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Mobilité Du Thallium Et Du Radium Dans L'environnement

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Mobilité Du Thallium Et Du Radium Dans L'environnement Mobilité du thallium et du radium dans l’environnement Loic Martin To cite this version: Loic Martin. Mobilité du thallium et du radium dans l’environnement. Interfaces continentales, environnement. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), France, 2017. Français. tel-01823159 HAL Id: tel-01823159 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01823159 Submitted on 25 Jun 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE SORBONNE PARIS CITE Thèse préparée À l’INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS Ecole doctorale STEP’UP – ED N°560 IPGP – Equipe de Biogéochimie Environnementale Mobilité du thallium et du radium dans l’environnement par Loïc Martin présentée et soutenue publiquement le 20 Novembre 2017 Thèse de doctorat de Sciences de la Terre et de l’environnement dirigée par Pr. Marc F. Benedetti Devant un jury composé de : Dr. Corinne Casiot Rapporteur Chargée de recherche CNRS (Université de Montpellier) Pr. Sébastien Rauch Rapporteur Professeur (Chalmers University of Technology) Pr. Bénédicte Ménez Examinateur Professeure (Université Paris Diderot) Dr. Andreas Voegelin Examinateur Chercheur (EAWAG) Dr. Caroline Simonucci Co-encadrant Ingénieur-Chercheur (IRSN) I Pr. Marc Benedetti Directeur de thèse Professeur (Université Paris Diderot) ISRN/IRSN-2018/207 2 A mes parents, 3 REMERCIEMENTS Je voudrais commencer par remercier toutes les personnes qui ont imaginé et proposé ce qui est devenu mon sujet de thèse en commençant par Caroline Simonucci, Christelle Courbet et Eric Viollier. Puis, les autres personnes impliquées dans mon recrutement et mon encadrement, Christelle Latrille, Setareh Rad, Alikiviadis Gourgiotis et Marc Benedetti. Lorsque vous m’avez recruté, j’étais en stage au Chili, dans une situation délicate, alors merci à tous de m’avoir offert une issue et surtout de m’avoir donné la chance de pouvoir faire cette thèse. Cette expérience dans la recherche fut pour moi réellement enrichissante et épanouissante. Je voudrais également remercier les membres de mon jury pour avoir évalué mon travail et d’être venu jusqu’à Paris pour ma soutenance. Il est temps maintenant de passer à des remerciements plus personnels. Je vais commencer par Christelle Courbet, qui malheureusement n’a pas pu rester dans l’encadrement de ma thèse jusqu’au bout. C’est avec grand plaisir que je retournerai faire des missions de terrain avec toi, mais en évitant de nous retrouver au milieu d’une rivière en plein orage avec le niveau d’eau qui monte dangereusement. Puisque j’en suis à remercier les personnes de l’IRSN, je vais enchainer avec Caroline. Je pense pouvoir écrire, sans exagérer, que si tu n’avais pas été là, ces 3 ans auraient été beaucoup plus compliquées et bien moins agréables. Je ne compte pas le nombre de repas que nous avons partagés, le nombre d’heures où tu as écouté mes idées farfelues ni le nombre de conseils que tu m’as donné. Tu m’as même supporté tout les jours la semaine avant mon rendu et surtout, tu as réussi à me faire améliorer (il y a encore du travail certes) mon orthographe, ce que personne n’avait réussi jusqu’ici. Un merci semble un peu cliché après ça mais quand même, merci d’avoir été ma co-encadrante de thèse ! Sur les documents seules Caroline est officiellement ma co- encadrante mais en réalité, il y en avait une deuxième, Christelle Latrille. De la même manière, je ne compte pas le nombre d’heures que tu as passé à écouter mes idées farfelues ou à répondre à mes questions à chaque fois que je débarquais dans ton bureau. Le travail qu’on a réalisé ensemble m’a beaucoup appris et je te suis vraiment reconnaissant d’avoir accepté de faire cela. Le chercheur que je suis aujourd’hui te doit beaucoup. Pour terminer, je tiens à remercier mon directeur de thèse, Marc. J’ai énormément appris à ton contact, grâce a ton exigence et tes conseils toujours très avisés. Merci d’avoir toujours pris le temps de travailler avec moi, et surtout de m’avoir soutenu quand les 4 différents partenaires de ma thèse posaient des problèmes et quand le projet n’allait pas dans la bonne direction. J’ai eu la chance de pouvoir travailler dans plusieurs laboratoires pendant ma thèse. Je vais donc remercier toutes les personnes qui m’ont accueilli au L3MR et au LGE. L’ordre n’a aucune importance. Merci Nathalie M., Virginie et Virginie, Jacques, Nathalie, Delphine, Jean, Romain, Patrick, Serge, Catherine, Emilie, Yann, Alexandre, Rute, Didier, Alexis, Laure, Mickaël (merci de m’avoir aidé avec l’Element même quand je t’appelais les week-ends), Rémi, Maud, Emmanuelle et Andrea. Je n’oublie pas les doctorants (anciens et actuels) bien évidemment, Nicolas, Isabella, Yohann, Caroline, Yang, Jialan, Logan, Damien, Yasmine, Morgane, Claudia, Thaïs, Brice, Viviana, Sarah et Aubéry. Je voudrais également remercier tout mes amis qui m’ont supporté durant de nombreuses soirées pendant ces trois ans. Je vais commencer par Izyan et Shafiq. Izyan a partagé le même bureau que moi pendant plus de 3 ans et a réussi à me supporter et même a devenir une amie proche. Ça méritait bien un paragraphe. Je n’oublie évidemment pas James, Thibaud, Benjamin, Anaïs, Tamara, Thomas C. Thomas G., Nicolas (mon frère de parents différents), David, Chloé et tous ceux que j’ai pu oublier. Tout cela n’aurait pas été possible sans le soutient de ma famille, parmi eux ma sœur et surtout mes parents. Ils ont toujours été à mes cotés et m’ont toujours soutenu et je ne serais pas là ou j’en suis aujourd’hui sans eux. Merci, je vous aime ! Et le meilleur pour la fin. Assiya, ma charmante femme, ma moitiée. Que dire sinon que je t’aime. Sans toi à mes côtés, c’est certain que je ne pourrais être qui je suis aujourd’hui. Finalement on peut dire que ce travail t’appartient tout autant qu’à moi ! 5 SOMMAIRE Chapitre I: Introduction - Etat de l’art sur le comportement du thallium et du radium sur terre 13 Partie 1: Le thallium 14 1. Le thallium dans les environnements profonds : du manteau à la croûte terrestre 14 1.1. Abondance du thallium dans la Terre 14 1.2. Comportement du thallium dans les processus magmatiques 15 1.3. Métamorphisme et altération hydrothermale 20 1.4. Le thallium dans le manteau 21 1.5. Le thallium dans la croûte océanique 22 1.6. Le thallium dans la lithosphère continentale 26 2. Le thallium dans les environnements de surface : de la roche mère à l’atmosphère 28 2.1. Les sources de thallium 28 2.2. Le thallium dans les environnements continentaux 29 2.3. Le thallium dans les environnements océaniques et côtiers 32 2.4. Le thallium dans l’atmosphère 34 3. Géochimie du thallium dans les environnements de surface 34 3.1. Les espèces de thallium 34 3.2. Spéciation du thallium dans les environnements de surface 36 4. Toxicité, production et utilisation du thallium 41 4.1. Toxicité et utilisations du thallium 41 4.2. Production du thallium 43 Références 44 Partie 2: Le radium 51 1. Découverte du radium 53 ISRN/IRSN-2018/207 2. Le cycle du radium sur terre 54 2.1. Le radium dans les roches de la lithosphère 54 2.2. Les sources de radium 54 2.3. Le radium dans les environnements de surface 55 3. Spéciation du radium 57 3.1. Espèces aqueuses de radium 57 3.2. Précipitation du radium 58 3.3. Complexation et adsorption du radium 58 Références 60 Partie 3: Objectifs de la thèse 61 Références 66 Chapter II: Effect of Natural Organic Matter on Thallium and Radium Speciation in Aquatic Systems 67 1.Résumé 68 2. Abstract 69 3. Introduction 70 4. Materials and Methods 72 4.1. Donnan Membrane Technique. 72 4.2. Reagents and chemicals. 73 4.3. Isotherms. 74 4.4. Measurements of cations in solution. 74 4.5. Experimental procedure. 75 4.6. NICA-Donnan modelling. 75 5. Results and Discussion 77 5.1. Thallium (I) and silver (I). 77 7 5.2. Radium (II). 82 Acknowledgements 84 References 84 Appendix 1: Time to equilibrium for Tl+ and Ra2+ (Donnan Membrane Technique) 91 Appendix 2: 205Tl and 226Ra measurements with HR-ICP-MS Element 2 (Thermo Scientific) 92 Appendix 3: Composition and calculated speciation of experimental solutions 93 Appendix 4: Experimental data 94 Appendix 5: Estimation of experimental errors and RMSE calculations 95 Appendix 6: Calculations of hydrolysis constants for Tl+ and Ra2+ 96 Appendix 7: Parameters for NICA-Donnan modelling 97 Appendix 8: Figures for thallium and radium complexation with humic acids 98 Appendix 9: Silver complexation with humic acids 100 Appendix 10: Comparison with data from Liu et al. 2011 101 Appendix 11: Constants and associated references used in this paper 102 Appendix 12: Modelling with soil solutions 103 Chapitre III: Thallium (Tl) Sorption onto Illite and Smectite - Implications for Tl Mobility in the Environment 105 1. Résumé 106 2. Abstract 107 3. Introduction 108 4. Experimental 110 4.1. Thallium species and isotopes in batch solutions 110 4.2. Reagents 113 4.3. Materials and conditioning process 113 4.4. 204Tl measurement by liquid scintillation 114 8 4.5.
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