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Description of Asokan Stupas of Patan TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DESCRIPTION OF ASOKAN STUPAS OF PATAN A Thesis Submitted to Central Department of Buddhist Studies for the Fulfillment of the Tenth Paper of Master of Arts in Buddhist Studies Submitted by: Rashmi Shakya Roll No.: 11 TU Reg. No.: 3-2-23-103-2004 Batch No. 2067/68 Central Department of Buddhist Studies Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu 2017 LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION This is to certify that Ms. Rashmi Shakya has prepared this dissertation entitled “Description of Asokan Stupas of Patan” for the partial fulfillment of the Tenth paper of Master of Arts in Buddhist Studies under my supervision. She has successfully completed this dissertation by consulting available sources. I hereby recommend the thesis for approval. Dr. Milan Ratna Shakya Thesis Supervisor Associate Professor Head of Department Central Department of Buddhist Studies Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Date: i LETTER OF APPROVAL This dissertation entitled “Description of Asokan Stupas of Patan” submitted by Ms. Rashmi Shakya has been approved for the partial fulfillment of the tenth paper of Master of Arts in Buddhist Studies. Evaluation Committee Associate Professor Dr. Milan Ratna Shakya (Head of Department/ Head of the Evaluation Committee) Prof. Nirmal Man Tuladhar (External Examiner) Associate Professor Dr. Milan Ratna Shakya (Thesis Supervisor) Date: ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc- Prof. Dr. Milan Ratna Shakya, Head of the Department, Kirtipur for providing me an opportunity to conduct research on the topic “Description of Asokan Stupas of Patan”. I also extend my sincere regards and thanks to him for his valuable guidance and supervision in accomplishment of the study. Without his support, the research would not have been completed. I am indebted to my uncle Mr. Surendra Kumar Shakya (Secretary of “Asoka Chaitya Nitya Puja Samuha” of Pulchowk stupa), for his motivation to study this course and helping me by giving relevant books to complete the research work. I would like to thank my father Mr. Rup Kumar Shakya, member of “Asoka Chaitya Nitya Puja Samuha” of Pulchowk stupa, for his support and guidance about research. It is my pleasure and I take this opportunity to thank Ar. Gyanendra Shakya, Er. Ishwor Man Maharjan for helping me in measurement and to prepare drawings of Asokan Stupas of Patan. At the end, I take this opportunity to thank all my teachers, colleagues, friends, relatives and family members for their moral support in carrying out this study. Rashmi Shakya Roll no.: 11 TU Reg. No.: 3-2-23-103-2004 April, 2017 iii MAPS LALITPUR DISTRICT NEPAL Pimbahal Asokan Ibahi Stupa Stupa Pulchowk Historic city Stupa boundary Treta Stupa Lagan Stupa Map of Historical city of Patan iv City map of Patan showing the sites of four Asokan Stupas (Gutschow 2011, I:195) v TABLE OF CONTENTS LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................. i LETTER OF APPROVAL............................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iii MAPS ................................................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER-I ................................................................................................................... 1-7 1. Introduction.........................................................................................................1 1.1 General Background....................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of Problem ..................................................................................2 1.3 Objective of the study..................................................................................3 1.4 Literature Review ........................................................................................3 1.5 Significance of the Study.............................................................................5 1.6 Limitation of Study......................................................................................5 1.7 Research Methodology ................................................................................5 1.8 Language .....................................................................................................7 1.9 Expected outputs..........................................................................................7 CHAPTER – II............................................................................................................. 8-21 2.1 Origin and Development of Stupas in Nepal:..............................................8 2.2 Types of Buddhist Stupas..........................................................................13 2.3 The Architecture of Mahachaitya ..............................................................13 2.4 Asoka’s visit to Nepal (Valley) .................................................................18 CHAPTER – III ......................................................................................................... 22-46 3. Description of Asokan Stupas of Patan ............................................................22 3.1 The Northern Stupa (Yampi / Ibahi Thur) ....................................................26 3.1.1 Location .................................................................................................26 3.1.2 Historic Data ..........................................................................................27 3.1.3 Architectural features of the Northern Stupa .........................................27 3.1.4 Construction materials used in the Northern Stupa ...............................30 3.2 The Eastern Stupa (Teta Thur)......................................................................30 vi 3.2.1 Location .................................................................................................30 3.2.2 Historical data ........................................................................................31 3.2.3 Architectural features of the Eastern Stupa ...........................................32 3.2.4 Construction materials used in the Eastern Stupa..................................34 3.3 The Southern Stupa (Lagan Thur).................................................................34 3.3.1 Location .................................................................................................34 3.3.2 Historic data...........................................................................................35 3.3.3 Architectural features of the Southern Stupa .........................................36 3.3.4 Construction materials used in the Southern Stupa ...............................38 3.4 The Western Stupa (Pulchowk Thur)...........................................................38 3.4.1 Location .................................................................................................38 3.4.2 Historic data...........................................................................................39 3.4.3 Architectural features of the Western Stupa ..........................................39 3.4.4 Construction materials used in the Western Stupa ................................41 3.4.5 Group formation for the preservation of the Stupa................................42 3.4.6 Impact due to Earthquake ......................................................................42 3.5 The Pimbahal Asokan Stupa .........................................................................43 3.5.1 Location .................................................................................................43 3.5.2 Historic data...........................................................................................43 3.5.3 Architectural features of the Pimbahal Stupa ........................................44 3.6 Some typical features of these stupas:...........................................................46 CHAPTER – IV.......................................................................................................... 47-54 4. Icons and Rituals of Asokan stupas ..................................................................47 4.1 Icons of Asokan Stupas .............................................................................47 4.2 Rituals of Asokan Stupas...........................................................................51 CHAPTER – V ........................................................................................................... 55-57 5. Conclusion and Recommendations...................................................................55 5.1. Conclusion.....................................................................................................55 5.2. Recommendations .........................................................................................56 BIBLOGRAPHY............................................................................................................. 58 APPENDIX I ..................................................................................................................
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