China's Population: New Trends and Challenges
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Resisting Chinese Linguistic Imperialism
UYGHUR HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT SPECIAL REPORT Resisting Chinese Linguistic Imperialism: Abduweli Ayup and the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education Rustem Shir, Research Associate Logo of the Ana Til Balilar Baghchisi (Mother Tongue Children’s Garden) May 2019 Contents Acknowledgement 4 Introduction 5 1. CCP language policy on education in East Turkestan 6 Foundations of CCP ethnic minority policy 6 Eras of minority language tolerance 9 Primary and secondary school ‘bilingual’ education policy 12 The Xinjiang Class 20 Mandarin as the language of instruction at Xinjiang University 22 Preschool and kindergarten ‘bilingual’ education policy 23 Suppression of the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 26 The Hotan Prefecture and Ghulja County Department of Education directives 28 Internment camps 29 Discussion 32 2. ABduweli Ayup and the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 36 Upal: Why couldn’t we study Kashgari? 36 Toquzaq: Oyghan! (Wake Up!) 38 Beijing: Our campus felt like a minority region 41 Doletbagh: My sad history repeating in front of me 50 Urumchi: Education for assimilation 55 Lanzhou: Are you bin Laden? 60 Ankara: Ethno-nationalism and a counterbalance 67 Urumchi: For the love of community 72 Lawrence: Disconnected 77 Kashgar: Rise of the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 81 Urumchi: Just keep silent 89 Kashgar: You’re going to be arrested 93 Doletbagh Detention Center: No choice, brother 98 Urumchi Tengritagh Detention Center: Qorqma (Don’t be afraid) 104 Urumchi Liudaowan Prison: Every color had disappeared 109 Urumchi Koktagh Prison: Do you want to defend yourself? 124 2 Urumchi/Kashgar: Release and return 127 Kashgar: Open-air prison 131 Ankara: Stateless and stranded 138 Paris: A new beginning 146 3. -
Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907)
Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907) BuYun Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 BuYun Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907) BuYun Chen During the Tang dynasty, an increased capacity for change created a new value system predicated on the accumulation of wealth and the obsolescence of things that is best understood as fashion. Increased wealth among Tang elites was paralleled by a greater investment in clothes, which imbued clothes with new meaning. Intellectuals, who viewed heightened commercial activity and social mobility as symptomatic of an unstable society, found such profound changes in the vestimentary landscape unsettling. For them, a range of troubling developments, including crisis in the central government, deep suspicion of the newly empowered military and professional class, and anxiety about waste and obsolescence were all subsumed under the trope of fashionable dressing. The clamor of these intellectuals about the widespread desire to be “current” reveals the significant space fashion inhabited in the empire – a space that was repeatedly gendered female. This dissertation considers fashion as a system of social practices that is governed by material relations – a system that is also embroiled in the politics of the gendered self and the body. I demonstrate that this notion of fashion is the best way to understand the process through which competition for status and self-identification among elites gradually broke away from the imperial court and its system of official ranks. -
The Chinese Perception of Jainism 耆那教
Anne Cheng and Sanchit Kumar (dir.) India-China: Intersecting Universalities Collège de France The Chinese Perception of Jainism 耆那教 T. H. Barrett DOI: 10.4000/books.cdf.7502 Publisher: Collège de France Place of publication: Paris Year of publication: 2020 Published on OpenEdition Books: 9 April 2020 Serie: Institut des civilisations Electronic ISBN: 9782722605367 http://books.openedition.org Electronic reference BARRETT, T. H. The Chinese Perception of Jainism 耆那教 In: India-China: Intersecting Universalities [online]. Paris: Collège de France, 2020 (generated 15 avril 2021). Available on the Internet: <http:// books.openedition.org/cdf/7502>. ISBN: 9782722605367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.cdf. 7502. This text was automatically generated on 15 April 2021. The Chinese Perception of Jainism 耆那教 1 The Chinese Perception of Jainism 耆那教 T. H. Barrett 1 The following remarks are concerned with an aspect of cultural contact that seems to have received comparatively little attention so far, despite the pioneering work of specialists in reception studies such as Elinor Shaffer, namely the diffusion and influence of large bodies of translated material. The transfer of a corpus of writing from one language to another and from one culture to another is in itself a topic of indubitable interest, but what happens or indeed fails to happen next is surely just as important. Even in the most pious parts of the United States, for example, dust on the family Bible appears not to have been a completely unknown phenomenon. Here, however, the focus is on a much larger corpus of sacred writings translated over a lengthy period, probably constituting the most extensive translation phenomenon of pre-modern times, namely the Buddhist Canon in Chinese. -
The Great Human Expansion
The great human expansion Brenna M. Henna, L. L. Cavalli-Sforzaa,1, and Marcus W. Feldmanb,2 aDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and bDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020 Edited by C. Owen Lovejoy, Kent State University, Kent, OH, and approved September 25, 2012 (received for review July 19, 2012) Genetic and paleoanthropological evidence is in accord that today’s human population is the result of a great demic (demographic and geographic) expansion that began approximately 45,000 to 60,000 y ago in Africa and rapidly resulted in human occupation of almost all of the Earth’s habitable regions. Genomic data from contemporary humans suggest that this expansion was accompanied by a continuous loss of genetic diversity, a result of what is called the “serial founder effect.” In addition to genomic data, the serial founder effect model is now supported by the genetics of human parasites, morphology, and linguistics. This particular population history gave rise to the two defining features of genetic variation in humans: genomes from the substructured populations of Africa retain an exceptional number of unique variants, and there is a dramatic reduction in genetic diversity within populations living outside of Africa. These two patterns are relevant for medical genetic studies mapping genotypes to phenotypes and for inferring the power of natural selection in human history. It should be appreciated that the initial expansion and subsequent serial founder effect were determined by demographic and sociocultural factors associated with hunter-gatherer populations. How do we reconcile this major demic expansion with the population stability that followed for thousands years until the inventions of agriculture? We review advances in understanding the genetic diversity within Africa and the great human expansion out of Africa and offer hypotheses that can help to establish a more synthetic view of modern human evolution. -
The Interplay of Demographic, Economic
Journal of Interdisciplinary History, L:4 (Spring, 2020), 495–515. The 50th Year: Special Essay 8 E. Anthony Wrigley The Interplay of Demographic, Economic, and Social History The wealth of source material for various aspects of the demographic, economic, and social history of England Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/jinh/article-pdf/50/4/495/1702688/jinh_a_01483.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 over the past half millennium makes it possible to describe, for ex- ample, urban growth and related changes in occupational structure, or changes in county population densities and their concomitants, often in considerable detail. However, although description may be feasible, explanation often presents problems. It is normally the case that a number of factors are involved, and determining their relative importance often presents severe difficulties and results in arbitrary decisions. In many sciences, if a similar problem is faced, controlled experiments can sometimes overcome it. The nature of historical in- formation rules out comparable procedures. For example, one of the most striking changes taking place in England in the early modern period was the rapid increase in the proportion of the population living in towns with a matching rise in agricultural productivity to supply town dwellers with the necessities of life. It is reasonable to assume that the urban growth that occurred would have been re- duced if agricultural productivity had risen more slowly, but it is not possible to test this assumption to establish, for example, the scale of the impact on urban growth if gross cereal yields had risen by a half between 1600 and 1800 rather than doubling. -
The Comparative Study of Population Dynamics in Late Imperial China
Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology Revising the Malthusian Narrative: the Comparative Study of Population Dynamics in Late Imperial China by WILLIAM LAVELY University of Washington R. BIN WONG University of California-Irvine UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON CSDE Working Paper No. 98-05 REVISING THE MALTHUSIAN NARRATIVE: THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POPULATION DYNAMICS IN LATE IMPERIAL CHINA WILLIAM LAVELY University of Washington R. BIN WONG University of California-Irvine 3 February 1998. A preliminary paper addressing some of these issues was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, New Orleans, April 11-14, 1991. G. William Skinner and Susan Watkins made constructive criticisms of that effort which inspired the present work. G. William Skinner, James Lee, Timothy Brook, Kenneth Pommeranz and an anonymous reviewer provided valuable comments on an earlier draft of this article. The authors alone are responsible for remaining errors. This article complements the comparisons of Chinese and European patterns of economic and political change in Wong’s China Transformed: Historical change and the limits of European experience (Cornell 1997). William Lavely and R. Bin Wong, page 3 Ever since Malthus, it has been conventional to cast the Chinese and European pre-industrial demographic systems as opposing archetypes. Europe's system was characterized by moderate population growth, fertility control keyed to economic conditions, and favorable living standards, compared with China’s rapid growth, periodic mortality crises, and precarious balance of population and resources. Although there is some variation in approaches and vocabularies reflecting disciplinary divisions, and recognition of the substantial variability of institutions within Europe and China, this stylized contrast continues to flourish in the demographic and historical literatures. -
Minority Groups Include Zhuang 16.9 Million
China minorityrights.org/country/china/ June 19, 2015 Main minority and indigenous communities: Minority groups include Zhuang 16.9 million (1.3 per cent), Manchu 10.4 million (0.77 per cent), Hui 10.6 million (0.79 per cent), Miao 9.4 million (0.71 per cent), Uyghur 10 million (0.75 per cent), Yi (Lolo) 8.7 million (0.65 per cent), Tujia 8.4 million (0.63 per cent), Mongol 6 million (0.45 per cent), Tibetan 6.3 million (0.45 per cent), etc. (Source: National Population Survey of China, 2010). Main languages: Mandarin Chinese (putonghua), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Qiang, Gan, Hakka, Uyghur, Tibetan, etc. Main religions: Buddhism, Roman Catholicism, Islam, Lamaism (Tibetan Buddhism), Protestantism, Shamanism, Animism, Taoism, Dongba. According to the 2010 Census, China has a population of nearly 1.34 billion people, a figure that includes the 23 million population of Taiwan, which China claims as a breakaway province despite Taiwan’s fully independent political and economic system. The definition of ethnic minorities/nationalities in the People’s Republic of China has been conceived by the state and does not truly reflect the self-identification of such ethnic minorities or the reality of ethnic diversity within China’s boundaries. Mínzú (the Chinese term that signifies non-Han ‘undistinguished ethnic groups’, numbering more than 730,000 people) have not been recognized among or classified within the state’s official 56 ethnic minorities (these comprise the majority Han grouping and 55 minority nationalities). The Minzú also do not include ethnicities that have been classified by the state authorities as belonging to existing minorities and hence denied their legal rights to public participation. -
Why Hunter-Gatherer Populations Do Not Show Signs of Pleistocene Demographic Expansions
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 10597–10602, September 1999 Anthropology Why hunter-gatherer populations do not show signs of Pleistocene demographic expansions LAURENT EXCOFFIER† AND STEFAN SCHNEIDER Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Geneva, CP 24, 1211 Geneva 24, Switzerland Communicated by Henry C. Harpending, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, July 13, 1999 (received for review January 26, 1999) ABSTRACT The mitochondrial DNA diversity of 62 hu- some Amerindian populations and some hunter-gatherer pop- man population samples was examined for potential signals of ulations (HGPs) from different continents. A multivariate population expansions. Stepwise expansion times were esti- analysis of genetic distances reveals that the most divergent mated by taking into account heterogeneity of mutation rates populations do not show signs of Pleistocene expansions, among sites. Assuming an mtDNA divergence rate of 33% per particularly in Africa and in America. Otherwise, the genetic million years, most populations show signals of Pleistocene affinities among populations are found in good agreement with expansions at around 70,000 years (70 KY) ago in Africa and geography. The puzzling lack of signal of Pleistocene expan- Asia, 55 KY ago in America, and 40 KY ago in Europe and the sions in hunter-gatherers is discussed. We propose that the Middle East, whereas the traces of the oldest expansions are Holocene HGPs lost previous signals of Pleistocene expan- found in East Africa (110 KY ago for the Turkana). The sions because of post-Neolithic population bottlenecks; this genetic diversity of two groups of populations (most Amerin- conclusion is supported by computer simulations. -
Historical Demogrphy Sources
DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIOLOGY PROGRAM RESEARCH SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES SOURCES FOR AUSTRALIAN HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY Rebecca Kippen David Lucas Working Papers in Demography No. 93 March 2004 Working Papers in Demography No. 93 SOURCES FOR AUSTRALIAN HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY Rebecca Kippen, Demography and Sociology Program, Australian National University David Lucas, Demography and Sociology Program, Australian National University In addition to providing the story of past populations, historical demography helps inform us why populations are the way they are, and allows us some insight into population futures. Historical demography uses a plethora of sources, however these sources are scattered and not always easily accessible. This paper draws attention to a number of sources for Australian historical demography, both those that are currently exploited and others that we hope may be exploited in the future. This paper adopts broader definitions than do Pressat and Wilson (1985: 52, 95–96), who define historical demography as the ‘application of techniques of demographic analysis to historical source material’, and demographic analysis as a ‘form of statistical analysis which employs, for the most part, a modest array of mathematical and statistical techniques to deal with the data produced by censuses, surveys and vital registration systems’. According to Kertzer (1997: 843–844), ‘the traditional questions of interest to demographers cannot be satisfactorily answered by quantitative materials and statistical analysis alone’. Quantitative methods need to be combined with ‘more traditional historiographical methods, drawing upon various sorts of archival materials’. Kertzer feels that ‘demographic change cannot be wholly understood without paying attention to historical detail that is not in itself discoverable through quantitative materials’ (Kertzer 1997: 841). -
Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2012
CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2012 ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OCTOBER 10, 2012 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov 2012 ANNUAL REPORT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2012 ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OCTOBER 10, 2012 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 76–190 PDF WASHINGTON : 2012 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, SHERROD BROWN, Ohio, Cochairman Chairman MAX BAUCUS, Montana FRANK WOLF, Virginia CARL LEVIN, Michigan DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California EDWARD R. ROYCE, California JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota SUSAN COLLINS, Maine MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio JAMES RISCH, Idaho MICHAEL M. HONDA, California EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS SETH D. HARRIS, Department of Labor MARIA OTERO, Department of State FRANCISCO J. SANCHEZ, Department of Commerce KURT M. CAMPBELL, Department of State NISHA DESAI BISWAL, U.S. Agency for International Development PAUL B. PROTIC, Staff Director LAWRENCE T. LIU, Deputy Staff -
Language Contact Between Uyghur and Chinese in Xinjiang, PRC: Uyghur Elements in Xinjiang Putonghua
Language contact between Uyghur and Chinese in Xinjiang, PRC: Uyghur elements in Xinjiang Putonghua ABLIMIT BAKI Abstract This article reports on language contact between Uyghur and Chinese in the Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang in China. It proposes that the massive influx of Han Chinese migrants to Xinjiang resulted in intense language con- tact between the speakers of Uyghur and Chinese. As a result of this, these two languages are mutually affecting each other in the region. The focus of this article is on the influence of Uyghur on Putonghua in Xinjiang. Four catego- ries of this influence are reported: (1) phonological influence that produces Putonghua sounds similar to Uyghur sounds, exemplified by the dropping of tones, the changing of sounds and the addition of certain sounds which are closer to those in Uyghur; (2) lexical influence, exemplified by introducing into Putonghua elements of the Uyghur lexicon which are then adapted to resemble Putonghua lexical forms; (3) grammatical influence that produces Putonghua grammatical structures similar to those of Uyghur, exemplified by changing word order in Putonghua grammatical structures; and (4) semantic influence that makes use of Uyghur expressions in Putonghua through literal transla- tion, exemplified by using Uyghur similes and metaphors directly to describe people and things in certain contexts. Keywords: Uyghur, Putonghua; contact situation; language-to-language influence; language transfer; agentivity; borrowing; imposition; variety; interlanguage. 1. Introduction There is an important literature on the mutual influence of languages in contact situations. Many scholars have shown that the direction of the influence is not only from a majority language to a minority language, but also vice versa. -
Acta Linguistica Asiatica
acta Acta Linguistica Asiatica Volume 8, Issue 2, 2018 ACTA LINGUISTICA ASIATICA Volume 8, Issue 2, 2018 Editors: Andrej Bekeš, Nina Golob, Mateja Petrovčič Editorial Board: Bi Yanli (China), Cao Hongquan (China), Luka Culiberg (Slovenia), Tamara Ditrich (Slovenia), Kristina Hmeljak Sangawa (Slovenia), Ichimiya Yufuko (Japan), Terry Andrew Joyce (Japan), Jens Karlsson (Sweden), Lee Yong (Korea), Lin Ming-Chang (Taiwan), Arun Prakash Mishra (India), Nagisa Moritoki Škof (Slovenia), Nishina Kikuko (Japan), Sawada Hiroko (Japan), Chikako Shigemori Bučar (Slovenia), Irena Srdanović (Croatia). © University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, 2018 All rights reserved. Published by: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani (Ljubljana University Press, Faculty of Arts) Issued by: Department of Asian Studies For the publisher: Dr. Roman Kuhar, Dean of the Faculty of Arts The journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Journal's web page: http://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/ala/ The journal is published in the scope of Open Journal Systems ISSN: 2232-3317 Abstracting and Indexing Services: Scopus, COBISS, dLib, Directory of Open Access Journals, MLA International Bibliography, Open J-Gate, Google Scholar and ERIH PLUS. Publication is free of charge. Address: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts Department of Asian Studies Aškerčeva 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..............................................................................................................