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Exploration of Strange "Off-Ridge" Seamounts in the Expansion Area of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

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Exploration of Strange Exploration of Strange "Off-Ridge" Seamounts in the Expansion Area of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Christopher Kelley, UH, Thomas Hourigan, NOAA DSCRTP Nicole Raineault, OET, Allison Fundis, OET, Renato Kane, OET Andrea Balbas , OSU, Jasper Konter , UH, Dorsey Wanless, BS, Justin Umboltz, PMNM Introduction to the Seafloor in the North Central Pacific 70-80 Ma Aleutian Trench Emperor Ridge Hess Rise Liliuokalani Seamounts 43 Ma Musicians Seamounts Main Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Ridge GoogleEarth 0 Ma Known and Dated Seamount Trails in and Around PMNM Hess Rise Liliuokalani Seamount Trail Wentworth Seamount Trail Musicians Seamount Trail Midway Hawaiian Seamount Trail Main Hawaiian Islands GoogleEarth How It’s Believed to Have Happened Emperor Seamounts Hess Rise Liliuokalani Seamounts Wentworth Seamounts Hawaiian Seamounts How It’s Believed to Have Happened An Enigmatic Seamount Trail is Also Present in PMNM Hess Rise Liliuokalani Seamount Trail Wentworth Seamount Trail Musicians Seamount Trail Enigmatic Seamount Trail Hawaiian Seamount Trail GoogleEarth “These Enigmatic seamounts, particularly the western cluster, are located on the Hawaiian Arch.” Jasper Konter , pers comm North Hawaiian Arch Formation of the Hawaiian Trough and Arch 'flexural bulge' occurs becaus plate is ri id Gloria Sidescan Surveys 1980-90s North Arch Lava Field Big Island “These seamounts could have been formed by flexural arch secondary volcanism” Jasper Konter , pers comm "flexural bulge" occurs because plate is ri~id No one Had Ever Been to These Seamounts Previous Deepwater Exploration of PMNM • • • • • • We Really Didn’t Even Know What They Looked Like From Existing Satellite Data °o·o"N 2s·so·o"N N 0 0.75 1 5 3nm I I I I I A Only One of These Seamounts Even Had a Name 1s9•o·o"w 1ss·o·o"w 1s1°o·o"w 1ss·o·o"w 11650W\W 1s4•o·o"w •SM10 •SM7 •S M6 SM4 2s0 o·o"N • SMS • SM3 • SM2 • •SM1 2526-W'N L-------...-------- .......-----------.,--------- .......-- -=...:::._ __ .....,.._______________ __.N 0 12.525 50 km I I I I I I I I I A So What Did We Need to Do? First, We Needed to Map Using Multibeam Sonar (Primary Objective 1) Second, We Needed to Collect Rock Samples (Primary Objective 2) Naifeh Cluster • • Un-named Cluster 1 • • • • •• • If These Seamounts Were Formed by Arch Volcanism, They Should Have the Same Age as Gardner Pinnacles, ~ 12-14 Ma. The Only Way to Determine That Was to Collect Rocks That Could be Dated "flexural bulge" occurs because plate is ri~id We Needed to Survey their Biological Resources (Primary Objective 3) We Were Hoping to Find More Spectacular Deep Sea Coral & Sponge Communities Similar to Those We Had Found on Either Sides of These Seamounts During Earlier Dives Conducted off NOAA’s Okeanos Explorer and UH’s Ship KOK. Naifeh Cluster Un-named Cluster 1 This Time, We Had Their Sister Ship, R/V Nautilus , to do the Exploring Operated by the Ocean Exploration Trust (OET), This Cruise, Designated NA101, Took Place September 15 to October 2, 2018 http://www.nautiluslive.org Cruise Summary Mapping and ROV Dives Conducted By the R/V Nautilus During NA101 Naifeh Cluster (6-10) Un-Named Cluster 1 (1-5) (Nicole Raineault, OET) Primary Objective 1: Mapping During NA101 All 10 Seamounts Were Completely Mapped Naifeh Cluster Un-named Cluster 1 (Unknown Source) Before and After Mapping Naifeh Seamount (Summit at 723 m) Seamount 3 (Summit at 1,676 m) N 0 0.75 15 3am A O1252~ 114* 10'0-W N 0 075 15 3M> A 0 1257~ 5rm Eleven ROV Dives Completed During NA101 Dives Were Conducted on All 10 Seamounts at Depths of 1,243-2,844 m Primary Objective 2: Geological Samples A Total of 56 Rock Samples Were Collected From All 10 Seamounts Rocks From 8 of the 10 Seamounts Appear to be Dateable Using Ar/Ar All Rocks Were Split for Distribution to 4 Labs/Repositories Primary Objective 3: Survey of Biological Resources Five High Density Coral and Sponge Communities Were Discovered on Seamounts 4, 5, 6, Naifeh, and 9 With Densities of 3021-8064/km Primary Objective 3: Survey of Biological Resources Forty-six biological specimens were collected that potentially including several new species of hexacorals and octocorals, 1 new glass sponge species, 2 new species of arthropods, 6 potential new species of holothuroideans, 1 new tunicate species, 2 new species of mollusks, 3 potential new species of seastars . All specimens are being archived at the Museum of Comparative Zoology 117 Hrs of High Definition Video and 1000’s of Image Captures Many Different Types of Animals Were Documented Gulper Eel Vi deo Secondary Objectives Testing of A New JPL Gripper During the Dives Testing of A New 3D Camera During the Dives Collecting Water Samples for eDNA Analysis Post Cruise Update Enigmatic Seamounts Exploring th• Geologic Origins Kelley, C., T. Hourigan, N. Raineault, and Biological Communities In Papahinaumokuikea Marin• Natio1$11Monument A. .Balbas , D Wanless, L. Marsh, R. By ChrtstophorKelley, Thomas Hourigan, N,coleA. Ralneaul~Andrea Balbas,Dorsey Wanless.Leigh Marffl, Rebec<aWlpfler, Lila Ardor Bellucci,and RenatoKane Wipfler, L. Bellucci, R. Kane. 2019. The PapahJnaumokuAkea Marine National Monument the Big Islandof Hawai'I. If they were formed by arch volca­ Exploring the Geologic Origins and (PMNM) was establishedin 2006 to protect all emergent nism, then Gardnerand the seamountchains should have land (I.e.. island~ atoll~ pinnacles} in the Northwestern formed contemporaneously. Thus. the primary geologic Hawaiian Islands {NWHI) as well as the seas extending objectives of the cruisewere to determine the age of the Biological Communities of Enigmatic 50 nauticalmiles (nm) out from these features. In 2016, the seamount lavas using 40Arl" Ar dating methodologies and boundary was expanded to the full 200 nm US Exclusive analyzethe geochemicalconstituents to better understand Economic Zone, making PMNM the largest contiguous volcanicdynamics and origins. Seamounts in the marine protectedarea in the country. Sincethe expansion The primary biological objectives were to determine if occurredonly two yearsago . previousdeepwater research high-density, filter-feeding communities were present on Papahānaumokuākea Marine in the monumentwas focusedalmost entirely within the theseseamounts and to surveyfor new speciesor new original SO nm boundaries. Submersibleand ROV dives recordsof speciesfor this area of the Pacll\c.Prior to this had only been conducted on five of the 88 seamountsin cruise, 14 spectacularcommunit ies of deep·sea corals, National Monument. Journal of the •expansionarea. • Providing PMNM's managementwith sponges, and theirassociates had been found in PMNMat more informationon the resourcesin this part of the mon­ depthsof over 1,500 m. Only one of these is locatedw ithin ument was the main driwr for F./VNautilus cruise NA101 , the expansionctrea , althoughmany more are believedto Oceanography. 32-1, p. 50-51. conducted from SeptemberIS through October 2, 2018. exist.Such communities represent hotspots of biological The NA101dives focusedon two clustersof enigmatic diversity in lhe deep seaand are thus principal targets for seamountslocated north of Gardner Pinnacles(Naifeh conservation. The primary mapping objectiveswere to cluster}and NeckerIsland (unnamed cluster} ( FloureI ) that had not previously been mapped or explored. Their loca­ tion north of the NWHI chain and lineation may indicate they formed by "'arch vokanism~ This type of volcanism occurs along a flexural bulge that forms due to loading of the oceanicplate by an adjacent large volcanic edifice, in this case Gardner. This poorly understood process ha.s - .., been linked to the formation of a large lava field north of - - -- .. ~IQUf•l (•)Mepolth9Pa~kuli ~ Naltiooal MonunwncshowfoQ both ~ ~~new boundar,es{thin •od th<.k "'~ , .. .,.,,, tttSPter'"4\,). k>uhoM of .n pr~vlOUS~atef' dives (black.dots), and \ lfwo lWO ckd-tffS of S..a,nount.1 1..-o,,1td dunno lh1$ cruiw HultibNrn bal~f\l ot the (b) Naifeh somouot duster and the {<) Ul'lt\olfflffld~Hfl"IOUl"lt clusttt collcttd MM'lO NAlOl Basemap sourre: GMRT (R- it ol. ZOO!IJ. Post Cruise Update on Primary Objective 1: Mapping • 16,594 km2 • Three of five seamounts in the Naifeh cluster were revealed to be guyots , indicating they had once reached the ocean surface Data Have All Been Submitted Seamount 6 perspective view to NCEI and Are Publicly Available (Renato Kane OET presented at OceanObs 2019) Post Cruise Update on Primary Objective 2: Geology mgmanc eamounts: Investigating Pacific intraplate volcanism with lead isotope Molly J. Cunningham1 ·, Jasper G.IKonter 2, V. Dorsey Wanless3, Andrea Balbas4 1 ReMselaer Potyte-c.hnle lnstlnn. ~ I Of Nth t'lnd[nwonmen&.'11 SOence, •cunnm4flrpl ec).i 1' UnlVerslty of H,1w:IJI~ Mino:1 , SdlQOI of Oc;e.Yi ON1E:vtrl Science .w,c,led'lno6ogy 1 Bob• SW. Univenfty , [')qx,i-lml,11 i,JI~ 1• er.,.lffls~t•Unlve~lly . C"..olt-geql c.-..~ Md~~ The bot:opk composldon of Igneous rocb Is lndiciidv. of dMlr HUICe in CM ~u. .and the ffl.19ffloldc proe.nn that UVHd 'lftltft'IIOH\lpt. This study cc>mp,MK the lud ISOlopic composhk>n of dM E,vgnwidc S.amo1.1nu 10 Ht.1bU$Md V.llU.$ fOf th, .. V.lfMUn of Pxtfic lntr.1pb1 • volcanism. ~•rl.lP in bot ot)k S9K4! wil i~t.e the S.aimounts' ~gm.-de -e ~ lhrough two res.in column s lo lk:U I~ Pb origin .ind adv~ sci.ntl fic undeni.ndine or lht cs.v.iopt,Mnt of anatyslsW35 conducled ona MIAII Coledor lnduc1M'ty P~dficvolc-. Mass-( MC-tCPMSl-t<> NBS981 ~ ~ ~ Jlbny variedu of lntnpbte votu.nism o«ur In tM H,1Qia.n Lud hocopn •• highty CQMtnined indic.ators of fflollnth SourttS , -·~------ ...... brtas ~ of dw Pxific Pbt. lhe!t~ a,e h~ ~ by ¥rlfw:hthe H IMfe•r~ .
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