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Internet Traffic Engineering Contents Internet Traffic Engineering 1 Guest Editorial; Terje Jensen Telektronikk Section I: Introduction/Overview Volume 97 No. 2/3 – 2001 3 Computers and Communication; Yngvar Lundh ISSN 0085-7130 20 Internet Protocol and Transport Protocols; Terje Jensen Editor: Ola Espvik 39 Traffic Engineering Principles, Activities and Mechanisms; Terje Jensen Tel: (+47) 913 14 507 email: [email protected] 54 Basic IP-related Mechanisms; Terje Jensen Status section editor: Section II: Traffic, Resources, Routing Per Hjalmar Lehne Tel: (+47) 916 94 909 86 Planning and Designing IP-based Networks; email: [email protected] Terje Jensen, Mette Røhne, Inge Svinnset, Rima Venturin and Irena Grgic Editorial assistant: 107 Achieving Service Differentiation in a Differentiated Services Network by Gunhild Luke Tel: (+47) 415 14 125 Use of MPLS; Inge Svinnset email: [email protected] 116 The Design of Optimal Multi-Service MPLS Networks; Editorial office: Åke Arvidsson and Anthony Krzesinski Telenor Communication AS Telenor R&D 130 State-of-the-art of IP Routing; Boning Feng, Anne-Grethe Kåråsen, PO Box 83 Per Thomas Huth and Bjørn Slagsvold N-2027 Kjeller Norway 145 Routing Strategies for IP Networks; Tel: (+47) 67 89 00 00 Walid Ben-Ameur, Nicolas Michel, Bernard Liau and Eric Gourdin email: [email protected] 159 IP Multiplexing for Low Capacity Links?; Olav Østerbø Editorial board: Ole P. Håkonsen, Section III: Interdomain, SLA, Policy, Management Senior Executive Vice President. Oddvar Hesjedal, 170 Traffic Engineering – Inter-domain and Policy Issues; Terje Jensen Vice President, R&D. Bjørn Løken, 186 Agreements in IP-based Networks; Irena Grgic and Mette Røhne Director. 213 Modelling the Topology of IP Networks; Graphic design: Terje Henriksen, Anne-Grethe Kåråsen and Ståle Wolland Design Consult AS, Oslo Layout and illustrations: Section IV: Measurements Gunhild Luke, Britt Kjus (Telenor R&D) 230 Traffic Measurements in IP Networks; Brynjar Å Viken and Peder J Emstad Prepress and printing: Optimal as, Oslo 245 A Distributed Test Environment for IP Performance Evaluation; Poul E Heegaard and Brynjar Å Viken Circulation: 4,000 269 Methods for monitoring, controlling and charging QoS in IP Networks; Jorma Jormakka, Irena Grgic and Vasilios Siris Section V: Systems and Services 287 Network Principles and Applications; Terje Jensen 311 Voice Transmission over Internet; Johan M Karlsson 319 Quality Issues for Packet-based Voice Transport; Danny De Vleeschauwer, Annelies van Moffaert, Maarten J C Büchli, Jan Janssen and Guido H Petit 332 Quality of Service in UMTS; Thor Gunnar Eskedal and Frédéric Paint 346 Optical Network Functionality: From “Dumb Fat Pipes” to Bright Networking; Evi Zouganeli 355 Abbreviations Guest Editorial TERJE JENSEN To survive in today’s competitive environment, The Internet Protocol (IP) has become a pivotal a service provider must continually evolve its component in communication between various network and enable new revenue-generating ser- devices. It is rarely possible to make a single vices faster and more cost effectively than the protocol suffice the diverse needs of all applica- competitors. Prior to the Internet, prior to recent tions and users. To a certain extent, however, mobile services, prior to e-business, a change in one may claim that the IP suite is addressing the telecommunication industry was seen as such an objective. However, looking at the origi- more predictable. Business leaders knew to take nal use of IP when it was designed, there are action – actions like reducing costs, launching many other applications of the protocol these new products, upgrading the networks, and so days; as more demanding services – like tele- forth. Now providers are far less sure who their phony, video distribution and mission-critical Terje Jensen competitors are, the value of their core strengths business applications – are gradually put onto and skills, and whether the business they have IP-based networks, additional functions must be done well in for many years will continue to implemented in the networks and end-systems. keep them profitable in the future. Hence, one is stretching the capabilities of IP and additional mechanisms are necessary to Some may claim that a main cause for the uncer- allow IP to hold on to a central position. Several tainty is that recent development of applications of these mechanisms are related to Traffic Engi- and service demands has been going on outside neering, that is, means activated to ensure the the sphere of the service providers. In particular, performance of the communication solutions. the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has This will also allow for more predictable received major contributions from some main responses on service requests and swiftly players and been guided by inputs from the support of more advance services and users. academic world. For sure this has resulted in a plethora of applications and usage patterns, and Quite a few phenomena influence the evolution Front cover: The conflict phenomenal traffic growth. However, as more of IP-based networks, of which some interacting between market require- commercial concerns are entering the stage the factors are: ments and the service providers would regain more control, for exam- • Increased load and expansion; more efficient provider’s resources ple by utilising the Traffic Engineering solu- ways of handling the traffic is sought. Scala- tions. This also advocates further work on stan- bility challenges are commonly faced for this At low traffic pressure incom- reason. ing traffic equals traffic car- dardisation, ensuring interoperable configura- ried. The artist Odd Andersen tions. Including procedures for managing multi- indicates this situation by his ple service types and requirements, Internet • New technologies; efficient ways of interact- 45 degrees black lines. How- Protocol (IP) Traffic Engineering thus provides ing with IP-based networks are looked for. ever, every traffic machine – mechanisms for optimal operation and manage- An example of this is the relation between be it switches, routers or the functions related to IP and an underlying whole network – has a capac- ment of the IP-based network. Thereby, a ity limit at which the line provider would also improve its chances in optical layer. breaks into a horizontal posi- the frenzied market. tion. After that no more traffic • New user groups; additional requirements can be carried whatever the Basically, one option could be simply to increase could be placed on the IP-based network. pressure! the capacity of the network, like adding more Thus, efficient ways of differentiation be- But the enormous increase bandwidth to the links. A problem with this tween the groups are asked for, also accom- – and non-established nature argument is that capacity should then be added panied by appropriate charging solutions. – of Internet traffic blasts through all aspects of capacity wherever there is a problem, including the pro- and quality constraints. The cessing capacity, and also in the access network, • New applications; innovative ways of utilising artist’s skyrocketing white on the servers, etc. Furthermore, and perhaps an IP-based networks are steadily observed, e.g. lines indicate the unprece- even heavier argument is that the possibility for related to electronic business, mobile services, dented demands to proper service differentiation would then still be rather and so forth. engineering of traffic ma- chines in the new market limited. Being able to offer a portfolio of differ- environments. ent services is recognised as a key enabler for • Increased dependency on the network; coming from the service providers themselves as com- The artist’s generic message: ensuring a provider’s profitability. Again, Matching capacity of all com- Traffic Engineering is promoting a set of mecha- mercial aspects, but also from their customers, ponents to uncertain Internet nisms and procedures supporting a provider to of which several are basing their business on traffic demands. achieve such goals. This becomes more impor- an operational network. Ola Espvik, Editor in Chief tant as the number of users and services grows. Telektronikk 2/3.2001 1 • Increasing number of actors involved in ser- then treated in a set of articles in the second sec- vice provision and delivery; connecting sys- tion, called traffic, routing, resources. Interdo- tems and networks managed by different main, SLA, policy and management is the fol- actors, partly co-operating and partly compet- lowing section, addressing essential questions ing, require adequate sets of means for a given for commercially offering services – in a fast, actor to ensure its business and service levels accurate and automatic way. The papers deal towards its customers. This is further compli- with internal procedures and systems (e.g. man- cated by the dynamic commercial and techni- agement systems) as well as relations with other cal environment that an actor faces. actors (e.g. agreements). Measurements are piv- otal to follow and document the performance of Several aspects have to be addressed as part of the network. A set of papers is showing how to Traffic Engineering. A selection of the topics carry out measurements and factors to consider. has been included in this issue of Telektronikk. The last section is called systems and services, These are divided into a number of sections as presenting a few areas where solutions for IP shown in the table of contents. Firstly, a set of and Traffic Engineering are used or required, papers of introductory nature presents an over- like for mobile, for optics, and for voice. view of the IP suite, history of Internet and prin- ciples of Traffic Engineering. Basic topics of As the use of abbreviations flourishes, a com- designing and operating an IP-based network are mon list is collected at the end of this issue. 2 Telektronikk 2/3.2001 Computers and Communication Early Development of Computing and Internet-technology – a Groundbreaking Part of Technical History YNGVAR LUNDH Building the Arpanet and using it as a laboratory for development was a major contribution both to computing and to telecom.
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