Elite Athlete Program 31 Sport is Important to Students 8 Outstanding Individual Results 33 Sport and Social Inclusion 9 Uni Blacks Celebrate Indigenous Round 9 CLUBS 41 Raising the Bar for Young Indigenous Athletes 10 Competitive 42 Active Campus and Indigenous Sport Programs Launch 10 Instructional 68 Melbourne University Soccer Club Celebrates 70th Anniversary 11 Recreational 73 University Athletes Represent Australia in World University Games 11 FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL RESOURCES 79 Andrew Young Receives Prestigious Cricket Scholarship from the Bradman Foundation 12 Facilities 80 Blues and Sports Awards Recognise 150 Student-Athletes 12 - Beaurepaire Centre 80 Australian Boat Race Returns to the Yarra 13 - Athletics Track 80 University Blues Win Fifth Consecutive National Title 13 - Tennis Courts 80 Finance 81 - Student Services and Amenities Fee 81 PARTICIPATION 14 - Melbourne
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 IFAF World Championship Sponsorship Packages
    WHY SPONSOR OR PARTNER A partnership with the 2019 IFAF World Championship means you are supporting Gridiron Australia to deliver this amazing event in Australia. Aligning yourself with this tournament provides strategic Benefits: • Showing support for a professional Body that is leading advocacy for its members • Being aligned with the recognised peak Body for American footBall (Gridiron) in Australia • Attracting key clients and professional alliances • Promoting excellence in the sport By directly providing goods and services • Positioning your company as a leader in your field • Promote your company’s products and services locally and internationally • Promoting your competitive edge ABOUT THE TOURNAMENT The IFAF Men’s World Championship is an international American football competition contested By teams representing member nations and continental federations from around the globe. The tournament has Been held every four years since 1999. The previous host countries have Been: Italy 1999, Germany 2003, Japan 2007, Austria 2011 and the United States 2015. NotaBle former players of this tournament include: Anthony Dablé (France) - signed with the New York Giants in 2015, Ernst Brun Jr. (USA) - signed with the Washington Redskins in 2015 and Adam Gotsis (Australia) - 2nd round draft pick for the Denver Broncos in 2016. The 2019 World Championship will Be the 6th instance of this event marking the 20th anniversary of international tournaments. The event will run from the 23 July – 5 August 2019 with footBall matches Being held at the iconic and picturesque WIN Stadium on the 25th, 28th, 31st July and 3rd August 2019. There will Be 8 countries in attendance at the championship and they will play a total of 16 games over the 4 days.
    [Show full text]
  • American Football
    COMPILED BY : - GAUTAM SINGH STUDY MATERIAL – SPORTS 0 7830294949 American Football American Football popularly known as the Rugby Football or Gridiron originated in United States resembling a union of Rugby and soccer; played in between two teams with each team of eleven players. American football gained fame as the people wanted to detach themselves from the English influence. The father of this sport Walter Camp altered the shape and size of the ball to an oval-shaped ball called ovoid ball and drawn up some unique set of rules. Objective American Football is played on a four sided ground with goalposts at each end. The two opposing teams are named as the Offense and the Defense, The offensive team with control of the ovoid ball, tries to go ahead down the field by running and passing the ball, while the defensive team without control of the ball, targets to stop the offensive team’s advance and tries to take control of the ball for themselves. The main objective of the sport is scoring maximum number of goals by moving forward with the ball into the opposite team's end line for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the challenger's goalposts which is counted as a goal and the team gets points for the goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins. THANKS FOR READING – VISIT OUR WEBSITE www.educatererindia.com COMPILED BY : - GAUTAM SINGH STUDY MATERIAL – SPORTS 0 7830294949 Team Size American football is played in between two teams and each team consists of eleven players on the field and four players as substitutes with total of fifteen players in each team.
    [Show full text]
  • SOCCER in the SAND OFFICIAL 5V5 SAND SOCCER RULES Soccer in the Sand Rules Follow the Guidelines of FIFA Soccer Rules with the Following Exceptions
    SOCCER IN THE SAND OFFICIAL 5v5 SAND SOCCER RULES Soccer in the Sand Rules follow the guidelines of FIFA Soccer Rules with the following exceptions: Number of Players Each team consists of 5 players, one of whom must be the goalkeeper, with the exception of U8 where each team may have 5 field players plus a goalkeeper (6v6) Substitutions are on the fly. The player being substituted must exit the field prior to the new player entering the field. In all Coed Divisions there must be a minimum of 2 females on the field at all times and a maximum of 3 males. Any less than 4 players will be considered a forfeit. Game time is forfeit time. Only players on the roster may play. All eligible players must be listed on the SITS waiver/roster form; all players must have a parent signature if the player is under the age of 18. If the player is 18 years of age or older they may sign the form for themselves. No player is allowed to be rostered or play on any two teams in the same age group or bracket. Players are eligible to play on any two teams in any one event as long as the two teams are in a different age group or different bracket (i.e. Surf or Sand bracket). The maximum roster size is 11 players for all age groups and divisions with the exception of coed divisions which are permitted a maximum of 12 players. Proof of Age Soccer in the Sand will accept any of or combination of the following: • State association player card • US Club Soccer card • AYSO Card • Copy of birth certificate • Any school issued ID card with date of birth • Driver’s license • Passport Soccer in the Sand | www.soccerinthesand.com | 858-442-9082 1 Player Equipment All players must wear the same colors to distinguish themselves from other teams.
    [Show full text]
  • Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
    Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide
    [Show full text]