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Members dues for the year 1987/88 were paid by the following Members Societies:

Alberni District Historical Society, Box 284, Port Alberni, B.C. V9Y 7M7 Atlin Historical Society, P0. Box 111, Atlin, B.C. VOW lAO BCHF - Gull Island Branch, do Marian Worrall, Mayne Island, VON2J0 BCHF - Victoria Section, c/o Charlene Rees, 2 - 224 Superior Street, Victoria, B.C. V8V 1T3 Burnaby Historical Society, 5406 Manor Street, Burnaby, B.C. V5G 1B7 Chemainus Valley Historical Society, P0. Box 172, Chemainus, B.C. VOR 1KO Cowichan Historical Society, P0. Box 1014, Duncan, B.C. V9L 3Y2 District 69 Historical Society, PC. Box 3014, Parksville, B.C. VOR 2SO East Kootenay Historical Association, P0. Box 74, Cranbrook, B.C. V1C 4H6 Fraser Lake Historical Society, P0. Box 57, Fraser Lake, B.C. VOJ 150 Galiano Historical and Cultural Society, PC. Box 10, Galiano, B.C. VON1P0 Golden & District Historical Society, Box 992, Golden, B.C. VOA 1HO Ladysmith Historical Society, Box 11, Ladysmith, B.C. VOR 2EO Lantzville Historical Society, c/o Susan Crayston, Box 76, Lantzville, B.C. VOR 2HO Mission Historical Society, 33201 2nd Avenue, Mission, B.C. V2V 1J9 Nanaimo Historical Society, P0. Box 933, Station A, Nanaimo, B.C. V9R 5N2 Nanooa Historical and Museum Society, R.R.1, Box 22, Marina Way, Nanoose Bay, B.C. VOR 2RO North Shuswap Historical Society, P0. Box 22, Celista, B.C. VOE 1LO Princeton & District Pioneer Museum and Archives, Box 687, Princeton, B.C. VOX iWO Qualicum Beach Historical & Museum Society, c/o Mrs. Cora Skipsey, P0. Box 352, Qualicum Beach, B.C. VOR 2T0 Saltspring Island Historical Society, PC. Box 705, Ganges, B.C. VOS lEO Sidney and North Saanich Historical Society, P0. Box 2404, Sidney, B.C. V8L 3Y3 Silvery Slocan Historical Society, P0. Box 301, New Denver, B.C. VOG iSO Trail Historical Society, P0. Box 405, Trail, B.C. V1R 4L7 Valemont Historic Society, P0. Box 850, Valemount, B.C. VOE 2A0 Vancouver Historical Society, P0. Box 3071, Vancouver, B.C. V6B 3X6

Affiliated Groups B.C. Museum of Mining, P0. Box 155, Britannia Beach, B.C. VON 1JO City of White Rock Museum Archives Society, 1030 Martin Street, White Rock, B.C. V4B 5E3 Fort Steele Heritage Park, Fort Steele, B.C. VOB 1NO The Hallmark Society, 207 Government Street, Victoria, B.C. V8V 2K8 Nanaimo Centennial Museum Society, 100 Cameron Road, Nanaimo, B.C. V9R 2X1 Lasqueti Island Historical Society, Lasqueti Island, B.C. VOR 2JO

Second Class registration number 4447 Published fall, winter, spring, and summer by the British Columbia Historical Federation, P0. Box 35326, Station E, Vancouver, B.C. V6M 4G5. A Charitable Society recognized under the Income Tax Act.

Subscriptions: Institutidnal, $16.00 per year; Individual (non-members), $8.00. Financially assisted by the Government of British Columbia through the British Columbia Heritage Trust.

Back issues of the British Columbia Historical News are available from Micromedia Ltd., 158 Pearl St., Toronto, Ontario M5H 1L3 - Micromedia also publishes the Canadian Magazine Index and the Canadian Business Index. Indexed in the Canadian Periodical Index. British Columbia Volume 22, No. 1 Historical New Winter, 1989 Journal of the B.C. Historical Federation Contents Features Page Packers and Packhorses of Stewart by Cane Jones 2

The Dewdney Trail Through the Kootenays by Frank Merriam 7

The Johnson Street Gang: British Columbia’s Early Indian Art Dealers by Ron Hawker 10

Marianne & Amelia Kinbasket by Shelagh Dehart 14 Affair of the Magistrates Editorial by Helen M. Coyle 17 Primo Galiano The Spring ‘89 issue is on the by Ralph Brine 18 theme “Education”. Several ar ticles have come in and more The Old Murray Church have been promised so that we by Joan Bellinger 22 may glimpse our history from rural schools, private schools, a News From Branches 23 city high school, and special ed Book Shelf: Bock Reviews ucational programs. We are still requesting arti Journal of a Voyage with Bering des for the Fall issue - review by Dr. W Kaye Lamb 26 “Memories of the 1930’s”. Trampers of historic trails The Harrison - Chehalis Challenge; a Brief History of the Forest Industry around Harrison Lake and the Chehalis Valley will welcome the return of review by John Gibbard 27 maps and articles by R.C. Harris, commencing in the next Island in the Creek edition. review by Peggy Imredy 28 The featured articles herein are on diverse topics set at People of the Snow: the Story of Kitimat 28 widely scattered locales. The From Snowshoes to Politics 29 Packers is a colorful story re review by George Newell counted in the vernacular, and Federation Affairs The Johnson Street Gang was Report from Officers 30 prepared as a term paper for an M.A. degree. We hope that Writing Competition & Convention ‘89 31 our readers will appreciate the contrasts. Scholarship Winners & News Publishing Committee Report 32 Naomi Miller

Manuscripts and correspondence for the editor are to be sent to P0. Box 105, Wasa, B.C. VOB 2K0 Correspondence regarding subscriptions are to be directed to the subscription secretary (see inside back cover)

KC. Historical News 1 twenty-two mile horse packing job, four trips a day. Bill Crawford of Crawford Transfer had been born in Phoenix, B.C., worked with horses in many mining areas of the prov Packers and Packhorses ince before coming to Stewart: here he turned the more active part of OfStewart the business over to his sons-in-law Bill Esstelmont and Lew Behnson. In preparation for this they brought in about a dozen head of green bronc’s from the Caribou to by Cane Jones add to their existing string. Everything came to Stewart by boat in those days, either C.N. or Union Steamships. When those In June 1934 I stepped reached working age ashore so the horses I bronc’s were unloaded off the C.N.S. in Stewart on the northern found up there were B.C. smart and Prince George early one morning Coast. I had just left tough, worked as they were my childhood with al they were trainsick, seasick and home on the flat prairies most no physical control, in the we had to confused so it wasn’t too difficult to parched, almost control them voice treeless by once we had get them the two miles to their new Saskatchewan taught them parkland belt. our language. home on the tidal flats at Stewart. Suddenly I found myself in the Mountain bred, they were as sure midst of steep, heavily forested footed as goats. Some were used as All the horses had to be shod be mountains with huge blue glaciers, saddle horses, some broke to har cause of the rocky and icy trails would working on. snow covered slopes topped by bar ness for freight teams and all were they be Getting the shoes that ren rocky peaks, and always within used to carry packs. And the packs on bunch of horses was quite a circus, but sound of the glistening little were anything that anyone would it also got being streams that tumbled down from pay to have moved from here to them used to handled. the melting snows above. The con there over narrow trails on the steep Most of the bunch were in their trast left me awestricken. The salt mountain sides, the packs were se prime, but there was one grey that tanged smell of the sea with its re cured with the famous Diamond we were sure the Caribou cowboys lentless tides promised interesting Hitch. had thrown into the bunch for a joke was old, wild beachcombing adventures. The peo As with the farm horses they all on us. He and smart, in his only previous experience pie were all friendly, with interest knew their names which often de and they had ing backgrounds, but they casually rived from an individual’s tricks or with men hurt him with a every used phases of speech which were appearance. “Buttons” would watch branding iron. He fought us unfamiliar to me. for his chance then reach out and inch of the way and we only got the shoes on him by stretching him The only familiar things in snip a button off your shirt from as across the Blacksmith Shop floor sight were some horses roaming the neat as you please, sometimes he with a block and tackle, helpless he tidal flats and wandering around in would get his teeth full of chest hair would still bite and we had to throw town, Coming from a farm I had which earned him a good slap on blanket over his head and been raised with horses; they were the nose and a bawling out which a sit on it to prevent anyone getting hurt. part of the family. We raised and didn’t deter him at all on the next trained them. They were always opportunity. “Snap” would reach Finally one morning we threw under control, and their individuali around while you were adjusting his the packsaddles and some horse- ties blended into their use in teams. pack and snip the hip pocket off feed in a truck and head and tailed These Stewart pack horses were dif your pants, sometimes he would go the string up to the Big Missouri ferent. I struck up a friendship with a little too deep with dire conse Mine. a man named Ray Cyr from Pincher quences for both. A blue roan with Next morning bright and early Creek, Alberta. He understood china eyes was of course called we saddled up and started putting them. Between him and the pack “Chink”. pay loads on them, another circus, horses I was given a whole new ed In the early summer of 1934 but we didn’t do too bad till we got ucation. Crawford Transfer got a contract to to the old grey. He wasn’t about to First of all the packhorses were move a lot of machinery over the suffer any more indignities and we survivors, born and raised in the Missouri Ridge to the portal of an were wasting too much time so we wilderness of the Caribou country underground gold mill the C.M. & S. loaded him with some heavy green The weak and stupid ones never were building. This was to be a pit props that were lying around, B.C Historical News 2 r

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Fred Young and Ray Cyr loading ore on “Babe” at Mountian Bay Mine, Stewart, B.C. 1937. load like a veteran and took his self “Dempsey” and “Jeff”, Dempsey appointed place in the lead. was a lead horse and Jeff was num He turned out to be one of our ber two and he would fight any best lead horses, when we were horse that tried to take Dempsey’s chasing and not leading a string place at the head of the string. Packtrain leaving Marmot Glacier we would sometimes have four or You had to be careful loading a with a ton of coal. 1938. five horses between us and the lead string to get them in their proper or er and sometimes he would get der otherwise you had a battle on four inches in diameter and eight quite a ways ahead, when we knew your hands until they got them feet long. The load came up over his of a fork in the trail on the first trip selves sorted out. Those narrow head so he couldn’t rear, it stuck out over on a new job we would have to trails were no place for a battle, if a on both sides so he couldn’t roll over make our way up to the leader to horse fell or got pushed over the it was too heavy to buck with and show him which fork to take, not al edge it was sometimes lost due to tied with a double diamond, he just ways easy on those narrow trails to injury One horse I knew of fell into couldn’t get rid of it, though he sure get past those bulging packs and a crevasse on the Marmot Glaciei tried. spooky horses. We didn’t have to do her body came out in the creek at When the string was headed up that with the old grey. When he the toe of the Glacier some years the trail he fought his way to the came to a fork in the trail he would latet; perfectly preserved by the ice. lead and he held that spot all the wait till he knew you could see him, Stewart Cartage got a contract years I knew him. When we got then he would step out and if you to haul some ten foot lengths of over the hill we unpacked all the hollered he would pull his foot back wooden wire-wrapped eight inch horses except the old grey, he was and go on up the other fork. He was pipe up to the Molly B. Mine for still playing games so we said “Let a natural snow bucker; if he got John Haahti or “John the Finn” as him carry it back”. bogged down in snow or mud he he was known. This property was didn’t panic or fight or give up but Same thing again at noon when just across the Bear River from would very patiently figure his way we watered and fed the horses and Stewart. The river was low, not out and let you help him. We called loosened some of the cinches to let swimming deep for a horse, so with him “Grey Eagle”. them rest. We watered and fed the Dempsey and Jeff and Bess and grey but we couldn’t touch his pack Fred Young and Jack Rennie of Kid fourup on a freight wagon we without more games; the packers Stewart Cartage sure had some nice hauled the pipe across the river to were in no mood to play. That after well broke horses. Fred’s saddle the foot of Mt. Rainey. noon he carried his load both ways mare was a beautiful clean limbed The switchback trail up to the and we didn’t even offer to take it Bay with an intelligent eye named mine was too crooked and crowded off till that night when the horses “Goldie”. She was a real friend and past trees and boulders to haul the were unsaddled watered and fed. really knew her job. Jack Rennie’s pipe up with “Go-Devils” a drag We rubbed their backs and checked favourite for a long time was a fies with short runners under the front them for saddle sores and girth ty little grey named “Danny”. He end pulled by one horse, too heavy galls and checked their shoes, all didn’t have anything left to learn to lead two to a horse for a balanced except the old grey, we never were about helping you work a pack- load. So Fred got a bright idea, he able to pick up one of his feet unless train. built two little swivel bolsters on there was something wrong with it. One of their teams was a pair of two sawbuck saddles. We loaded a Next morning he accepted his pay fairly heavy set Sorrels named length of pipe on Dempsey and Jeff B.C. Historical Ne 3 one end on each horse and headed more fuel for his promotion fires. He Road might as well have been to the them up the trail, we almost went had decided to go down that morn moon. He didn’t want to leave his crazy trying to help those two hors ing and thought it would be nice to horses, they might starve before he es get that load around those nar ride down so he hopped on the front could make it back to them (provid row switch backs but finally made it of a load. Bill Stewart said “I don’t ing he could make it out). without hurting a horse. We gave think that would be a very good He decided to try to get them the horses a few oats and went place to ride Mr. Dann”, but Billy out. There were several narrow down for another length of pipe, af insisted “ I will be quite comfortable Kapoc mattress’s in the deserted ter that was loaded we had our best here” and he clapped his mittened bunkhouse so he carried some of idea of the day, we headed old hands and clucked to the horse. them out and laid them in a line on Dempsey up the trail and took a We pried the load loose and old the snow and led his horses onto shortcut to the top. Left to them Bess headed down the hill, at first them, then he picked up the first selves the horses seemed almost to steep pitch she sat right down on mattresses and carried them ahead, talk to each other as they inched Billy’s lap and there she stayed for floundering in the deep snow he re that awkward load around the most of the four thousand feet. Billy peated this maneuver for forty-eight steep narrow corners, not fast but was in trouble, with a ton of ore be hours and succeeded in getting his patiently and surely with an occa hind him and almost a ton of horse horses down to the Premier road sional shout of encouragement till in front he could only scream and and safety. The mattresses were they got to the mine where we wait pound futilely on old Bess’s rump. torn to shreds by the sharp shoes of ed for them. We unloaded and fed She was too busy keeping her bal the horses and Jack was dead beat, them some more oats and went ance to be distracted and made it but he saved his horses. down for another load which they safely to the bottom. Billy was Herb Charlton, Big Jock handled the same way. Those two walking quite well in a couple of Morrison and Charlie Beale were horses carried a couple of hundred days and he even bought us all a well known packers around feet of pipe up that hill practically drink. Stewart. On one joo Rennie had by themselves. Jack Rennie was probably one of three or four men camping at the “Bess” and “Kid” were fairly the best horsemen and Packers in mouth of the Marmot Rivei packing heavy black horses, old Bess’s hind this or any other country. As a ore out of the Marmot Engineer end would just about fill up a whole Muleteer in the Canadian Army Mine and other small mines on the barn door, she was wide. Kid was, Siberian Contingent that was sent Marmot River and Katy Ryan like his name, a big good natured to Murmansk during the First Creek. The men were sleeping in a kid who would follow Bess any World War and through service in small tent on the beach, they were where. the N.WM. Police he had a very in working hard, the days were long We were Rawhiding Ore down teresting career in handling horses. and after a couple of weeks they from the United Empire Mine north He always favoured the military were getting pretty edgy One eve of Stewart. The trail was about four type of packsaddle because it was ning as they sat around their fire thousand foot drop in four miles and easier on the horses than the smoking and retelling their stories steep in places (the only access till Sawbuck saddle in general use. His of problems with particular horses, they put the tram in) the snow trail horses seemed to understand and bad pieces of trail and peculiar was good. A load was about a ton of returned his affection for them. He loads that had to be packed. They sacked ore wrapped in a green cow liked a drink but that was no excuse looked across the salt chuck to the or horsehide and pulled by one to neglect or abuse a horse nor lights of Hyder B.C. and Hyder horse. On the steeper pitches the would he allow any liquor out on a Alaska. Those twinkling lights got horse would sit on the front of the packtrain, except maybe a small too much for Herb and he decided to load and balance and steer with it’s mickey of rum to make a hot rum at pay them a visit, he got a rowboat front feet, no way to stop or even the end of a long cold wet day’s ride and rowed across accompanied by slow down much, one miss-step and to liven us up enough to care for our the joshing of the other men. the whole shebang would roll to the horses before getting our supper. Later that night they were bottom. They didn’t make many The horses came first. aroused by a heavy black figure mistakes and we felt that the old- One Fall Jack got caught with fumbling and snuffling around in timers seemed to enjoy it. two horses by a seven foot fall of the dark tent and trampling on Three of us on this job, six hors snow up on Texas Creek where he their legs. Jack pulled his feet out es. One morning we were prying the was go-deviling out some ore. There from under the blankets and aimed frozen loads loose and heading wasn’t much grub for him or the a mighty kick at the intruder as he them down the mountain when Mr. horses, no hope of anyone coming in roared “Get out of here you drunken Billy Dann came along. Billy Dann for days, the snow would be there son of a bitch.” As his bare feet hit a was the Mine promoter and he had till Spring with more to come any furry hide instead of his wayward been up for a visit and to gather time, four miles to the Premier Mine packer he realized that he had B.C. Historical Ne 4 Packtrain with building supplies. Marmot River-1926.

kicked a large Black Bear. The kick Horses on snowshoes at Big Missouri Mine, June-i939. bowled the Bear right out of the tent and it took off for the tall timber with no harm to anyone. these trials and errors he decided so horses, getting ready for the up One Christmas the town decid that there was some skulduggery coming work season. The air would ed to erect a large Christmas Tree going on and his big temper flared be filled with the smell of Forge fire at the intersection of the two princi at being the butt of somebody’s and hot iron, a good smell. Around pal streets, the tree was lit and crude sense of humour; he looked the inside walls of the shop, about somebody set up a washtub at it’s around for the culprit and maybe be four feet off the floor a 2x4 was base to serve as a Punchbowl, as cause he was laughing so loud de nailed to the studding, by May on each celebrant came along to sam cided that Charlie was the cause of this board would be hung about ple the punch he would add the re his embarrassment. Breathing Fire fourteen sets of new horseshoes, maining contents of his private bot and Brimstone he staggered after four shoes to a set, all with sharp tle to improve the flavour Needless Charlie who managed to get on a ened caulks, ready to go but with no to say the contents of that punch- horse and took off on the Hyder names attached. bowl got pretty potent. One of John road. Big Jock got another horse The horses went barefoot in the Campbell’s cows came along and and lit out after him. winter; in the barn or roaming the took several big guips of the mixture Somehow Charlie managed to tidal flats except the ones that were and got tighter than hooty owl, stay on his horse and in the lead, working which were shod with very staggering about and causing great all the way past Hyder and up to sharp caulked shoes known as hilarity among the onlookers. Thirteen Mile on the Premier Mine sharpshod, to gain footing on the Big Jock was pretty well along road. By this time they had sobered icy winter roads and trails. Finally with his Christmas celebration up a little and Jock in his short one day Fred, always congenial when he approached the punchbowl pants had cooled off so by mutual would quietly suggest that we bring After several generous samples he agreement they spent the rest of Kate, Jip or some other named decided this would be a good place their holiday partaking of the hospi horse into the shop and as the horse to take a nap, he hadn’t been asleep tality of Dago Marie’s Roadhouse. was brought in he would go to that very long when Charlie Beale came Built leanto against the east array of horseshoes on the wall and along with some cronies. They de side of Young and Rennie’s barn, be select a set, the horses feet were cided after due consultation at the side the Bear River, was their trimmed and the new shoes nailed top of their voices that they should Blacksmith Shop. Every year in on, they always fit with very little play some trick on Big Jock, Charlie March Fred would go out to the adjustment, no two horses feet are got out his knife and cut Jock’s tin shop with kegs of new and un exactly the same but Fred had them pants off just above the knees. formed horseshoes and fire up his all memorized. He always had a When Big Jock woke up a little forge. As you approached the shop few sets of general size shoes on while latter he stood up and real you could hear the tap, tap, tap of hand and we always carried a ized that his pants were too short his hammer striking lightly on the couple of these shoes tied onto our so he stooped over to pull them anvil. When you entered the shop saddles for temporary replacement down thus exposing a large area of there would be Fred tapping away if a horse lost a shoe on the trail. If Stanfields Golden Fleece, when he at a red hot horseshoe, busy with we were working away from home straightened up the pants were still his forge and anvil and sometimes we would get word down to Fred to too short so he stooped over to pull bursting into a bit of song as he pre send up a new shoe for Babe’s left them down again, after several of pared new shoes for their dozen or hind foot or whatever and when the B.C. Historical News 5 shoe arrived it always fit. length and all hand tramming be gone to the creek for a pail of water On winter trails the horses were cause there was no power yet for an and as he got back he found a large not packed but pulled go-devils or electric ‘Locie’. Somebody suggested Black Bear making a meal of their rawhides or were teamed on freight they use Old Missouri for a Pit grubpile, his rifle was leaning sleighs. The day would start early Pony. He was equipped with a against a couple of sacks of oats on when the snow was frozen and well Carbide Miners Lamp in his bridle which the bears two cubs were play set, about one or two o’clock in the and hitched to a little train of three ing cock-of-the-rock. With the cuss morning, by eight or nine o’clock the ore cars by a ring on his singletree ing of the men and racket Harold snow would soften and the horses which slid on a horizontal hook near was making with a stick on the feet would punch through. When the front of the first car; when he bucket, plus the fuss the horses this happened the horse would stop stepped off the track to the left the were making, the Bear decided to and wait for us to come and put on ring slid off the hook and he was take her family to a quieter place his Snowshoes. The Snowshoes we unhitched. The ore cars were side for supper. used were of two different types, dumping Vee cars with a fifth wheel On another occasion a horse one was called a pipe and chain on the side which rode up on a ramp was needed to do some packing shoe, it was made of a fourteen inch on the dumping block to empty the from a lake that could only be circle of pipe with two cross chains, car it was very difficult to push the reached by air. So a horse was bun the horses foot was strapped to the heavy cars up on the dumping dled up with ropes till he looked al centre of the cross chains. The other block, but if you hit it fast enough most like a mummy and manhan type was made of laminated wood, the momentum would carry the car dled into a floatplane. With Bill three gouges were made in the top up the ramp and it would dump it Crawford sitting near his head with of the snowshoe to fit the caulks of self. Old Missouri soon learned that a singlejack in case he got a foot the horseshoe. AU shaped bolt fit if he came out of the mine at a dead loose he made the flight safely to ted over the horses hoof and run the cars would just ride up on the lake where he was pushed out through the snowshoe where it was the dumping block by themselves, of the plane and hauled ashore be fastened with two burrs and wash so he would come galloping out of fore he drowned. The ropes were ers. It was a disaster if you lost the drift and step off to the side and taken off and he went to work. Just your little Crescent wrench in the watch his train go by. One of the another day in the life of a snow. To train a horse to wear workmen would come over and Packhorse. Snowshoes was really quite easy, check his lamp and hook to the oth On a trip into the Salmon Gold you just put the Snowshoes on him er end of his train and send him in property the packer was Lee and turned him loose in the yard to for another load. Cockran, a rather small but strong figure it out for himself. Some hors We tried all kinds of tricks to and wiry man who was very ingeni es never got very good at it but get him to pull a fourth car even ous about getting awkward loads most of them soon learned not to empty but he would just balk. If his up on top of packhorses. The horses overstep and trip themselves. They lamp went out he would wait for were loaded with grub for the Drill seemed to understand the advan someone to come along and relight camp, all done up in egg crates and tage of wearing the Snowshoes. it for him then he would carry on. wooden orange boxes covered with Sometimes we would tell visitors He didn’t have a driver except for the usual canvas tarp. In one place that the horses got so smart they the first few days. He knew all the trail crossed a steep hardpacked would carry a stick in their mouths about lunch boxes and he loved cake snow slide which extended down to knock the snow off the snowshoes and cookies, after he had popped about a thousand feet to the Salmon if they got too heavy open a carelessly left lunch box the Glacier. One of my favourite horses was owner usually had to get a new one. All the horses made it safely a little Bay with a blaze and white Sure he had a few wrecks but what across that snowslide except stocking known as ‘Old Missouri’. railroader hasn’t. ‘Chink’, he fell and rolled on his He was really too small for a pack- In the summer of 1936 it was pack demolishing the wooden horse but was feisty, tough and decided to take a couple of horses crates. When he got back on his feet smart. Like many of the men in into the Unuk River to do some he didn’t like the new feel of his that country he was a loner and packing for the Premier Mining pack so decided to get rid of it. didn’t mind being away from other Company. Harold Berg and Sam Every time he bucked his rump horses so was used as a chore horse Kirkpatrick headed in with Danny would smack up under the shat around the Big Missouri camp and and Baldy. It took them eighteen tered crates and several cans of to was a pet of all the miners. very difficult days to make that one matoes or whatever would shoot When the C.M. & S. drove the hundred miles from the mouth of into the air and go rolling down the tunnel through the Missouri Ridge the river. All their problems weren’t slide, I saved most of them but the to the portal of their underground with the terrain. One evening as little yellow vinegar keg that had Gold Mill it was just under a mile in they were making camp Harold had been his top pack took off rolling B.C. Historical Ne 6 and bounding to the bottom, too far to fetch it back. The Dewdney Trail Through When ‘Chink’ settled down we gathered up the groceries and The Kootenays wrapped them in the tarp to make a pack. We found that the lid had by Frank Merriam come off a tin of orange marmalade and Chink was smeared with the stuff from his tail to the tip of his ears, the saddle and lash ropes were so slippery with orange mar malade that it was almost impossi ble to get a grip on them to tie down the load. I never knew a can of Orange Marmalade could spread so far. All the tales of the Hardiness and Intelligence and yes, the Cussedness of the Packers and Packhorses can never be told. But whenever and wherever you meet a packer he will have more tales to add to the lore of the ackhorses. Definitions String refers to line of horses in sin gle file, a Packtrain head and tailed. The halter of each horse is tied to the tail of the horse ahead of Edgar Dewdne it. Usually only used to move a 1865. PABC HP12677 string of unloaded horses along a road. Edgar Dewdney was commis main document is an end-of-year sioned by Governor Douglas to Tin Pants. Protective clothing made project letter and accounting in create “a mule trail with grades of heavy canvas duck material also Dewdney’s handwriting forwarded that could accommodate wagon road known as ‘Bone Dries.’ to Joseph Trutch, a Minister in the status at a later date.” The first sec Mucking Sheet A metal plate placed Colonial Government of James tion of this trail was built in 1860 Seymour. on the floor of a mine to receive the between Hope and Princeton, and ‘1 have the honor to inform you broken rock or ‘Muck’ of blasting. extended to a mining camp at Rock that in accordance with instructions Creek in 1861. A gold find in the received from His Excellence the Carl Jones stayed in the Stewart area doing East Kootenay prompted the gov Governoi I left New Westminster on a variety ofjobs until he joined the army in ernment to engage Dewdney to ex WWI1. He worked in Warfield, the 12th of April, 1865 in charge of Saskatoon, tend his trail in 1865 to Fisherville Crowsnest Pass, and Mica Creek prior to a party to explore the country be on Wild Horse Creek. This east-west moving to Creston in 1967. He is involved in tween Soyoos Lake, and Wild Horse many community groups in Creston., includ route through southern B.C. ulti Creek for the purpose of deciding ing the Historical and Museum Society. mately became Highway #3. upon the best line for a mule trail be Although the chief purpose of the tween those two points, also to su trail was to give merchants in perintend its immediate construc Victoria and New Westminister ac tion, as well as other works more cess to markets in mining camps, it fully described in my letter of in became a factor in opening up many struction dated 10th April, 1865. areas to homesteaders. The House, the Chief Conimzssioner The writer will quote from archi of L & W and Surveyor General.” val documents to explain the prob This gives a brief outline of the lems that Edgar Dewdney faced in duties Edgar had to carry out. The his search for a trail through the instructions described the grades he Kootenays. Excerpts from letters was to install (which were not more and documents are italicized: com than 12%.) In other letters he re mentary is in regular type. The B.C. Historical News 7 lates his necessity to lay out much Koutenais in connection with this I From here he sends Mr. Turner steeper grades to accommodate the should have made a further explora with a small crew back to Fort steep mountain terain. “My opera tion of McDonalds Pass. On my ar Sheppard through Summit Creek, tion commenced at Soyoos Lake rival at Kootenais Lake from the Lost Creek, Salmon River and to the from which place I set out with my Columbia River; a Description of mouth of the Pend 0 Reille across party on 13th of May. which exploration I forwarded in a the Columbia from the Hudson Bay I had previously visited Mr. report dated June 20, I was in Co. Post. This trail had been reo Angus McDonald of the Hudson Bay hopes I had succeeded but subse pened by H.B.C. men in 1864. This Company at Colville to obtain from quent examination convinced me route was also explored previously him information regarding the dif that no feasible divide existed by by the Palliser Expedition in 1859 ferent routs (sic) I proposed explor which a trail could be continued, when they despaired of a commer ing, and with which he was ac without following the Lake to its cial crossing of the Koutenais bot quainted; from him I received much northern end and about 20 miles up tom lands. valuable information.” the stream flowing into it from the “I, with the remainder of my Dewdney indicates his trail or northwest, then striking across the party continued to explore the coun line through this section started at Old Indian Trail to the headwaters try between the east side of the Soyoos Lake and was part of the of the Columbia...” Lake and the valley of the Mooyie east west line forming the Southern Edgar indicated his disappoint along which the trail to Wild Horse Crossroads at Osoyoos. He refers to ment at not finding an eastern pass Creek runs. earlier discussions (1864) with from todays Castlegar through the I considered this in every re Angus McDonald, Chief Factor Fort Selkirks to Kootenay Lake. He went spect fit for a road, being almost lev Colville, Senior over Chief Traders up the Kootenay River via the steep el and with good feed. I arrived at Joseph Hardisty of Fort Sheppard Indian trail through dense under Wild Horse Creek on the 13th of and Joseph McKay at Fort growth, along the many falls, to the June as I was satisfied that the Kamloops. west arm of the lake. He sent recon only continuous line of communica “In my previous reports from naissance teams up to Rose Pass, tion between Soyoos Lake and Fort Sheppard and Koutenais Lake Fry Creek and Hammel Creek, Koutenais, north of the 49th paral dated respectively May 28th and north to Glazier Creek and the lel and south of the upper end of the June 2nd, I described what my suc Kinbasket Trail of the early 1800’s Arrow Lakes was as follows. I de cess had been in following what I over Jumbo Pass to the Windermere termined to commence work at supposed to be the line indicated by Valley. once.” Mi: McDonald; up Boundary Creek ‘4s I mentioned in my report of The rest of the crew, including to its Forks then eastward to the June 20th I considered this a long Mr.Mepps and Mr. Howell (two of Ichivoniton (or north fork of Kettle expensive line and one that would Dewdney’s immediate Deputies) River) crossing about ten miles from not have carried out the object of my went east from the Creston area to its mouth, then through a divide at expedition. I consequently gave up Fisherville on the Wild Horse River. the north side of the largest moun all idea of it and proceeded south He mentions the trail in the valley tain in that neighborhood, called ward to the lower end of the lake.” of the Moyie. This, of course, is the McDonald’s Mountain, to the This is where Dewdney decided line established by David Thompson Columbia Riven” to search for a line further south in in 1808 later became part of the He made a preliminary traverse the Cascades and Selkirks. He Walla Walla Fur Brigade Trail. to find a route further north of the moved his crew to the south end of “Starting from Soyoos Lake, I international Boundary He trekked Kootenay, or the early white man’s follow generally the old trail at through todays Greenwood and the name - Flatbow Lake. Flatbow be Boundary Creek, crossing it about 3 East Fork of Boundary Creek, ing a direct reference to the stur miles from its junction with the Jewell Creek and Jewell Lake, over geon-nosed canoe the Indians used Kettle River; thence to the Columbia into Pass Creek and down across here, only found elsewhere in the via the trail known as McKays’, but the Inchivoniton (Granby River) ten Amur River Swamps in Siberia. making such deviations (sic) as miles north of Grand Forks, north “Here I instructed Mesers were necessary to avoid bad grades westward to the north of Turner to return to the Columbia -- this section I estimate at 110 McDonalds’ Mountain (Mt. and examine the valleys through miles.” Gladstone) and arrived on the which the Hudson Bay Company This and following paragraphs Arrow Lakes near Renata. had constructed a rough trail, and explain where Edgar Dewdney de “You will find I was unsuccess through which I was informed hors cided to install his famous trail. I ful in this section. Had I found on es had travelled the previous year will use todays names to show the the east side on the Columbia, a and also iffavorably impressed with actual traverse through the practicable line for a road to it to blaze that line at once.” Boundary and Kootenays. From

B.C. Histori1 News 8 Osoyoos to Boundary Falls, some at high water is almost entirely my stories and comments. There three miles northeast of Midway. overflowed and I found that the were many other historical events in From here it goes almost straight high water crossing of which I had direct connection with the installa east to Grand Forks (Grande been informed, and upon which I tion of the Dewdney Trail, especial Prairie) and then again on Hwy. #3 was depending, was a few hundred ly in connection with the Hudson to Cascade. It enters the Rossland yards below the Boundary line; af Bay Co. both before and after. This Range via Chandler Creek to ter several days search I was com would transform this story to at O’Farrel and Alder Creeks, and pelled to adopt the present one, least a pocket book edition. Its effect through a low pass some two miles which will require rather a large was more profound on the Creston south of the mile high Santa Rosa outlay to make it a convenient and Valley than any other community Pass. They went down the south permanent crossing; an estimate of that appeared along the route. fork of Santa Rosa Creek across Big this and other required work I shall Many of the early settlers and Sheep Creek and just to the north of give you before closing my report.” squatters came in over the trail Mt. Sophia, to the south fork of This paragraph tells of the first from both directions to start the Sophia Creek and descended to crossing of the Kootenay Swamps farming, mining and logging of ear Little Sheep Creek, up this and over by an artery of commerce. It was ly commerce. The first attempts at into Trail Creek, thence down to the first joining of the East and reclamation of the flats by Baillie Trail. I believe both the Creek and West Kootenays by wagon road, Grohman were assisted by the ease city were named after the trail. thus starting the first white man’s of access. Men and machines have McKays line is a reference to the development of the Creston Valley. overcome the problems of the work done by Joseph McKay in The Great Northern Railroad Kootenay Swamps. The Highway years previous for the Hudson Bay pushed ahead with plans to offset goes through on a causeway south Co. This line was Fur Brigade stat the transportation values of the of that ferry which linked east and us and “Devuations” were neces Colonial Trail. The Canadian west for many years. Visitors may sary to bring it up to wagon road Railroad, which I believe was the se still walk on a piece of Dewdney’s possibilities. cret mission of Pallisers’ work, op trail beside the Creston Valley “1 crossed the columbia about posed the move and great court bat Wildlife reserve. There your imagi two miles above the Boundary line tles were waged. In a separate nation can take you back to 1865. and keeping down its east bank letter Dewdney explains in full his half a mile, leave it and continued problems to find a bit of solid Frank Merriam live8 in the Cre8ton up the Pend 0 Reille and Little ground to cross this valley. He esti Valley where he has been active in several Salmon Rivei then down the valley mated this crossing at $8000.00 in group8, andprOject8. He was a Scouter for many years; served on the Creston Valley of Summit Creek to Koutenais cluding a ferry Wildlife Management Board; devotes hours Lake; this section I estimate at 64 “On leaving Koutenais Lake I to the Creston & District Museum and was miles.” follow up Goat River about twenty Editor for the publishing of a histoey of From Trail the route led down miles and leaving it turn eastward Wynndel. He walked mile8, pored over old the Columbia to and 8pent weeks at theprovincial and Fort Sheppard and along occasional meadows to the H.B.C. Archives to familiarize himselfwith crossed to the Pend 0 Reille one trail on Mocyie River which I join the Dewdney TraiL half mile uprive1 up the Pend 0 about eight miles north of the Reille to the Salmon and up this to Boundary line and continuing along Lost Creek; up and up to the sum the old trail reach Wild Horse Creek mit of the Selkirk, the trails highest in an estimated distance of one hun elevation (over 600 feet), down the dred miles from Koutenais Lake.” north fort of Summit Creek. From This adds to paragraph seven. the summit No. 3 Highway covers In still another Dewdney lettei he most of the line all the way to explains a contract with William Cranbrook. Near the mouth of Fernie for him to build the line from Summit Creek, Edgar had to turn Wild Horse to the Kootenay Flats north some four miles to the narrow into a wagon road. Fernie’s letter of est and highest land across the October 1865 indicated completion Koutenais Swamps, known in the including corduory across to the early days as Lone Tree Ridge. Kootenay River. This road went up “Here I met with the only diffi the Peavine River from the north culty on the whole line, which was, end of Moyie Lake into the south to determine at what point it was west of Cranbrook, and right most advisable to establish a cross through to the site of Gaibraith’s ing. The valley of the Koutenais is Ferry at Fort Steele. Brevity has here about three miles in width and created an almost capsule look to B.C. Historical Ne 9 nounced stops at smaller Canadian The Johnson Street Gang: communities like Port Essington, Port Simpson and later Prince British Columbia ‘s Early Rupert before continuing on to Fort Wringel (later called Wrangell), Indian Art Dealers Juneau and Douglas. On its way home, it made a brief stop at Sitka. The entire round trip took thirty by Ronald W. Hawker days from San Francisco and its popularity grew dramatically over the decade. In 1884, the line report ed 1,650 sight-seers; by 1890, this figure had jumped to 5,007. Although Victoria did not have a coherent formal policy towards tour ist promotion until the Tourist The curio dealer played an im transport made travel possible. The Development Agency was founded portant role in the dissemination of North Atlantic trade between Britain in 1901k, it held a strategic position Northwest Coast art in the late and North America, developed pri in both these schemes. It had long nineteenth century. Since most marily by this second new class in been the port of entry for all set Northwest Coast art came out of the mid-nineteenth century, played tlers, missionaries, adventurers and British Columbia and since Victoria a decisive role in encouraging trans gold seekers heading north and had was the main trade center not only atlantic passenger lines, eastern originally been designated as the for British Columbia, but for the en North America was within only five Pacific terminus for the CPR’s trans tire Pacific Northwest, it is not sur or six days of European ports. 1 continental line. When this honour prising that the city had the largest Tourism in western Canada be had fallen to Vancouvei the CPR population of dealers on the Pacific gan in the early 1870’s and was continued to promote tourism in Coast between the years 1880-1912. closely associated with the railroad Victoria through a maritime connec The curio dealers’ significance is as the Canadian Pacific Railway tion between Vancouver and Victoria two-fold. First, they were essential used tourism and luxurious accom and later through the construction to museum collectors as suppliers of modations to promote immigration of a large, luxurious Chateau-style valuable artifacts. They often provid in the west and to pay for its expen hotel on the Victoria harbor front. ed the necessary contacts for collec sive mountain passes. By the Victoria was also conveniently locat tion in the field as well since many 1880’s, tourism had become a signif ed at the halfway point between dealers had spent time as traders in icant concern on the west coast as San Francisco and Alaska. This stopover the northern, more isolated areas. transportation connections were im made it an important on local Second, the curio dealers catered to proved with the completion of the the inside passage tour and the nineteenth century’s growing CPR’s transcontinental line in 1886 merchants made every effort to take tourist industry often providing the and the implementation of a trans advantage of the burgeoning tourist coincidence that the only avenue for purchase for the cas Pacific ocean liner route from trade. It is no dealer appeared in ual private collector and the souve Vancouver to Hong Kong in 1889.2 first curio early 1880’s, just as nir-seeking tourist. The railway in particular brought Victoria in the the tourist trade was beginning to Tourism in modern terms is es the new class of British transatlan tic travelers to western Canada. emerge as an important economic sentially a Victoria invention. The factor. Industrial Revolution and its accom In the early 1880’s, following The Industrial Revolution, panying boom in urbanization creat American political stabilization in which created a tourist market ed two new sectors of English socie the immediate post-Civil War peri through improvements in transpor ty. The first was an urban od, there was also a resurgence in tation and the expansion of a population that became the principal the Alaskan economy and a tour of wealthy middle class, also contrib market for the passenger railway the inside passage between uted to the field of museum collect and for the popular excursion asso Washington state and Alaska was ing. With a wealthiei more educat ciated with it. The second was a instigated. Originating in an ed and better-traveled middle class new class of fundholders and finan American port, such as San came an interest in the surrounding cial intermediaries, whose wealth Francisco, Portland, Tacoma, world and its varied cultures, both was not committed to land and who Seattle or Port Townsend, this trip past and present. Rooted essential formed the market for trade and made announced stops at the ly in the eighteenth century interest tourism as soon as the supply of Canadian ports of Victoria and Nanaimo. It also made unan in archaeology and the classical ac. Historical News 10 past, the attraction was expanded Victoria. The individuals involved in Museum of Natural History in New in the nineteenth century to include the business were Andrew Alfred York, arranged a shipment of the non-European world. This is due Aaronson, John J. Hart, Jacob Tsimshian and Nisga’a articles to in part to the increased immigration Issac, Henri Stadthagen, and New York from the Nass and of British citizens to other parts of Samuel Kirschberg and his partner Skeena Rivers through Isaac. The the British Empire and their subse Frederick Landsberg. shipment was valued at $90.10 By quent exposure to outside cultures. A.A. Aaronson 1887, he was listed as a dealer in The Northwest Coast, with its rich Andrew Alfred Aaronson was ac furs, robes and Indian curios and in and sophisticated Indian culture tive in Victoria as early as 1882. He 1889, his shop, called the Indian and art, became an area of interest was listed throughout his career as Bazaar, was located at 43 Johnson to ethnological museums and by a pawnbroker and his store was lo Street. He seems to have left the cu late in the century; there was re cated at 75 and 79 Johnson Street. rio business in the early 1890’s portedly more Northwest Coast art Aaronson, like most of the dealers, since from 1890 to 1895 he was list on the eastern American seaboard seems to have had a colourful per ed as either a clothier or the owner than there was on the Pacific Coast. sonality. He was familiarly known of a California auction store. The Industrial Revolution also as ‘uncle’. At a Colonial and Indian John J. Hart improved national and civic econo exhibition in 1886, he dressed in a John J. Hart was in British mies and more money was now buckskin suit with a wide sombrero Columbia at least as early as 1859. available for cultural and scientific and told the British press at the ex He was a merchant in Fort Hope, ‘ endeavours. This, coupled with pri position that he was in charge of before returning to work in Victoria vate philanthropy, moved artistic, B.C. Indian curios, that he was sometime in 1861. Hart, another ethnological and scientific collections known as ‘Wild Dick’, and that he colourful personality, was some into the public domain. Douglas was “...employed to hunt the recal times involved in less than legiti Cole writes of museum collecting in citrant Indian to his forest retreat.’ mate business deals. In Septembei the Pacific Northwest: This report was greeted with a mix 1861, he was arrested for selling The period of most intense col ture of skepticism and amusement shoes and boots stolen from the car lecting on the coast coincided with on behalf of the local press, who re the great growth of museums of all go ship The True Briton.’2 While kinds. In the late nineteenth centu plied: “Fancy Aaronson hunting Hart was found not guilty in ry national, civic, and academic Indians!”8 November of the same yeai since he pride had combined with govern While Aaronson did not dedicate was apparently unaware that the mental aid to science and culture, 13, and more particularly with an enor himself solely to the curio business, goods were stolen in 1864 he mous outpouring of capitalist phi he did make some important sales. was fined $500 for operating a busi lanthropy, to bring about the foun He sold material to James Terry; a ness and having liquor on Indian re dation or expansion of an incredible private collector associated with the serve land in Comox on northern number of institutions devoted to American Museum, George Dawson, Vancouver Island.’4 the exhibiting of scientific and ar a geologist from Montreal with the tistic objects.5 Hart was in the curio business Canadian Geological Survey who, in Victoria in Victoria as early as 1882 when was again the port of 1898, bought a collection from entry for museum collectors. It was he was listed in the directory as a Aaronson that was sent to Ottawa dealer in furs, guns and Indian curi the center for transportation to the under the direction of the Field north and provided the collectors os. By 1887, he was specializing in Museum, and C.T. Currelly, the di curios and his business became with contacts and guides. In turn, rector of the Royal Ontario the intense period of museum known as the Indian Bazaar. In col Museum.9 Aaronson appears to lecting in the 1880’s led to the 1889, he formed a partnership with in have retired in 1905. stallation of Northwest Coast exhib Jacob Isaac and was listed in the its in major metropolitan museums J. Isaac annual directory with J. Isaac and and at important national and in Very little information is pres Company at 43 Johnson Street. He ternational expositions.6 These ently available on Jacob Isaac. He bought Isaac out the following year. recorded the sole proprietor events, along with the foundation of owned Isaac and Company as early He is as a Provincial Museum in Victoria in as 1884 and was listed in the direc of the Indian Bazaar (also known in the 1886, encouraged an awareness of tory as a general dealer in merchan simply as the Bazaar) 1890 Indian art and undoubtedly helped dise at 36 Johnson Street. In 1886, directory Hart probably retired or create the curio market in Victoria. the Indian Commissioner Israel W at least left the curio trade in 1899 Powell, who or 1900. The Curio Dealers in Victoria had earlier helped as semble a collection for the American Hart published a small booklet In the period between 1880 and centennial exhibition in through his company in 1894. A 1912, there were five companies or Philadelphia and who had been ac mixture of Indian mythological sto stores active in the curio business in tive in collecting for the American ries, advertising and questionable

B.C. Historical News 11 history this booklet was aimed pri Stadthagen. Probably relieved to be rial was obviously aimed at the tour marily at the tourist population. He able to return home, they gave him ist market as well. In addition to boasts that the Indian Bazaar had a farewell potlatch dance. The arti carrying reports of royal visits, his the “... largest and finest assort cle also mentions that the Duchess promotional cards emphasized that ment of curios on the Pacific Coast” patronized Stadthagen’s shop. “.. Indians never make two articles and that it was “... the only Indian Stadthagen, whose shop was lo alike, so beware of the fake stuff... I bazaar in Victoria.” He then ‘re cated at 79 (see front cover) and have no stories to lie to you for spectfully’ invites the public, “... es then at 621 Johnson Street, fre which you have to pay extra.” He pecially tourists...” to visit and in quently used newspaper reports of also claimed that his store carried spect his stock. royal visits to his store in his adver over 5,000 objects. In his advertising, he also tising. In addition to the Duchess of According to Cole, Stadthagen strived to equate the Northwest Wales, Prince and Princess left the curio business in 1911 be Coast tribes with past civilizations Colloredo-Mannsfield bought curios cause of the increased difficulty of more familiar to visiting European and baskets from him in December supply.’8 He actually left Victoria for and American tourists. For exam 1904.16 Los Angeles in 1910, although much ple, he claims a resemblance in While Stadthagen occasionally of his left-over stock was stored at speech patterns between Indian and enjoyed royal patronage, he was not his sister-in-law’s house in town. Phonecian languages, assuring the always celebrated by more serious Since the duty was too high to im reader that this was solid evidence collectors for his fair deals. In the port his collection to California, in for contact and exchange of ideas be summer of 1907, James Whitbread 1922 he attempted to sell a large tween the two cultures. The booklet Gleishei Fellow of Trinity College, portion of it to C.E Newcombe and also contains descriptions of arti Cambridge, bought some artifacts the British Columbia Provincial facts at the Indian Bazaai includ for his friend Baron Anatole von Museum.’9 ing one of a forty foot totem pole Hugel and the Baron’s Cambridge Samuel Kirschberg from Skidegate on the Queen University Museum of Archaeology and Frederick Landsberg Charlotte Islands. Again his pitch and Ethnology After corresponding Kirschberg and Landsberg was aimed at equating the Haida with von Hugel, Gleisher bought a with a better known ancient civiliza opened a pawnbrokerage in Victoria four-figure totem pole for the mu in 1887. By 1890, their shop was a tion. He writes: “... it is probable it seum that Stadthagen claimed be will be sent to London, and set up combination loan office/curio bou longed to the frog tribe of Vancouver tique. In the early 1890’s, the busi next to Cleopatra’s needle; so that a Island’s Nootka Indians. This desig specimen of ancient Egyptian and ness expanded and Kirschberg ran nation was meaningless as it appar the Victoria loan office and curio Haidah work can be seen side by ently had been carved from a tele side.” shop while Landsberg took care of graph pole by a resident of the their Vancouver men’s clothing store. Franz Boas is known to have Victoria Songhees Reserve known as Kirschberg dropped out of the busi bought masks and cedar bark rin “Nutka Jack”7 ness in 1894 and was jailed as a from Hart’s Indian Bazaar in 1894’s Stadthagen’s advertising mate- debtor in 189920. Landsberg, a refu and according to Hart’s booklet, the company also sent a number of goods to the World Exhibition in Chicago in 1893. Henri Stadthagen Stadthagen was active in Victoria at least as early as 1901 when he was mentioned in a British Colonist report on a visit by the Duke and Duchess of York. The ar ticle, date October 5, 1901, men tions that a group of Haida Indians, who had come to see the Duke and Duchess, were giving public perfor mances in order to raise money for their return trip to the Queen Charlotte Islands. Their two perfor mances had only netted $22 and they were forced to sell dancing clothes, curios and baskets to Artifacts from the Landsberg Collection. PN 9748

B.C. Historical Ne 12 him as an unscrupulous business man. After all, he was responsible for the sale of these large collections to the American museums. It is also interesting that the anonymous vis itor felt he was capable of estimat ing the worth of Landsberg’s cbllec tion when, earlier in the article, he claimed that he had to check the museum placards in New York to make sure the articles were really from British Columbia. Cole feels that Landsberg ex ploited the local press in order to en courage a local market for his mate rial.26 In some respects, be might Sold By Aaronson. PN 1275 have been successful. The CPR’s Empress Hotel bought a set of to gee Polish Jew who had arrived in two large purchases, including a tem poles through Landsberg for its Victoria in 1884, continued as pro model of Chief Skidegates house lobby27. In 1906, he obtained per prietor of the Victoria Loan Office and two coppers24. mission from the tourist association and curio shop known (also as the Museums and museum collect to open an Indian Exhibition28. Indian until Bazaar) 1911, when, ing became a major theme in From this point on, his business let as Henri Stadthagen had done the Landsberg’s advertising campaigns. terhead bears the title: ‘Landsberg’s year before, left curio he the busi Reports of these major sales were of Free Museum.’ While his free mu ness because of increasing supply ten leaked to the local press. seum was aimed at the tourist mar difficulties.21 Particularly in 1903, newspaper ar ket, it is important that the Tourist These two operated on a larger ticles complained about the loss of Development Agency and the people scale than the other Victoria dealers native Indian relics to the United of Victoria felt officially for the first (for illustrations of material sold by States. In one such report, an anon time that Indian culture was of high Landsberg, see accompanying pho ymous visitor from New York com enough market quality to act as a to). In 1896, Kirschberg shipped a plained that a large portion of promotional device in attracting collection of artifacts from the cen Indian artifacts were being housed tourism. This was the first step in tral coast and Thompson River in American institutions like the local acceptance and encouragement Areas to New York where he hoped Museum of Natural History in New of local indigenous art. to take advantage of higher prices. York and the Smithsonian Institute Condusion Unfortunately, the steamer carrying in Washington. The first Indian art dealers in the collection caught fire and the I have seen the grand collection Pacific Northwest were centered pri shipment suffered some damage. It in the possession of Mu Landsberg marily in Victoria, British Columbia. was offered for sale as salvage of this city, and such assiduity as he Their colourful personalities were in when Franz Boas bought all but ten has shown in the gathering and classifying of these rare specimens step with the frontier atmosphere of pieces for $800.22 is worthy of the warmest praise. I the community at that time. Often Landsberg also seems to have estimate his collection to be worth having worked at the outlying trad not less thwi $20,000, but I am led had the best rapport with the mu ing posts, they had direct connec seum collectors as they to believe that as he is desirous of repeatedly leaving the country, he has offered tions with Indian artists and made major purchases from his the collection at a far lower figure agents along the coast and were in shop. He was reported to have than that, and that it has been de strumental in providing goods to shipped five cases of curios to the clined. It will be a sad day for purchasing agents for the larger British Columbia if that noble col museum at the University of museums and other collecting insti 190023. lection be allowed to join those in Pensylvania in In 1903, New York and Washington, and I tutions. Dorsey and the Field Museum in understand both institutions are In turn, the museums were im Chicago bought $500 worth of goods very eager to purchase.25 portant in promoting an awareness him from and another $200 worth The tone of the interview sug of Northwest Coast Indian art the following year. In 1914 and gests that the report was planted among the general public through 1915, although Landsberg had offi by Landsberg. The praise of his out North America and Europe. The cially left the business, Samuel A. business practices is one-sided. curio dealers sought to take advan Barrett, the first curator at the There is no anger directed towards tage of this awareness as Victoria Milwaukee Public Museum, made B.C. Historical News 13 began to put greater economic em and patronage. phasis on tourism. The dealers also The promotional material pub Marianne attempted to equate local Indian lished by Landsberg in particular, art with civilizations more familiar including his manipulation of the lo & Amelia to tourists such as those of ancient cal press, encouraged the recogni Egypt and Phonecia. Promotional tion of Indian art as part of British Kinbasket material published by the dealers Columbia’s official heritage. themselves often referred to the re Although Landsbergs motives were lationship between their businesses primarily commercial, his newspa by Shelagh Dehart and the museums, implying that a per articles and selling policies tourist could buy an artifact of the helped spark a genuine concern for same quality as one owned by the the loss of Indian relics to foreign, Marianne, wife of Chief Pierre Smithsonian Institute, and to own particularly American, collectors. Kinbasket, was not born yet when an artifact from the Northwest This was reflected in public concerns the Shuswap men first went to Coast was similar to owning, for ex over the British Columbia Provincial “Kinbasket Country” in the ample, an ancient Greek vase. This Museum’s buying policies and prob Columbia Valley. Pierre was a ploy seems to have been economical ably contributed to the increase in young boy when he came to the Big ly viable enough to have gained offi its budgets for Northwest Coast ar Bend country with his father on one cial sanction from Victoria Tourist tifacts. Development Agency. While native of the early trips. There were times Ron Hawkerprepared thispaper while spoke wistfully of Indians were not treated any better he was a student at University of Victoria. when Marianne than they had been before, by 1903 Since obtaining his MA. in History, 1w has her life as a child with her brothers to 1906 it is evident that Euro- moved to Japan where he and his wife are and half sisters, “Oh my beautiful teachers of English at a college in lakes. There they sit without me. I Canadians had recognized the Matsuyama. drawing power and economic value am here because I have to be where 1. A.G. Burkart and S. Medlik, Tourism: Past, Prment my husband is.” The lakes she was of their art. As far as the white man a,al Future, London: Heinemann 1974, pp. 5-22 was concerned, the number of white 2. Edward J. Hart, The Selling olCanada, The CPKand referring to are Adams Lake, theBeginningeofCadianTourNn, Banif: Altitude Shuswap Lake, and Kamloops residents in British Columbia, 1983. 3. Ted C. Hinckley, “The Inside Passage: A Popular permanent homes were Indian Christianization and the Lake. Their Gilded Age Touo” Pacific Nurthwret Quart&t Volume at Adams Lake but they roamed slow pacification of Indian land 56, No.2, April 1963, pp. 69-71. 4. Charleo Lillard, SerenShiflingeAYeerT1wHistory Kamloops, claims eliminated the Indians as a around Sicamous, c(VanurLslancHorsdal and Schubert 1986, p. Enderby and eastward. They threat. Their traditions could now 193. 5. Douglas Cole, Captured Hentage’TheScmmblefur clear of the Vernon and be used to further the economic pros stayed Nurthwast Coast Artifac% Douglas and Mc[ntyre Penticton Indians because they perity of the region. The economic 1985, p.287. 6. Ibid, 90-92. In winter and political atmosphere in the pp. were hostile toward them. 7. British Colonist, August 10, 1886, p.3. they lived in pit houses covered with province and the direct involvement 8. lbi4p.3. 9. Cole,CapturedHeiitage, 84-85, 181-182, 197, 290. with birch bark, of the dealers thus promoted an ap pp. timbers, insulated 10. Cole, Captuserl Heritage, pp. 83. and entered by a ladder placed in preciation of local indigenous art. 11. VictoriaGazette, April 14, 1839. 12. BoitishColonist,September 16,1861, p.3. the smoke hole. Close to their pit Although dealing in Native art 13. 1b4 November 13, 1861, p3. home there would be storage pits - frequently began as a side venture, 14. Jbi December 31, 1864, p.S 15. Cole, captured Heritage, p. 137. clay cellars lined with birchbark the market proved lucrative and 16. Bntish Colonist, December 14,1904, p.S. where dried meat and berries were most dealers soon chose to concen 17. Cole, captured Heritage p. 233-234. 18. Ibid, p. 246. stored. trate their business efforts on sell 19. Henri Stadthagen to CE Newcombe, November 28, ing Native artifacts. The most pros 1922, volumeS, file 136, Newcombe Papers. She was ten years old when she 20. British Colouist, March12, 1899, p.S Catholic priest. perous period was in the last 21. Cole, Captured Heritage, p. 246. was baptized by a decade of the nineteenth century At 22. Ibid. pp. 145- 146. His name was Per Sak (Per usually 23. Britishcolonist,September 16, 1900, p.5 means Father). Her father had two this time, the market was big 24. Cole, Captured Heritage, p. 197, 247 - 248. enough to allow for four shops at 25. British Colonist, August 7, 1903 wives. The priest told him he had to 26. Cole, Captured Heritage,. wife. That was the one time. This competition encour 27. Cole, Captured Heritage. keep only one aged more creative marketing tech 28. Frederick Landsberg to CF. , December 4, 1906, saddest day in her young life; a Volume 4, file 92, Newcombe Papers. niques and led to the publication of great shock to the family, She often advertising materials such as said it was as if Death had come to pamphlets and postcards. The more claim their other mother. Marianne successful dealers, like Stadthagen believed in native superstitions and Landsberg, also leaked news of when she was young, but became a large sales to the local media, hop very religious person when she ing to establish a legitimate reputa joined the Catholic Faith. tion and to encourage local interest When they were married, her

B.C. Historical Ne 14 husband told her he was taking her low and they know that there is not Marianne Kinbasket walked the to a beautiful country. She was going to be enough to satisfy their three miles to church winter and frightened because she was going to appetite, the air gets thick and un summer. When she left home to live Kootenay country and one of her comfortable. The hostess, if she’s with her daughter Amelia, some cousins had been kidnapped from quick enough, suddenly leaps away body went into the empty house’ Adams Lake by some Kootenays. from the group and runs for her life. and took all the framed holy pic They came on horses through the If they catch her they rub her face tures, vases, statues, and rosaries Rogers Pass following a narrow and head with her grass whipper from the chapel. Taken as well were trail. Some parts of the trail were and crown her with her dish. Her treasured old letters from Father steep rocky slopes which were made screams, the noise and laughter, Coccola and Bob Galbraith, post passable with a lashed corduroy of one can imagine! cards and other items. The corre spondence between Pierre and his trees known as “horse ladders”. Her Chief Pierre lost his sight while friends was done by daughter new home was somewhere south of still a robust man due to an injury Rosalee when the old chief lost his Golden. Their first child was born to his eyes. Marianne helped her before they came to settle at blind husband to clear land. He dug sight. Stoddart’s Creek near Athalmere. out boulders, sawed trees and logs. Marianne loved animals. She She had four girls. A baby boy died Marianne directed him with, talked to them and they seemed to and that ended the line of heredi “Higher” “Lower”, ‘A bit to the understand. When she called them tary chiefs. At the time of Father right”, “Left” or “Jump to the by the name they came running, Fouquet and Brother Burns three of right.” Poor man, he got hit on the even squirrels became friends. She her daughters were sent to St. head one time from a falling limb had two pet beavers in a pond by Eugene Mission School. They were and his wife came close to tears to her house; they were tame. One day Amelia, Angelique and Rosalee. see him hurt. a white man came and opened the Most foods were boiled but some They used goose grease for skin dam; away the beavers went, sail had to be roasted. Roots for winter lotion; balsam tree resin for skin ing down the creek to the Columbia use were baked on hot rocks in the troubles; juice of a certain kind ofju River which was only half a mile ground. They used elk meat, moose, niper needles for laxative. The from her home. Marianne was kind deei sheep, goat, beaver (fresh chiefs wife had been a midwife be and very patient. She had time to only), marmot, bear, and porcupine; fore she left her country and contin comfort and wipe away the tears of dog-teeth daisies, tiger lilies, bitter ued her job until the doctors came to young and old, to taste water from root (the bulbs only), wild carrots so the valley. She brought into this each pailful (lard pail) of water that brought in from sweet and crisp eaten raw, wild po world the first white child born in her grandchild the tatoes, onions, saskatoon and so the Windermere country. The son of creek just to please her. If she was many kinds of berries. They used Jack Taynton was born at Sinclair home when a cowboy or hunter bitterroots to thicken saskatoon (now called Radium). They named stopped at her cabin he was sure to stew, and in other dishes too. The him after his Uncle Bill Taynton, get a cup of tea and all the bread old people never used salt or sugar formally known as William Sinclair and butter he could eat. She made on food. During the winter they had because he was born at Sinclair. her own butter and baked her own to soak food overnight to prepare to Marianne pulled out her own teeth bread. Many times she served tea to cook the next day. Dry meat and when she had to. Bob Galbraith, the Indian agent. corn took two days soaking to make Marianne lived at Kinbasket When her husband died she them eatable. For tea they used lived first with her daughter Hudson Bay tea, broth, or many Lake with her cousins when the men went there to hunt caribou. Rosalee. When Rosalee was killed kinds of leaves from trees - some of by a horse, she went to live with an these had to be dried. They had no While there they looked after graves left during previous camps there. other daughter, Amelia. One day use for “dirty meat” meaning pork, she was clearing a part of her land, horsemeat, chickens and eggs, She never went to the prairies with her husband because there was al said she didn’t feel like her old self though they sometimes gathered and took to her bed. She died seven duck or goose eggs. A treat was the ways the danger of running into Blackfoot bands. She had seen re days later in August 1933 at age inner bark of young pine trees in 86. spring time. Fun food was soap ber turning buffalo hunters badly ************* ry whip. The hostess puts soap ber wounded on her first trip to Fort ry juice in a dish and whips it with Steele. Her mind was set that she Amelia Kinbasket was born in a wad of soft grass. When thick her would have nothing to do with fu the Columbia Valley. She went to guests sit all around her and start ture trips to the prairies. school at the age of fifteen to the St. eating it from the dish with forked The Kinbaskets had a little Eugene Mission school, then a sticks. If they have enough to eat of chapel in the log cabin that they frame building close to the St. Mary’s River bridge. There she met it - all is well. But if it begins to look built. Even in her eighties, B.C. Historical News 15 Father Fouquet, Brother Burns and youngei too busy to manage her ture their horses in her lower field. the nuns. The students had to learn home, a native girl was live-in baby She fed many people, men especial the English language (from French sitter and housekeeper. There was ly, who came to her door for food Canadian nuns) and do all the always a handyman living in the and lodgings, She would have her housework. They were given lessons old log house, behind the main husband take them to the barn and on how to cook, bake, preserve meat house, usually these were men hap put them up in the hay loft. Some and fruit, knit sew and crochet. She py to have a place to stay and work came in old cars. One prairie family managed third grade in three years for their board. had a milk cow on a rope tied be but had to leave school at eighteen Around 1928 Palmer sold his hind the wagon. These people were because that was the law of the business in Wilmer when motorized coming from the “dust bowls” of school. farm machinery and cars became Alberta and Saskatchewan on their Amelia worked as a helper or numerous in the Windermere coun way to a better land. baby-sitter for some of the early set try He then went to work for the Things don’t always go smooth tlers in the Windermere Valley. She Government as Grader man with ly with most of us. So it was with was married in 1903 by Father his team of Percherons. Wages were Bill and Amelia. Come election Nicholas Coccola to William Hobbs low. From then on he went down times they were sure to have disa Palmer from Amherst, Nova Scotia. hill. greements about the candidates. He They lived in a teepee for a time till Amelia had seven daughters. was always Liberal and she they were able to buy land at She sent them all to the St. Eugene thought the Conservative Party was Stoddart’s Creek. They cleared the Mission School near Cranbrook. best We have known them go their land with hard work and good old They were to learn the Catholic separate ways to the polls at dynamite. Amelia raised cattle, Faith and not follow their father’s Athalmere on voting day. Once he without her so she hogs, chickens, saddle horses and nonsense. He was a non-believer but drove away Percherons. The horses were sold to had promised the priest that he jumped on her saddle horse, took road camps along with potatoes, would join the church; that he never the short-cut along the C.P.R. vegetables, meat, butter and eggs. did. She hoped or wished that her tracks, and voted before him. She did mending for road gangs daughters would marry native men. Another time he drove away to the she followed him in and tanned deer hides to make Only one daughter did; she married polls alone and Amelia had a trick clothing. (The Shuswaps didn’t do a Kootenay whom she met at St. her old Ford Car. wanted to talk beadwork in the old days. They cop Eugene’s Mission. up her sleeve: if she ied that kind of work from the to her people about something that Kootenays in later years. Her moth Amelia Palmer was a person neither her husband or children er tells of Shuswaps diving into who moved fast in more ways than should hear she conversed in Adams Lake for colored beads, but one. IMPATIENT! She would never Chinook. Despite the bickering, they were used for necklaces only) repeat an order or command to her Amelia missed her husband after children. “Why waste my breath?” death. She seemed to lose inter Amelia and her husband his The leather strap was always on est in everything. She sold most of trapped fur bearing animals in the the wall ready for use if needed. her cattle and horses and sold her first years of their marriage. Amelia was never happy One thing property - 309 acres to a son-in-law William was soon able to purchase with was the root cellar that her for $1.00, then sat around saying enough tools and land at Wilmer, husband had built. “An Indian cel “Any socks need mending?” and “I B.C. where he set up a blacksmith lar is best!” She dug this herself. am good for nothing!”. This hard shop where he was kept busy for When finished it was a hole in the working, vigorous woman died in years. Amelia kept the trapline go ground eleven or twelve feet deep, Windermere and District Hospital ing besides her other business. about 35 or 40 feet in circumference in June 1957 at the age of seventy- Although she had only a grade at the bottom but a narrow opening five. three education she was good at ad at the top. She used a pick and dition and subtraction. We suppose shovel, put the gravel in a bucket, this stems from every day dealings sent it up on a cable on a pulley Author Shelagh Dehart recalls that her seemed cold and too busy to spend that had been going on for years. hung from a tripod over the hole. mother When a fur buyer handed her mon time with her children. Young Shetagh loved Her saddle horse attached to the her grandparents and was loved in return. ey for some muscrat pelts, she cable pulled it up when she yelled Grandmother Marianne dedgwted Shelagh scoffed and said, “Pshaw! Can’t you “Git ap”. She then climbed out of as the Kinbasket family historian, a role she add?” the hole by her ladder and emptied has ftdfilled for most ofher 70+ wars..

Amelia and her husband were the bucket. It took her a year to fin ** ** * ****** * *** ** two busy people. She spent much ish the cellar. time with her own affairs and he In the ‘30’s she occasionally had had his own jobs. When she was families camp at her place and pas

B.C. Historical Ne 16 Colonel Moody to put down a sup posed rebellion. Twenty-five sappers under Captain Grant as well as a Affair ofthe Magistrates party of bluejackets and marines made their way up to Yale. They were accompanied by Chief Justice by Helen M. Coyle Begbie to dispense justice; they also took with them a field-piece - not knowing what to expect. When the whole company reached Yale, all the pertinent facts of “:Ned McGowan’s War” were re vealed. The result of this “comic op era” was that Ned McGowan en In the hurly-burly world of the of Farrell. rant for the arrest tered into an elaborate and Fraser Valley Gold Rush it became Before the constable had been successful defence of his conduct in apparent to James Douglas that able to reach Yale, Farrell had been the whole affair. After showing the some instrument of law and order arrested and locked up for contempt Chief Justice and the officers how to was necessary He asked for and re by a constable on the advice of the pan for “pay dirt”, McGowan hosted ceived help from the House of Yale Magistrate Whannel. When the them to a champagne lunch in his Commons in London. Thus it was constable from Hill’s Bar reached hut. But both Magistrates lost their that the Royal Engineers arrived in Yale with the warrant he was also commissions. Victoria in October, November and arrested and locked up for contempt The Royal Engineers returned December 1858. Two sections of the of court for daring to enter Yale for to Langley with never a shot fired, engineers and Governor Douglas such a purpose. The Yale and “:Ned McGowan’s War” became proceeded to Langley; where on the Magistrate thought this was a re only an amusing anecdote. fifteenth of November 1858, the offi flection on his impartiality. This ac cial birth of the Province of British tion enraged the Magistrate at Hill’s Note: Mrs. Coyle researched this Columbia occurred. Bar. To further complicate matters, while she lived in Chilliwack. She The first military service of the Ned McGowan of Hill’s Bar pre now resides in Princeton where she Royal Engineers was the following sumed to advise Magistrate Perrier. has served as Curator of the matter. Ned McGowan had been a judge in Princeton Museum since 1979. At Yale was a resident California. The Magistrate took Mr. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1808 - 1863. Magistrate Whannell. Two miles McGowan’s advice. The Hill’s Bar Royal Engineers in British Columbia further down the river at Hill’s Bar Magistrate issued an arrest for the His Honour Frederick Howby Victoria, B.C. 1910 was another resident Magistrate, Yale Magistrate, Whannell, and his Richard Wolfenden, Perrier. Between these two constable for contempt in arresting Magistrates there was bitter jeal the Hill’s Bar constable. ousy. On a “posse conitatus” from the On Christmas Day, Farrell, a Bar McGowan and his friends en miner at Hill’s Bai went up to Yale tered the town of Yale, arrested the to celebrate. He imbibed much too Yale Magistrate and his constable, freely. As he strolled down the street opened the jail, released the Hill’s he saw a Negro, Dickson by name, Bar constable and took possession of standing by the door of his own bar the original offender. ber shop. Farrell, heavily loaded When the whole matter came be with Christmas spirit and an ag fore the Hill’s Bar Magistrate heavy gressive nature committed a serious fines were assessed. Whannell, the and unprovoked attack on Dickson. Magistrate from Yale, was fined for The news travelled quickly to contempt of court. Hill’s Bar. Here Magistrate Perrier This type of action was not ac decided that Farrell resided at Hill’s ceptable to Whannell, He send word Bar and should have imbibed at to Governor Douglas at Victoria that home and decided to investigate the Ned McGowan, whom he depicted as incident; despite the fact that it had a renegade of renegades, was not to not occurred in his jurisdiction. He overthrow British power in the colo sent a constable to Yale with a war- ny. The Governor called upon B.C. Historical Ne 17 immediate neighbour to northward work he had come across a copy of Primo also had a forerunner. The unearth an Act of Britain’s Parliament which ing of this bit of geographical trivia stated that a sum of £150,000 was Galiano began last winter upon receipt of a to be allocated as a temporary ad letter from a relative in England. vance to the Government of British The missive was to point my wife Columbia, Canada. The intent of by Ralph Brine and I onto a sleuthing foray which the loan was to enable the at first seemed like a wild goose- Government of British Columbia to chase but ultimately turned out to set aside specified properties and I wonder how many Galianoites be a journey of discovery make them available to impover realize that our ‘sceptered isle’ was The instigator of our investiga ished Scottish crofters. It was hoped not the first in B.C. waters to be tion was Peter Bowshei a member that these fresh and hungry immi named after Commander Dionisis of London’s legal profession and, grants could be employed in a new Alcala Galiano of the Spanish Navy like myself, somewhat of a history ly financed deep-sea fisheries indus And further that Valdes Island our buff. While engaged in research try proposed for B.C.’s west coast. In June of 1892 the British

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B.C. Historical News 18 Parliament passed an Act and the None of them had heard of ing. Yours’, etc. B.C. Legislature passed two Acts hordes of Mighty Macs invading the Well if Mr. Norton was right it laying out the conditions relative to Gulf Islands. The rhetorical ques certainly explains why Gulf their purpose. Peter sent along cop tion I got back was, “I thought croft Islanders hadn’t been struck with a ies of the three Bills in question, ers were farmers, not fishermen?” Celtic cultural shock. If such a thing mentioning that “Galiano’ could be The only fishing industry around had occurred we might have become found on Schedule A of B.C’s second this area with racial connotations another Cape Breton with tartans Act. were the Japanese with their salter drying on the clotheslines and at In his letter Peter expressed the ies. Peter was right in saying that tendance at Gaelic night school desire to contact descendants of the there seemed to be a good smatter classes ‘de rigueur’. ing of Mcs and Macs aboard Galiano settlers who had come out under documents Peter but by and large their immigration I re-read the this scheme. He was looking for let the refer papers are stamped ‘Kerrisdale’, had sent. Coming across ters, family reminiscences and pho ence to “Galiano’ again it stated un tographs that might relate to the ‘Shaughnessy’ or some other minor fiefdom on the lower mainland of der the heading Goletas Channel to relatively recent migration. If we unallotted Vancouver. Quatsino Sound: “The could provide some local contacts he portions of townships 30 and 39 would endeavour to trace the family The final phone call I made was and west half of 28, townships 41, connections from his end. He con to Alistair Ross, an active member 42, 35, 34 and 22 with the Cox, cluded with: “Is this of any interest of the north-end Galiano Lanz, Galiano, Balaclava, Hirst and to you or has it all been researched Community. As his name implies, Gordon Group of Islands.” before? I see from the telephone di Alistair has Highland blood in his rectory that there are many Mcs veins. Although the founder of Suddenly the light came on. I wasn’t sure about Goletas channel and Macs on Galiano ----.“ Scottish Country Dancing on Galiano and with a keen interest in but I did know that Quatsino Sound To say that my interest was was on the north west coast of aroused would be putting it mildly. local history like the others, he had no knowledge of any massive trans Vancouver Island, far removed from Marney and I, as members of the our Galiano between Porlier and Gulf Islands Chapter of the B.C. fer of Scots from their crofts to the rocky shores of Galiano. However Active passes. A quick look at chart Historical Federation, had attended #3001 for Vancouver Island con several lectures sponsored by the so since he was contributing news from the North End to the Galiano chap firmed that the area in question ciety and had talked to fellow mem was indeed the northern tip of bers whose Gulf Island ancestry ter of the Driftwood, the weekly newspaper published in Ganges on Vancouver Island and some of the went back as far as the mid 19th islands such as Cox, Lanz and century However we couldn’t recall Saltspring Island, he said he would bring the matter to public attention Balaclava are shown. However in anyone making reference to a gov spite of the scale of about three ernment sponsored, land settlement by inserting a ‘search’ article in his column. miles to the inch, I could find no immigration policy of that era. I sign of a Galiano. Either the chart opened our ‘A Gulf Island With that our investigation was of too small a scale and Patchwork’ put out by the B.C. ceased until the spring of ‘88. Galiano a mere unlabeled dot or Historical Federation as well as Waiting for us on our return was a some clerk of the Legislature had Marie Elliott’s ‘Mayne Island and handwritten letter from a Mr. W. made a mistake, or there had been the Outer Gulf Islands, A History’, Norton of Vancouver who had this to a name change. to no avail. I contacted Marie Elliott say: “I have been given a clipping by telephone thinking that perhaps from the Driftwood of Jan. 27 in We now had two reasons to visit she had unearthed some relevant which your friend in England ap the B.C. Archives - to search in the material since her publication. She peals for information regarding the library for Jill Wade’s article and confessed that what I was reporting crofters who emigrated under the the Map Room to track down the was all news to her. She suggested British Scheme as the B.C. Gov’t anomaly of another Galiano. In the a trip to the B.C. Archives in failed to accept the British loan. library we soon located Jill Wade’s Victoria might be helpful. report in the Spring of 82 edition of The only crofters who came to B.C. Studies #53 and had a copy I phoned several old time fami Canada with Gov’t assistance set made of it. But upstairs in the map lies from Galiano and Mayne such tled in the prairies in 1888 and room we found the solution to that as the Stewards, the Robsons, Mary 1889. An article on the proposed ‘other’ Galiano. An Arrowsmith map Harding and Wibur Deacon; I drew B.C scheme appeared in B.C. of the 1850’s showed, off the north a blank. They all knew of long Studies about 5 years ago. The au eastern tip of Vancouver Island, just standing residents with Scottish thor was Jill Wade. Sorry to be the below the 51st parallel of latitude backgrounds but the arrival times bearer of bad news but I thought and about 300 miles to northward didn’t jibe with the 1890’s period. your friend might appreciate know of our residence, two adjacent is B.C. Historical News 19 lands called Valdes and Galiano. Peter, knowing as he did that we reer as teachei journalist and civil What a shock! Aware that ‘our lived on a ‘Galiano Island’. Since servant during his forty years in Galiano had been named after the that was the only name familiar to Canada”) had been reading ac first European known to have seen him he would naturally assume it counts of the social problems of his our verdant shores it was a bit of a was part of the Gulf Island group in homeland in the local newspapers. come-down to find out that we were the Strait of Georgia, approached by A descendant of Caithness crofters, not, as it were, “originals’, after all. ferries from the mainland and partly out of sympathy for his rela It was Galiano himself who had Vancouver Island. And furthei hav tions who were under duress and named the first one. The B.C. Pilot ing just read that financial arrange perhaps for more worldly designs, of 1898 had this to say of Galiano: ments for transplanting Scots to he put together a proposal for croft

“The largest of the islands on the Galiano - a bit of ‘scotch on the er colonization and presented it to north side of Goletas channel, is rocks’, had been passed by both in B.C.’s Lieutenant Governor. In the nearly 8 miles long and 3 1/2 broad. stitutions, the one in Great Britain fullness of time the cabinet, then the Mt. Lemon, a remarkable peak of and the other in B.C., he would Legislature agreed to the proposi conical shape 1,200 feet high, arises again naturally assume that such tion and appointed Begg the emi near its south-west part and Magin legislation would amount to a fait d’ gration commissioner without pay. saddle consisting of two peaks. 700 accompli. How was he to know that Begg journeyed to the Old Country and 800 feet high, is situated at our mutual ‘ships-of-state’ had wob and endeavoured to enlist the sup less than one mile from the western bled a bit as democratic ships are port of Scottish philanthropists. extreme of the island, --- The south wont to do. Continuing with a naval Finding none he then approached side of Galiano is high, steep-to, analogy one might say that their Lord Lothian, Cabinet Secretary for and cliffy; political edicts when labeled as Scotland. He rather liked the idea If our Galiano looks like an up boats of the Fleet have a tendency and promptly steered the measure side-down Scottish ‘crummoch’ the to run aground on many unseen through the proper channels, upstart Galiano is shaped like an shoals. At the last moment they Presto, Alexander Begg had a deal. equilateral triangle. A check with a may suddenly veer off on some new The British Government agreed to modern map indicated that the. two tack or perhaps founder and sink al advance a loan of £150,000 to the islands in question are now Hope together into oblivion. The latter B.C. Government for transferring up instead of Valdes and Nigei in place happenstance was the subject of Jill to twelve hundred and fifty crofter of Galiano. The channel that separ Wade’s paper, ‘The “Gigantic families to the west coast of ates them from Vancouver Island is Scheme”; Crofter immigration and Vancouver Island. still called Goletas, a name sup Deep-Sea Fisheries Development for Both governments hemmed and plied by Galiano which was Spanish British Columbia (1887-1893)’. hawed for awhile with not a great for ‘schooner’. The Sutil and Jill Wade’s story is an interest deal happening. Then Begg hustled Mexicana under his command were ing and well documented one of sev around the financial district of both schooner-rigged. Other maps enteen pages. The gist of it is that London and succeeded in gaining indicated that Valdes had been the British Government was inter the interest of a Major William changed to Hope by 1866 but that ested in making a token assistance Clark and a Colonel WJ. Engeldue. the Galiano switch didn’t take place to impoverished hill farmers of The two entrepreneurs laid the nu until 1900, as indicated by Captain Scotland, who, for various reasons cleus for The Vancouver Island John Walbran’s ‘B.C. Coast Names’. were causing disturbances in 1883 Development Syndicate. Its role In it he gives “Nigei’ as a footnote that came to be called the ‘Crofters was that of a commercial enterprise to Galiano Island. Following that War’. As it was, and is, the way of to sponsor both a fishing industry heading one learns that: “The name governments, a commission was ap off the west coast of B .C. for the of this island previous to 1900 was pointed to study the matter and crofters to be employed in as well as Galiano, given by the Spanish ex draw up a report. One of the recom a land development company to plorers Galiano and Valdes in 1792. mendations from the committee was parcel out bits and pieces to the ar It was changed to Nigei by the for a state assisted emigration plan riving immigrants. With all the nec Geographic Board of Canada to for displaced crofters and cottars, essary measures in place, in 1892 avoid duplication of names, there particularly those from the northern both governments received royal as- being another Galiano island Hebrides and adjacent coasts of sent for the appropriate Acts. named by Capt. Richards in 1859 to Ross and Sutherland, the centre of In order to bring in an outside the southward of the Strait of the disturbances. organization to run the rather large Georgia. Meanwhile on this side of the undertaking, the Provincial Everything seemed clear to us Atlantic an enterprising immigrant Government had to draw up quite at last. In going over the material of by the name of Alexander Begg an attractive agreement for the de his legal research the name (who Jill Wade reported as “having velopers. They were to be granted “Galiano” must have leapt out at pursued a varied and eventful ca up to half a million acres of public B.C. Historical News 20 lands along portions of the coasts of By the winter of 1892 Begg’s and that are of interest in the present Vancouver Island and the Queen Robson’s “Gigantic Scheme” was connection: Charlotte Islands and the main dead, never to be revived. The coves ‘During a visit to his native land land. The syndicate tried for a mil and hillsides of the West Coast in 1872, Alexander Begg was ap lion and a third acres but they set wouldn’t become havens for the wild pointed Emigration Commissioner tled for the lesser amount. They men of the Highlands after all. The in Scotland for the Province of were also given a ten year moratori skin of the pipes and the gutturals Ontario, with headquarters in um on taxes. All in all the venture of the Gaelic would not be compet Glasgow. By virtue of his lectures seemed like a neat package that ing with the tom-toms and soft sibil throughout Scotland, he succeeded should enable the developers to at ants of the natives. The eagles and in persuading thousands of Crofters tract some risk capital. ravens could rest undisturbed for a to settle in Canada, where the John Robson, Premier of B.C. at few more years. Government allowed them to pur

that time and an ardent supporter There is a postscript to add to chase farms on easy terms. - --- of the project, initiated the phrase this Gulf Island ‘mystery-name- ‘[In 1888] he was appointed the “Gigantic Scheme”. He was in contest’ that entails yet another mix Emigration Commissioner for the vited to London to help in the final up of nomenclature. In the process British Columbia Government to in agreement between the three con of putting together this tale I had vestigate the possibilities of settling cerned parties. penned a letter to W. Kaye Lamb, Scottish Crofters on Vancouver Then on the 30th of June the the former Dominion Archivist of Island, a scheme which was eventu figurative ship that was to rescue Canada who had recently under ally abandoned as impracticable. By the crofters ran into foul weather. gone some rather trying surgery I virtue of his government appoint John Robson, the main push behind gave him a brief synopsis of this ar ment he appended the initials C.C. the scheme, died that day. The ship ticle. Dr. Lamb, who, in the words of (Crofter Commissioner) to his name, now pilotless ran helplessly before writer Peter Newman, is the fore in order to distinguish himself from any contrary winds that blew. The most living authority on early North his namesake.’ first ill wind West Canadianna, penned a reply was political. The de “On the title-page of ‘History of bate in Parliament which said, in part: had turned into B.C.’ his name as author is given as a typically democratic game with “I can add a detail or two to the “Alexander Begg, C.C.” leaders of the two parties having to Crofter story. Years ago there were choose sides. Salisbury who was in two men by the name of Alexander So there you have it - a triple- power was supportive of the plan so Begg who were confused very fre header comedy of errors with mis naturally Gladstone, the leader of quently. Both were historians. To taken identities of islands, the opposition party opposed it. In add to the problem of keeping them Government edicts and historians, that summer’s election Gladstone apart, both published histories in all in one telling. carried the day. The new govern the same year, 1894. One published Perhaps one good thing has ment immediately reneged on the a History of British Columbia and come out of all this historical minu loan. the other wrote a three-volume tiae. If our relative from England Following this reversal of the History of the North West. By the had known that the scheme was ‘a political winds the Syndicate had time I arrived at the Archives in loan that never was’ or if he had trouble raising the necessary capital Victoria (prior to his appointments been aware that the Galiano of to put things in motion, Finally, at as Librarian for U.B.C. and subse Goletas channel was not the home, without the strong support quently to Ottawa as Dominion Galiano of Trincomali channel, why from Robson, the numbers of nays Archivist) 50 or so years ago, confu we would not have found out that gained an ascendancy over the sion between the two had become so this ‘sceptred isle’ that we live on is yeas. Many members of the much of a nuisance that I asked merely Secundo Galiano rather that Legislature feared the political risks Madge Wolfenden (now Madge Primo Galiano and this story may involved in backing a commercial Hamilton) to try and sort them out. never have been written. project with taxpayers money. This she did in a very useful article Would that they could show such re in the B.C. Historical Quarterly for straint today. Others objected to the April 1937. grand The author is a hobby farmer ‘give-away’ of land and the “All this is relevant because one living on Porlier Pass Road on tax exemptions, as had been done of the Beggs was involved in the Galiano. within living memory by both the Crofter scheme. This was the Begg Imperial and the National who wrote the ‘History of B.C.’ He Governments when they had doled was born in Scotland in 1825 and out millions of acres of land to the came to Canada (Ontario) in 1846. I HBC and to the CPR. quote the two bits of Madge’s article

B.C. Historical Ne 21

22

News Historical B.C.

he a seventeen had reputation; a with

church the early days the In

a famous named Indian after chief

horseback. by Lake and Nicola area were mile River

a 600 travel to over he as had him,

in bar! oak holes the bullet

to revelation quite a was parish

or course, golf study the nine hole

B.C. in His minister Presbyterian

life, play the ranch of simplicity

the be Scotland only to from

to relax the into chance a offers fall,

was sent George Murray

Reverend

summer and spring, open hostel,

resplendent. A quite was it Howse,

grand piano. The square a even

A.E. pioneer

by constructed

dow

stands, and wash bed, there iron

in

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win glass stained and a England

are still furnishings original the of

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where

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lished

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in much church

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Guy Rose grandson, reo Guichon

a is Church old The Murray

Andrews St. effort,

munit 3

a when the 1950’s until er

closed

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corn of deal great a Built with

it lat Unfortunately was valley. the

comfy

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received

church’

and in graveyard. homes ranches ulace from

and

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recently the

its and church by little a steepled pop the celebration drawing great a ed

ing.

Later

was

repaired the fence

highlight are #5, a opened was Highway on with landmark The ings

place

and wir they installed electric

build matured of well cluster A

came. railroad never the had a in cement put foundation

railroad visitors. men and more and but for cattlemen more are

in the 1965 Club Merritt Kiwanis -

territory there a refuge thirsty for as it the of established much opened was it and redecorated, reshingled

has Highway Joseph Guichon. Coquihalla by 1908

He built new in the

helped been along 1926 the way in -

as and Quilchena alike, Hotel, old tourists related and the to ry buffs had years tended. it Through the

histo for attraction and of part is this past, interesting great a is It held at Church well was and very

has an Valley also The Nicola

anniversary the of Murray service side.

In

1976, a September, 100th out and and weddings. ceremonies inside both for structure cient

an the colorful a is worn chapel Church it United of had history years found it call to Nicholas. him easier

ten and hundred Now an Anglicans. the by hands. One loving time grizzly early The bear. traders fur

by restored been has for and Methodists, short a the and Valley Nicola Hwistesmetxquen, was walking or

the Church in the Presbyterians by Murray both used old The was name wives. unpronounceable His

Photo enBellinger Bern by by Photo Grace Bette

Church Murray repainted Hotel Quilchena

1

Church Murray Old The News From Branches

Bicentenaiy of the Chinese at Nootka able mountain to name in order to have reached the stage in our histo permanently commemorate these ry where we are celebrating centen Following a year of intensive Chinese pioneers. nials, two of which are recorded in historical, geographical and nomen It was disappointing that the our 11th Report 100 years of postal clatural research, a suitable moun Vancouver news did not consider the service in the Boundary and the be thin was chosen to name in honour event of public interest. However ginnings of Carson in 1888. of the Chinese settlers who largely Vancouver Island and the Chinese Members of the Executive are made up Captain John Meares’ ex language newspapers carried full President Rose Gobeil, 1st V Pres., pedition to Nootka in 1788. reports internationally. Stan Bubar, 2nd V. Pres. L. Over a period of six months en Canada Post, having issued Sandner 3rd V Pres. B. Bowron, quiries had been made in the area Captain Cook and Captain Secretary A. Glanville, Treasurer A. to verify that there was no known Vancouver stamps in the last ten Clapper, Membership and name for the selected mountain. years, would not consider producing Publications J. Glanville. Nevertheless, a few days before the further commemorative for west The Boundary Historical Society ceremony the native Indians pro coast history plans to host the B.C. Historical tested that they really did have a Federation in May 1990 at Grand name, but having no written lan Forks. guage, it was never recorded. To Jacque Mar avoid aggravating the ongoing con Alice Glanville Chairman, Bicentenary Project frontation at nearby Strathcona Secretary Park, the naming was deferred. Instead, the government pro claimed the following week of May 15 to 21st, “The Chinese Heritage Historical Week” in British Columbia, The cer Boundary Society The Chemainus Valley emony took place on the Historical Society Bicentenary Day of May 13th, 1988, at the Parliament Buildings To all members living outside in Victoria. the Boundary District. The Chemainus Valley Historical Society was started in Among the dignitaries officiat The annual picnic was held on ing at the ceremony were Elwood 1963 by Harry Olsen, the author of June 19 at the newly renovated Water Over the Wheel, and R.R. Veitch, the Provincial Secretary; Bill Fruitova School. The directors of the Reid, Minister of Tourism, (Dick) Pattison who was the owner Doukhobor Society of British of Pattison Pharmacy. There were Recreation and Culture; and Bruce Columbia were very gracious hosts. Strachan, Minister of Environment 24 charter members of the Society John Malloff a former student of and three of them were present at and Parks. The B.C. Historical Fruitova, gave a splendid descrip Federation was represented by 1st the June meeting, namely, Audrey tion of life in the Doukhobor villag Gin and Jack Howe of Chemainus Vice President, Mrs. Myrtle es. We have a video of his excellent Haslam, and Nanaimo was official and Bill Stein of Nanaimo. One of presentation, thanks to Michael the best known of the charter mem ly represented by Mayor Frank Ney Linley. The tour of the flour mill bers was HR. MacMillan. At the and Mr. Dave Stupich, MLA, togeth was very interesting also. er with a large contingent from its bottom of the original list of the historical and museum societies. The Executive spent considera charter members, Harry Olsen Historical and Chinese cultural ble time on the Legion’s proposal to wrote “Mrs. Mollie Robinson was at groups from Vancouver Island and move the Phoenix Cenotaph to this time declared the first the lower Mainland were also at the Greenwood. We opposed the remov Honorary President in recognition of ceremony and a special guest was al of this historic monument. We are past efforts to preserve and record Brian Watkins, the British Consul- excited to announce that the local history.” General. Boundary Historical Report #11 is Over fifty people crowded into completed. The Publications Mr. Strachan said that the gov the lounge at the Harbor View Committee hopes that you will en Apartments in Chemainus on June ernment is actively seeking a suit- joy the stories of our pioneers. We B.C. Historical News 23 27th to celebrate the 25th Burnaby Historical Society the Spirit Trail (which runs between Fairmont and Canal Flats on the Anniversary of the Chemainus The executive and members of Valley Historical Society. east side of Columbia Lake.): Vince A short Burnaby Historical have been very meeting was Downey arranged our visit to business held presided busy in the last two years. They over by President, Moyie: Skip Fennessy took us to the Grace Dickie, have been represented at B.C. H.F. Isadore Canyon and the site of who welcomed members and visitors gatherings, Heritage Society of B.C. from Victoria to Nanaimo. Everyone Rampart Station.: Albert Oliver meetings, Burnaby Municipal individually gave us an excellent outing up was asked to rise and Council, Burnaby Arts Council, and themselves. Perry Creek: and Vice President introduce with plans for twinning Burnaby Verdun Casselman led fifty visitors Mayor Rex Hollett and Mrs. with Kushiro, Japan and up Wild Horse Creek to the carefully Hollett were present and, when Loughborough, England. This marked area where a goldrush called upon, Mr. Hollett brought Society will host the 1992 started in 1864. greetings from North Cowichan Convention of the B.C. Historical Municipality and talked about the Federation, and they have invited Guest of honor at the fall meet beginning of the Historical Society the Historical Society of Alberta to ing was Frank Merriam of Creston when Harry Olsen and Dick make this a joint meeting (reflecting who had received an Award of Merit Pattison were prominent figures in the success of the joint meeting held from the B.C. Museums Association the community. in Banfl May 1988.) a few days earlier. Frank has con tributed to saving and recording his Every year the Society gives a BHS President Evelyn Salisbury tory in the East Kootenays in many three hundred dollar Bursary to a represented the Society in the activities. student graduating from the Mayor’s official party during a visit Chenainus Secondary School and to Loughborough, England, in July Honored at the Spring 1988 this year the award was won by 1987. The Burnaby Teachers Choir meeting and luncheon were Bill and Jennifer Smith of Crofton, daughter and private citizens were enter Marjean Selby. These hard working of Mr. and Mrs. Wes Smith. Jennifer tained by the Mayor and Mayoress longtime members of our organiza and her mother were guests at the of Loughborough, and the local tion earned their meal by telling of meeting and a cheque was present Technical College. A plaque was un a recent visit to Kenya. ed to Jennifer by the Vice President veiled above the tombstone of Robert Summer 1988 saw equal public Gwen Hunter. Burnaby. A member of BHS, in ity but poorer weather for scheduled A “Show and Tell” evening had 1959, discovered and saved the outings. Those that attended the originally been planned for June but tombstone from demolition as grave May outing to Grasmere had the was postponed until the September markers were being carted to the pleasure of the company of several meeting. However great interest dump when the overgrown church members of the Tobacco Valley was shown in a picture of the 50th yard was to be converted to lawn. Historical group from Eureka and Anniversary of the Victoria Lumber President Evelyn Salisbury Rexford, Montana. The St. Eugene Company taken in 1939, also a pic chose Heritage Week 1988 to make Mission Church and old Mission ture donated by Joe Sandland a sixth appeal to Burnaby Council school were displayed by members showing 14 well remembered requesting the establishment of a of the St. Mary’s Band. Bill Quaile Chemainus veterans of World War Burnaby Heritage Advisory and John Kinnear hosted a visit to One. Committee. Request granted. Fernie and Hosmer. Following the meeting everyone There have been many success Authors of this year’s local his was invited to sample the large ful meetings with outings and/or tory books were guests at the Fall Anniversary cake as well as attrac guest speakers. The LOVE HOUSE 1988 meeting. Verdun Casselman tively arranged cheese trays plus has been moved to Heritage Village, published Ties to Water, the history coffee and fruit punch. saved from imminent demolition by of Bull River: Derryl White wrote Among those attending were the intervention of BHS. Fort Steele Here History Lives and represented a Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Beddows of Ellen Dixson Evelyn Salisbury prepared Moyie Victoria. Mrs. Beddows was former Committee that ly Geri Pattison, daughter of Dick East Kootenay Historical Reflections. Pattison. Also present was Mrs. Aociation Last but not least, a few volun May Wood of Duncan, daughter of Summer outings in 1987 came teers from East Kootenay Historical the late Mollie Robinson who was a in perfect weather following consid Association have undertaken the well known journalist in the area. erable advance publicity. duties of labelling, bundling and Mrs. Harry Olsen was unable to at Attendance by members and inter mailing the B.C. Historical News tend so Geri Beddows and May ested citizens gave tour guides a now originating in Cranbrook. Wood were asked to cut the anniver pleasant challenge. Bill Selby led Edward Engel sary cake. the tour in May on the south end of B.C. Historical News 24 HistoryAwareness Month in Prince George

The Local History Committee of the Prince George Public Library held a series of programs in February 1988 to salute the health care in the community. The public enjoyed speakers and slides on: Five decades of medical history Remininscences about nursing in Prince George in years past A panel of Dentists discussing the dentists and dentistry in earlier times. A review of hospitals, emergen cies, epidemics, native and white ca tastrophes. These programs were well at tended. The local newspaper partici (left to right) Len Nicholls, Mildred Couture, pated by publishing several articles, Peggy Nicholls and Mayor Frank Ney. and putting out a weekend supple ment largely devoted to the early Meeting held June 20th, 1953 in Many members and visitors en years of medical service to Prince the Parish Hall of St. Paul’s tertained the meeting with anec George. Anglican Church was read. The first dotes and stories of the past in President was Mr. J. C. McGregor. Nanaimo. Two of the founding members were The concluding event was the RESEAR present, Mrs. Lillian Dixon and Mr. cutting of a birthday cake by Bill Information on history of skling T.D. Sale. McGregor son of the first president sought. Displayed on the walls were re of the Society, and Mrs. Edna Ince. Jorgen Dahlie is presently sumés of Mr. J.C. McGregor, and Daphne Patterson working on a social history the officers of 1953. Also short histo of skiing September 9th, 1988 in the Pacific Northwest with the ries of various families who came on major emphasis on the period from the “Princess Royal” in 1854. Nanaimo, B.C. 1915 to 1945. There is a special fo (Researched and prepared by Peggy cus on the link between Nicholls.) Research Guide for Okanagan Scandinavian immigrants and the Life membership scrolls were History development of nordic skiing. He presented to J. Len Nicholls, Past would welcome information on ski President, Peggy Nicholls and to The Central Okanagan Records Survey is Part 1 of the Okanagan clubs, club projects, tournaments Mildred Couture. Nanaimo Similkameen - Shuewap Records Survey. and the like, Write to him at: 1141 Historical Society’s President, Mrs. This 123 page volume was published Lawson Anvenue, West Vancouver. Daphne Paterson presented Mayor Okanagan College Press in 1988. The Frank Ney with an honorary mem work was sponsored by the Social bership certificate in recognition of Science and Humanities Research Nanaimo Historical Society Council of Canada under a Canadian his concern and interest in Studies Research Tolls grant. Historians Celebrates Its 35th Birthday Nanaimo’s history wishing to consult this volume may find A framed photograph was given it in many libraries, or order a copy for Long-serving members were $10.00 from: History Department, honored in Septembei 1988 as the to Dr. Jacque Mar in Recognition of Okanagan College, 1000 KLO Road, Nanaimo Historical Society celebrat his work in commemorating the bi Kelowna, B.C. V1Y 4X8. ed its 35th anniversary centennial of the arrival of the first Research for this project was lead by Special invitations went out to Chinese on the West Coast of Dr. Duane Thomson, with the help of Vancouver Island. The active partic Dr. Maurice Williams, historian, and members from the 50’s, 60’s and Kathleen Barlee, archivist. The publica 70’s and to friends and relatives. ipation in the work of the Society by Pamela Mai a Past President was tion lists the location of thousands of Minutes of first Historical documents ranging in scope from recognized by the presentation of a Hospital Auxiliaries to Fruit Processing hand-crafted inkstand with pen and Plants and private collections to Tribal quill. Council Records.

B.C. Historical Ne 25 Bookshelf

“Books for review and book reviews should be sent directly to the book review editor, Anne Yandle, 3450 West 20th Ave., Vancouver, B. C. V6S 1E4.”

Journal of a Voyage with Bering, eral universities had included theolo cured it by the use of scurvy grass, 1741-1742. gy, philosophy, medicine, botany gathered on the Shumagin Islands, George Wilhelm Steller edited by and other natural sciences. But he which Frost thinks was “probably OW. Frost. Stanford University was a loner and arrogant in man the first time in the history of nauti Press, 1988. viii, 252 P. illus., ner and he was soon at loggerheads cal medicine that a ship’s physician maps, bibliography. $28.50 with naval personnel, who chose to successfully treated scurvy.”) The ignore his expertise. In Golder’s best source of meat proved to be the 1991 will mark the 250th anni words, “they hated him and he de North Pacific manatee or sea cow, a versary of the discovery of the spised them.” Matters did not im huge mammal then plentiful but Northwest Coast of America by the prove when, after six weeks at sea, soon hunted to extinction by Russian Bering expedition of 1741, and this Cape St. Elias on Kayak Island fur traders. It was the prize item has prompted the publication of a loomed up ahead, with the main amongst the hundreds of plants and new edition of the journal of George land of America visible in the dis many land and sea creatures that Wilhelm Stellei the German physi tance. Having located the continent, Steller contrived to note and describe cian-naturalist who accompanied Bering’s sole object seems to have in spite of most difficult conditions. Bering. A surprising variety of docu been to return as quick as possible For some months the marooned ments relating to Bering’s voyage in to Kamchatka. Only shortage of wa expedition was uncertain whether it the St. Peter has survived, but ter compelled him to allow two par was on an island or had reached Steller’s journal, though colored by a ties to land on the island. After an some remote part of the Kamchatka strong prejudice against naval per altercation with Bering, Steller was peninsula. By April 1742 this ques sonnel, is perhaps the most interest included in one of them, but his tion had been settled, and the survi ing of them all. shore time was limited to a few vors set about building a smaller

The text has a curious history hours - a maddening experience for a craft with timbers from the wreck of Steller wrote it in 1743, just three naturalist making a first contact the St. Peter. St. Peter the lesser years before his death in 1746 at with a land never before visited by a was launched in the middle of the early age of 37. It seems not to scientist. When he begged for more August and arrived safely in Avacha have attracted much attention until shore time, he was told to return to Bay at the end of the month. late in the century when Peter the ship or be left stranded. Despite Steller’s efforts, only 46 of Simon Pallas, a prominent natural Latet; homeward bound, the St. the original ship’s company of 78 re ist, published a “reorganized, large Peter blundered into a Shumagin turned to port. ly rewritten” version. In 1917 Frank Island, in the Aleutian chain, and The introduction is interesting A. Golder found a copy of Steller’s brief contacts were made with the and informative and the same can original manuscript in Petrograd native Aleuts. Later still, after be said of the 40 pages of notes. and secured a photostat for the storms and scurvy had taken a Frost has found Steller a fascinating Library of Congress. An English heavy toll, the ship ran aground on character. The maps are excellent.

translation was included by Golder what became Bering Island - tree The translation reads easily, but in the documentary collection enti less and uninhabited, but teeming once or twice a phase jerks it into tled Bering’s Voyages, published in with animal and bird life. Here, in a the 20th century. Thus Steller is 1922-25, but for some reason this measure, Steller came into his own. credited with having remarked that was based on the Pallas printed ver Bering died within a few weeks and he helped the survivors on Bering sion and references to the original Waxell and Khitrov, the ship’s other Island “even though it was not in were confined to footnotes. This new officers, were seriously ill. Steller by my job description”. edition can therefore claim to be “the example, demonstrated means of W Kaye Lamb first English translation based com providing food and shelter and, more Dr. Lamb, former Dominion pletely on a surviving copy of important, saved the lives of many Archivist, is Honorary President of Steller’s manuscript.” of the crew by urging them to com the British Columbia Historical Steller was highly intelligent bat scurvy by eating salad greens Federation.. and the range of his studies at sev and fresh meat. (Previously he had B.C. Historical Ne 26 The Harrison-Cheehalis Challenge; pile of logs stored on the ground just of steamboats on Harrison Lake, a brief history of the Forest as dumped there by trucks, tractors from the gold-rush days to their re Industry anund Harrison Lake and or cable “yarders’. Tractors, called placement by tugs and launches the Chehalis Valley. Arnold M. “cats”, short for caterpillars, are with internal combustion engines by McCombs and Wilfrid W. common yarders now, meaning they the 1920’s. Chittenden. Harrison Hot Springs, are used to haul logs from where The rest of the book deals more B.C., Treeline Publishing Company they were felled to a road-end or directly and in detail with its sub 1988. 136 p. $15.00 loading deck. Cat yarders usually ject as indicated by the following Fiction with forest settings, have steel arches with tackle at the chapter headings: 4, Sawmills and handbooks of forest biology and summit to lift the front of the shingle mills (1890-1948); 5, technology and forest surveys and “drag” of logs clear of the ground for Logging railroads (1920-1943); 6, policy studies have been with us for ease of hauling. It may be perma Trucks, wooden roads, and chutes a long time in B.C., but personal nently attached to the rear of the (1920-1945); 7, Early operators histories of any forest regions, apart cat (a cat-arch) or close-hitched to it (1890’s-1945); The Independents from promotional pamphlets of a on its own wheels (cat and arch). dominate (1945-1965); 9, C.F.P - few industrial giants, are “like The reader will soon accustom him Harrison Mills Division (1943- hens’ teeth”. Here at last is one cov self to these and other terms, but present); 10, Present situation ering the whole history of one forest one still puzzles this reviewer: what (1988). Everything in these chap area from beginnings in the early is an “adverse road”? ters originated or was still going on 1860’s to the present, 1988. Both of The authors were obviously de within living memory the authors have been engaged in pendent on secondary materials to There are two further chapters, logging, mainly in the area, since start their story for most of which one called “Miscellaneous” which, their boyhood skid-greasing or whis they were forced to rely on their own apart from a note on the B.C. Forest tie-punking days, and have known memories and experiences - they are Service, is really the conclusion of personally many of its dominant not old men -and the memories of Chapter 3, with the advent of aero figures; howevei there is nothing friends connected in one way or an planes and helicopters; the other promotional about the book. other with logging in the two paral chapter “Remnants of the Past” As the authors say in the intro lel valleys tributary to the Fraser by tells where you may find relics not duction, “The confines of a book of way of the Harrison River Harrison only of logging and lumbering, but this size preclude detailing every Lake with its numerous tributary also fishing, mining, trading and happening and development in the streams and the Chehalis River social activities - a good tourist area. The book attempts to discuss with its lake of the same name and guide to the area. The notes on in sufficient detail, howevei the ma several tributaries. In Chapter 1 place names (water only) included jor events, companies, and individu they simply inform us of the build in chapter 11 might better have als to allow the reader to appreciate ing of the first sawmill in B.C. by been left for another appendix. some of the characters involved and the Hudson’s Bay Co. in Victoria, There are six appendices: a list some of the flavor of what was hap 1848, followed by three other inde of interviewees and photograph pening at the time.” Even in deal pendent ones at Yale, Hope and credits; three maps together show ing with lumber and shingle mills in Douglas to serve those on their way ing the area in some detail in addi the area and with steamboats on to the goldfields, around 1860. tion to the frontispiece map of the the lake, the book is confined almost Chapter 2 is also introductory, Fraser Valley; a timber lease docu exclusively to the influences these sketching rapidly the shifts from ment of 1892 which shows how lit had on the logging. skid-road logging with oxen, then tle of a human story can be found in Some readers may have trouble with horses, then with steam “don two and a half pages of legal jar understanding technical terms rela keys” for yarding, and railways to gon; a list of timber berths in the tively new to the industry yet so fa replace the skid-roads and horses, area in the 1920’s, with areas and miliar to the authors that they have all in coast forest outside their area. locations; a list of quote holders of not thought to explain them. For ex It also traces changes in provincial 1962 with allowable annual cuts; ample, since truck logging became a forest policy from selling forest and a “General discussion of steam mode, the length of the bunks be licenses, which enabled speculators donkeys”. The information in this came of importance. “Bunks?” Ah to buy and sell timber without pro last appendix might well have been yes, cross-beams of wood or steel ducing anything, to the “Forest given at appropriate points in the across the bed of the truck to sup Act” of 1912 which created the book but steam donkey buffs will port the logs laid lengthwise of the Forest Branch in the Department of probably prefer this way. truck and held securely between ver Lands, mainly for fire prevention, The concentration on logging is tical stakes at both ends of the but also to measure and collect for not just a predilection of the au bunks by chains around the load. timber taken from crown lands. thors. Whereas small mills scat And what is a “cold deck?” A loose Chapter 3 summarizes the history tered through the coast woods were

B.C. Historical News 27 common at the turn of the century called it radio at that time. events. Essentially it is an autobio today milling is largely concentrat In her acknowledgements I graphical account, and a large part ed in large company plants on the would rather have seen an acknowl of the attractiveness of the book lies lower Fraser and around the Gulf of edgement to the Vancouver in that fact. He gives his readers his Georgia. Logs for these mills are Centennial Bibliography, published own opinions freely and in doing so transported by water over great dis by the Vancouver Historical Society, he does not mince his words. One tances and sorted to be made into as it was the publication consulted, need not agree with him. Of his lumber, plywood or paper. Logs rather than members of the Society. 1937 wanderings in the vicinity of from the Harrison area are mainly This is a trendy book for a Ootsa he writes: “:We were mem so used. Where better to see the trendy place. bers of a survey party, an obsolete modernization of the forest industry form of human endeavour,: an obser than there? Peggy Imredy vation which ignores that survey NOTE: The most frequently Peggy Imredy is Past-President parties of one kind or another albeit mentioned surname in the book is ofthe Vancouver Historical Society. not of the precise nature of those of Trethewey, father, five sons and the thirties and forties, are out in three grandsons. What is not men the wilds of the province each year. tioned is that Earle Brett, owner of A couple of pages later he notes Brett Motors in Chilliwack and also that “Exploring British Columbia of several logging outfits on People of the Snow: the Story of was a slow fumbling business, often Harrison Lake and first owner of Kitimat. John Kendrick. Toronto, producing results of doubtful accura Lakeside Sawmills at Harrison Hot NC Press Limited, 1987. 179 p. il cy,” an assessment which ignores Springs was also of this family. His lus., maps. $12.95 that, faced with an awesome task, mother was a sister of the five From Snowshoes to Politics. Cyril the land and other surveyors of the brothers names on page 51. Shelford. Victoria, Orca Book province were not only dedicated Publishers, 1987. 289 p. illus. outdoorsmen but also of marked John Gibbard $24.95 competence in their professional John Gibbard, Professor work. On another occasion he writes Emeritus at the University ofB.C., In his preface to People of the that “one survey camp story is is a member of the Vancouver Snow, Kendrick writes that “This much like another,” in spite of his Historical Socie1 book is the story of the sequence of own stories which are often vivid events that led to the creation of and interesting, and one man Kitimat,” and that it is also “a nar whose way of life apparently did rative of events the author has wit not fit Kendrick’s criteria he sums Island in the Creek, the Granville nessed or in which he has partici up with “a strange existence for a Island Story. Catherine Gourley. pated.” These comments man admired by everyone he met.” Madeira Park, Harbour Publishing, summarizes the matter of the work. One senses after a while that 1988. 96 p. $14.95. Kendrick is ideally positioned to Kendrick likes to make such person write about the founding of Kitimat. al observations off-the-cuff, in an al For visitors and newcomers to He assisted in water surveys in most cavalier tone, to spice up the Vancouver Island in the Creek will Ootsa Lake region of central B.C. in narrative. They certainly do that. give a quick overview to Vancouver’s the 1930’s, long before the possibili Kendrick’s style is to introduce past as well as a history of ty of situating an aluminum smel each of his principal participants Granville Island. The book is easy ter at Kitimat. was recognized. After with a short sketch, a few observa to read, and has many excellent the Second World War he was again tions. This is a difficult thing for an photographs, which may entice peo in the region, employed in the inves author to bring off consistently. He ple to read a more thorough history tigations into the possibilities of di succeeds by and large. One charac of our city. version of waters to enable large ter he depicts as “a small man and Catherine Gourley has con scale hydro generation at tidewater given to sitting in corners, but when densed the facts of Vancouver’s and then, when Alcan became in he spoke everyone listened.” He growth in relation to the rise of volved, with the building of the draws a wonderful picture of the Granville Island, to the way we see dams, the power plant at Kemano, man sent in by Alcan to ease rela the Island today. the transportation of power to a mill tions with those who were to be dis One small point: on page 44 site, the construction of the smelter located by the flooding of the areas Gourley refers to the Prime at Kitimat and the community adja around Ootsa Lake. The dealings Minister’s declaration of war on the cent to the mill. He stayed to live in with the residents had not gone wireless on September 3, 1939. I the new town. well, the big city men being unable myself heard that announcement, For People of the Snow Kendrick to empathize with the locals. Deep while living in Nanaimo, but we exploits his proximity to these antagonisms had developed. “We

B.C. Historical Ne 28 then found Fred Rowland,” he re as Minister of Agriculture. The story idiots or in the enemy camp trying counts, and Rowland is, as he promises the reader in his purposely to weaken the nation.” “agreed that he should go and introduction, of “a very eventful Towards the end Shelford criticizes, live at Ootsa Lake and try to sal life.” It is a well paced account among others, the environmental vage the situation. Fred had a sad crammed with rich detail. ists (“wide-eyed radicals”), the face, and a great capacity for look The tone of the book is in large C.B.C. (“didn’t appear remotely in ing sympathetic without actually part established by Shelford’s inclu terested in the truth”), the churches giving anything away. sion of numerous short accounts of (for their political activities), public Fred rented a house; it was one people and incidents. Often these opinion polls, the parliamentary of the log houses we had used as a seem to be included for their anecdo system. No holds barred. All won base for our survey parties. The rent tal interest alone, though many are derful stuff. was later cited as evidence that the accompanied by “messages.” The Through it all Shelford moves property had valuable commercial result is something approaching the his narrative well -- and there is prospects. Fred dealt with this by homilies of a warmed-up preacher or good continuity. Photographs are saying ‘Oh, I don’t think so.’ Fred an Aesop. “If there is a message in dispersed and are valuable comple being Fred, this was accepted.” my life story” he writes, “:it is that ments to the text. There is an There are many such fine epi where there is determination, there “Index of names” which is incom sodes in the book. Kendrick’s de is hope, and that what may be seen plete and is more a pretense than scription of the building of the trans as a disadvantage, can often be anything else. It has no useful pur mission line from Kemano to used to advantage.” His own great pose, and is not nearly complete for

Kitimat, and of the problems of disadvantage -- as he sees it -- is the limited number of persons listed maintaining it, are good history a that he “never actually went to in it. The misspelling of names is fitting treatment of what he de school in the normal way,” and disturbing. Minister of Lands, E.T. scribes as “the best piece of engi didn’t “go on to higher education.” Kenney, is spelled Kenny, as is the neering with which I have ever been He wishes, however, to share his dam named after him; Shelford has associated.” lessons. His mother advises him, Dease Island Tunnel for Deas It is his ability to present clear “You never raise your stature by Island Tunnel, Kergan and Evett ly and simply, in language under tearing down the other fello” to for Kergin and Evitt, Sergeant for standable to the layman, which is which Shelford adds, “I often wish members of the Sargent family of most valuable in Kendrick’s book. our political leaders today would ac Hazelton, Branka for Angelo Engineers have not often given such cept my mother’s philosophy.” Branca. Throughout, Stuart River is vivid accounts of their experiences. Another story prompts him to ad spelled Stewart, and then mention When he is discussing the planning monish his reader: “don’t rely on is made of the “Granuoluc Mine, of the community of Kitimat, and people until they are out to the test north of Stuart,” presumably the the social situation in the new town, and you know how they will stand.” Granduc outside Stewart. I am re he is somewhat uncomfortable, not He is something of a crusader, and minded of one character on the quite at ease with his subject. returns from the war “with the de Prairies who “wouldn’t give a damn Included are sixteen pages of termination to do what I could to for a man who couldn’t spell a word photographs, two maps, an inter make the world a better place to live more than one way.” There are esting bibliography, and an index. in.” There are penetrating analyses many other inaccuracies which Cyril Shelford’s From of political acquaintances: WA. C. ought to have been eliminated. Ed. Snowshoes to Politics takes a more Bennett’s “mind worked so fast Schreyer is listed as Lieutenant conventional autobiographical form when it came to politics that no one Governor rather than Governor than does Kendrick’s book; where I knew could keep up with him.” General, and in an unfortunate par Kendrick treats with a segment of The son and heir to the political agraph on page 8, someone called his life, Shelford follows, in se leadership, Bill Bennet, does not Simpson of the Hudson’s Bay quence, the major periods of his. In fare so well. Shelford has some in Company is credited with the estab the first section of his book (54 teresting comments on the Bob lishment of Fort St. James. pgs.), Shelford traces the years of Sommers case, and on the weak Naturally these inaccuracies cause his youth in the Ootsa Lake region; nesses of our political system. the reader to be suspicious of things in the second (64 pgs.), his years in Throughout the book Shelford is which cannot readily be checked. On the army during the Second World direct in his comments. The peace page 6, he states that his uncle War principally with the invasion movement of the 1930’s and the took the paddle-steamer from Port of Sicily and the drive up the Italian weaknesses of the politicians were Edward to Hazelton in 1912; quite peninsula; and in the final section to blame for the inadequate state of possibly, however it’s much more (153 pgs.), the post-war years and the defences of Canada and Britain probably he would have taken the his political career in the B.C. and so caused the loss of thousands boat from nearby Prince Rupert or Legislature during which he served of lives. Pacifists were “either naive from Port Essington. The reader

B.C. Historical News 29 must wonder. People of the Snow and From Snowshoes to Politics are very per sonal books, written with the clearly Federation Affairs stated opinions and feelings of their authors. Neither is cold impersonal history. They have the bumps and warts of their authors, and that is as it ought to be.

Organization of the Heritage Reports were given by the Council of British Columbia Provinces. 1. Basis of organization: Non- Items discussed were-the chal A New Council incorporated ie. “informal” body lenge of funding publications, des John Spittle has represented comprised of representatives ignation of historic structures, the B.C. Historical Federation at a from heritage organizations. awards, standards and funding. series of meetings with delegates 2. Basis of membership: Mandate The need for accurate research pro from other heritage oriented organi of member organizations must grams to enhance special events in zations. All attending gained con refer to a province-wide provi the museum/heritage community siderable understanding of each sion of heritage service. and the role of historical societies in groups objectives and programs. 3. Representation: Each member providing the facts. The topic was of The exchange of ideas served to re organization has one represen concern to all historians. duce duplication of effort in some ar tative which shall be the Selling Canada to Canadians - eas, and promote cooperation wher President or President- Preservation of the McLaughlin ever possible. The participating designate. House, possibly to be demolished for organizations are: B.C. Museums 4. Operations: There will be quar a parking lot. Request copies of let Association, Heritage Society of terly meetings. Extraordinary ters to our General Motors dealers. B.C., Archaeological Society of B.C., Meetings may be called by the The next meeting will be held in Underwater Archaeologists. B.C. Chair to respond to urgent con Vancouver at Heritage Canada Archivists, and our British Columbia cerns. The co-ordinating role! Conference. Historical Federation. The presi chair will be rotated annually We will request a room for our dents of these organizations pre among the member organiza use the day prior to registration for pared the following statement to de tions. the Heritage Canada Conference. fine a new Heritage Council. Government liaison: Myrtle Haslam has been asked to official the next meeting as we are ********* The Heritage Council in its chair capacities will relate to the the host province. Assistant Deputy Minister of the 2. Heritage Canada Conference- Statement On The Organization Ministry responsible for heritage. Managing Our Cities - The New of The Heritage Council of British Collaboration. Columbia September 7 - Wednesday eve Dated: June 27th, 1988 ning, Anne of Green Gables Musical A Report from at the Confederation Centre of the Name: The name shall be the Arts. Heritage Council of British 1st Vice President September 8, 9 a.m. - 12:30 Columbia Myrtle Haslam p.m. - Mary-Liz Bayer hosted Functions of the Heritage Council of who attended the Provincial and Territorial British Columbia Heritage Canada Conference Representatives Day. I spoke for 1. To review and recommend on held September 7 - 10,1988 approximately 60 - 90 seconds on heritage related policy issues in Charlottetown, our Federation and the Cowichan and legislation as proposed by Prince Edward Island Chemainus Eco Museum. Written government or as advocated by reports on both were submitted. the heritage community. 1. Meeting of Provincial Historical Jacques Dalibard presented a 2. To share and disseminate infor Societies - September 7, 1988. News Release and requested all mation among the representa Attending were representatives representatives write letters to your tives to the Council who would from Alberta, Saskatchewan, M.P with a copy to Ian Sinclair take such information back or Manitoba, Ontario, Nova Scotia, the Senator. bring it forward from their re Chairman of the Board of Governors Lobster feast and tour of Anne spective groups. of Heritage Canada sat in. of Green Gables House in

B.C. Hisk*ical News 30 Cavendish. September 8, 2-4 p.m. Workshops-planning, political pro Convention ‘89 cess developers, citizen groups and conflict. Remember the dates September 9 - Guest speakers: Mayor of Quebec City, former Chief May 11 - 13, 1989 Planner with the City of Toronto, B. C. Historical Federation - Victoria Branch will host the formed director of Architecture and annual conference at the New Convention Centre. Urban Design for City of Toronto, Registration forms from your local society. President of Heritage Ottawa and Historic Ottawa Development Inc. and Vice President of Historic

Properties Ltd. of Halifax. Evening - Mayor’s reception at restored City Hall, followed by dinner at historic homes.

September 10 - Walking and bus tours of the City of

Charlottetown 2.4 p.m. - Annual General Meeting, new Governors elected 7 - 10 p.m. - Banquet and

Awards Presentation - Audio-Visual presentation of award winning pro jects of host province. Gabrielle Leger Medal, Lt. Governors Medal for heritage work.

Jim Spilsbury - one of the winners of the 87 Writing Competition receives his certificate from Don Sale. Writing Competition

Historical NewsArticles of up to The British Columbia Historical 2. Best Anthology. 2500 words, substantiated with Federation - invites submissions for 3. Special Award for the author or footnotes if possible, and accompa its annual Competition for Writers editor of an outstanding book. nied by photographs and maps if of B.C. History All books receive considerable available, are welcomed. Any book, published in 1989, publicity. Those submitting books (Photographs will be returned). with historical content is eligible. should include name, address, tele Deadlines for submission are The work may be community histo phone numbei cost of book, and an September 1, December 1, March 1, ry biography, record of a project, in address from where the book may be and June 1. Articles should be dustry or organization, or personal ordered if the reader has to shop by typed, double spaced and mailed to: recollections giving glimpses of the mail. Books should be mailed as The Editor past. Names, dates, and places soon as possible after publications B.C. Historical News turn a story into “history”. to: Box 105 Wasa, B.C. VOB 2K0 The Judges are looking for fresh British Columbia Historical Winners in all categories will be presentations of historical informa Federation invited to the annual conference in tion with appropriate illustrations, c/o Mrs. Naomi Miller Grand Forks in May 1990. careful proof reading, an adequate Box 105 index, table of contents and bibliog Wasa, B.C. VOB 2K0 raphy. Monetary prizes are offered Deadline for 1989 books is in the following categories.: January 31, 1990. 1. Best History Book by an indi vidual author (This is eligible There is also an award for Best

for the Lieutenant - Governor’s Article each year submitted and pub Medal). lished in the British Columbia

B.C. Historical News 31.

32

News Historical B.C.

membership. our Marshall’s prov in interest

subscription! B.C. your renew of the development

unless News in you Historical the social early organizations

your be last issue will this of role west the and coast; the of

are digits 22-1, right top the approached Pacific Railway

your mailing If label. Check Canadian the Sons when

ciated.

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to S;. Margaret’s Church, Anglican

History. such as B.C. on topics projects

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Federation.

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graduate studies templating

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en some is and a president past the B.C. of

that is he con now award this undertak has student Victoria Island community organizations,

receipt by of of encouraged so was University this as served Mr. New was many active in Gulf

4th year student tronics. This well de $500 his was award of wife, Nanette, March in 1988.

age of 93. He dabbling and in the predeceased was piano by The elec 1988. 8, on December

away December 10, the at 1988 sports, playing joys outdoor Society Historical Cowichan

resident of Island, Galiano passed bottles, old he but collecting the en of meeting a ship at

Donald

New, Arthur time long led history him pursuit of Scholar Federation to Historical

1858. in Part Gold of Rush B.C. his annual with first the

dating back family roots presented the to fCobble of was Hill In Memorium

history fostered was ince’s 26, by Marshall, Daniel Patrick

Winner

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Johnston W Ann

his for Miller Mtle help Haslam, this in Peter Vice enterprise. PresidenL

tion first their for are scholarship grateful award efforts. Undoubtedly we from also owe thanks many to

receives B.C. the Historical spent hours many Casselman Federa the mastering mailing and we process

Victoria student 4th in year histoiy, Office requirements. Edward Post and Georgina Engel and Verdun

Dan Marshall, a University of and long sent detailed instructions who on to how complex the meet

has Naomi me asked once to thank again Waddington Margaret

overcome. be problems will

are we but evident, also the that confident proof-reading n other and

difficulties associated with establishing new a production are team

under her belt, it Pioneers be to and appears a popular very The one.

Miller, has Naomi our Editor, her now first Women on issue

1989, n are and year.) after clarification seeking about this.

Trust may Heritage o be not $1,000 our renewing grant a (currently

met Spittle, exofficio, November. in were We concerned to the that hear

Sleigh, Margaret Daphne Waddington, Ann Johnston, and John

ac Peter, Nancy Yandle, Arthur Thelma Lower, Lower, Rawson, Mary

Committee, which The currently consists of Anne Naomi Miller,

Report

Publishing Committee News THE BRITISH COLUMBIA HISTORICAL FEDERATION

Honorary Patron: His Honour, the Honourable Robert G. Rogers, Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia

Honorary President: Dr. W. Kaye Lamb Officers

President John D. Spittle, 1241 Mount Crown Road, North Vancouver, B.C. V7R 1R9 988-4565 (residence)

1st Vice President Myrtle Haslam, P0. Box 10, Cowichan Bay, B.C.VOR 1NO 748-8397 (residence)

2nd Vice President Dorothy Crosby, 33662 Northcote Crescent, Mission, B.C. V2V 5V2 826-8808

Secretary I Don Sale, 262 Juniper Street, Nanaimo, B.C. V9S 1X4 753-2067 (residence)

Recording Secretary Shirley Cuthbertson, 306 - 225 Belleville Street, Victoria, B.C. V8V 4T9 387-2407 (business), 382-0288 (residence)

Treasurer Francis Sleigh, Box 29, Deroche, B.C. VOM1GO 826-0451

Members-at-Large Margaret Stoneberg, PC. Box 687, Princeton, B.C. vox iWO 295-3362 (residence)

Alice G!anville, P0. Box 746, Grand Forks, B.C. VOH1HO 442-3865

Past President Naomi Miller

Editor Naomi Miller,Box 105, Wasa, B.C. VOB2KO 422-3594 Chairmen of Committees Publications Assistance Helen Akrigg, 8-2575 Tolmie Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6R 4M1 Committee 228-8606 (not involved with Loans are available for publications, Please contact B.C. Historical News) Helen Akrigg prior to submitting manuscript.

Historic Trails and Markers John D. Spittle

B.C. Historical News Ann W. Johnston, P.R. 1, Mayne Island, B.C. VON2J0 Publishing Committee 539-2888 (Residence)

‘Subscription Secretary Nancy Peter, 5928 Baffin Place, Burnaby, B.C. V5H 3S8 437-6115

Book Review Editor Anne Yandle, 3450 West 20th Avenue, Vancouver V6S 1E4 733-6484 (res.) 228-4879 (business)

Heritage Cemeteries John D. Adams, 628 Battery Street, Victoria, B.C. V8V 1ES 342-2895 (res.) Lieutenant- Governor’s Award Committee Naomi Miller The British Columbia Historical News Second Class Mail P0. Box 35326 Stn. E. Registration No. 4447 Vancouver; B.C. V6M 4G5 ADDRESS LABEL HERE

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