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Part Ii: Media and Pollution Management

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Part Ii: Media and Pollution Management PART II: MEDIA AND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT 167 Chapter 8 AIR PROTECTION 8.1 Urban and rural air quality To assess the air pollution in a certain area or city, Uzbekistan uses indexes that are related to the MAC Reporting on air quality values. The most important is the Air Pollution Index, commonly abbreviated as API5. To calculate the API5, In Uzbekistan, air quality standards are defined as the average daily mean concentrations of the five most maximum allowable concentrations (MACs). These important pollutants – the five substances with the MAC values are set for 485 pollutants (2011 SanPiN highest MAC values considering their risk class – are No. 0293-11). The values are set for short-term divided by their daily mean MAC values and maxima (20 minutes), for daily means, for monthly benchmarked by a factor related to the MAC value of means and for annual means. Every pollutant has a SO2. The substances can be different in different defined hazard class (from 1 to 4, with class 1 the most locations. The API is calculated using the formula: hazardous) (table 8.1). API5 = Σ (qi/MACi) exp Ki, in which qi is the average concentration of the pollutant i, MACi the average MACs for dust are defined for 26 categories of dust, daily MAC value of the pollutant and Ki the exponent including Aral Sea dust, anorganic dust, cotton dust, that depends on the class of dangerous substance grain dust, barley dust, corn dust, wood dust, kapok compared with sulfurdioxide. The indices are dust and organic polymer dust, with nine different presented on an annual basis. classes of standards (table 8.2). There are no specific standards for PM10, PM2.5 and TSP. Table 8.1: Maximum allowable concentrations of selected ambient air pollutants, μg/m3 Short-term Monthly Annual Hazard Component maximum Daily mean mean mean class Nitrogen dioxide 85.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 2 Nitrogen oxide 600.0 250.0 120.0 60.0 3 Sulfur dioxide 500.0 200.0 100.0 50.0 3 Carbon monoxide 5 000.0 4 000.0 3 500.0 3 000.0 4 Ammonia 200.0 120.0 60.0 40.0 4 Hydrocarbons 1 000.0 .. .. .. 4 Dust from Aral Sea soil 500.0 300.0 200.0 150.0 3 Lead (PbO, PbAc) 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.3 1 Lead (sulphide) 9.0 6.0 3.0 1.7 1 Benzene 300.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 2 Phenol 10.0 7.0 5.0 3.0 1 Formaldehyde 35.0 12.0 6.0 3.0 2 Ozone 160.0 100.0 45.0 30.0 1 Cadmium (halides) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.3 1 Mercury 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.3 1 Source: 2011 SanPiN No. 0293-11. Table 8.2: Maximum allowable concentrations of dust, μg/m3 Short-term Monthly Annual Component maximum Daily mean mean mean Hazard class Anorganic dust > 70 % SiO2 150 100 80 50 3 Cotton dust 500 200 100 50 3 Grain dust 300 120 60 30 3 Corn, barley, oats dust 500 300 150 50 3 Source: 2011 SanPiN No. 0293-11. 167 Chapter 8 AIR PROTECTION 8.1 Urban and rural air quality To assess the air pollution in a certain area or city, Uzbekistan uses indexes that are related to the MAC Reporting on air quality values. The most important is the Air Pollution Index, commonly abbreviated as API5. To calculate the API5, In Uzbekistan, air quality standards are defined as the average daily mean concentrations of the five most maximum allowable concentrations (MACs). These important pollutants – the five substances with the MAC values are set for 485 pollutants (2011 SanPiN highest MAC values considering their risk class – are No. 0293-11). The values are set for short-term divided by their daily mean MAC values and maxima (20 minutes), for daily means, for monthly benchmarked by a factor related to the MAC value of means and for annual means. Every pollutant has a SO2. The substances can be different in different defined hazard class (from 1 to 4, with class 1 the most locations. The API is calculated using the formula: hazardous) (table 8.1). API5 = Σ (qi/MACi) exp Ki, in which qi is the average concentration of the pollutant i, MACi the average MACs for dust are defined for 26 categories of dust, daily MAC value of the pollutant and Ki the exponent including Aral Sea dust, anorganic dust, cotton dust, that depends on the class of dangerous substance grain dust, barley dust, corn dust, wood dust, kapok compared with sulfurdioxide. The indices are dust and organic polymer dust, with nine different presented on an annual basis. classes of standards (table 8.2). There are no specific standards for PM10, PM2.5 and TSP. Table 8.1: Maximum allowable concentrations of selected ambient air pollutants, μg/m3 Short-term Monthly Annual Hazard Component maximum Daily mean mean mean class Nitrogen dioxide 85.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 2 Nitrogen oxide 600.0 250.0 120.0 60.0 3 Sulfur dioxide 500.0 200.0 100.0 50.0 3 Carbon monoxide 5 000.0 4 000.0 3 500.0 3 000.0 4 Ammonia 200.0 120.0 60.0 40.0 4 Hydrocarbons 1 000.0 .. .. .. 4 Dust from Aral Sea soil 500.0 300.0 200.0 150.0 3 Lead (PbO, PbAc) 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.3 1 Lead (sulphide) 9.0 6.0 3.0 1.7 1 Benzene 300.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 2 Phenol 10.0 7.0 5.0 3.0 1 Formaldehyde 35.0 12.0 6.0 3.0 2 Ozone 160.0 100.0 45.0 30.0 1 Cadmium (halides) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.3 1 Mercury 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.3 1 Source: 2011 SanPiN No. 0293-11. Table 8.2: Maximum allowable concentrations of dust, μg/m3 Short-term Monthly Annual Component maximum Daily mean mean mean Hazard class Anorganic dust > 70 % SiO2 150 100 80 50 3 Cotton dust 500 200 100 50 3 Grain dust 300 120 60 30 3 Corn, barley, oats dust 500 300 150 50 3 Source: 2011 SanPiN No. 0293-11. 168 Part II: Media and pollution management Chapter 8: Air protection 169 A few other types of indexes for air pollution are also air quality (table 8.4). The API values are generally considered for additional information but not used in low, with the exception of Angren, where the API in Box 8.1: Measured annual mean concentrations of air pollutants in selected cities, 2015–2018 publications. The standard index is defined as the the period 2016–2017 was higher than 5. However, for Analysis of data gathered in the monitoring period 2015–2018 shows that, in most of the cities in Uzbekistan, the highest once-measured concentration of a pollutant an evaluation of the air quality in the different cities, concentrations of air polluting substances are below the air quality standards. divided by its (short-term) MAC value. The highest the use of indexes is less practicable because much frequency index is the most repeated exceedance in information about short-term, mean daily, mean In some cities, such as Bukhara and Nukus, the annual mean dust levels are 1.3 and 2.7 times (in 2017) and 1.3 and 1.3 percentage terms of the MAC value of a pollutant. monthly and mean annual concentrations and times (in 2018) higher than the air quality standards, which almost fully depends on the natural and climatological exceedance of air quality standards for different circumstances in these territories (table 8.5). The final level of air pollution in a city or region is components is hidden in these indexes. The indexes Table 8.5: Annual mean concentrations of dust in selected cities, 2015–2018, μg/m3 characterized by four classes that are established by can be used to rank cities and oblasts, but, for a modern the API: Low, Increased, High and Very High (table air quality information system, component- and site- 2015 2016 2017 2018 8.3). specific concentrations must also be available to Nukus 300 400 400 200 establish necessary emission reduction measures. As Tashkent 100 100 200 100 Table 8.3: Estimation of the air pollution levels by an index does not relate directly to international Andijan 200 200 200 100 Air Pollution Index standards for air pollutant concentrations, such as Bukhara 100 100 200 200 Uzbek MAC Aral Sea dust 150 150 150 150 WHO or EU standards, the environmental and health Pollution level Level of API5 risks cannot be established as direct consequences of Source: Uzhydromet, 2019. Low 0–4 the local concentrations of specific pollutants during There is also a systematic local exceedance of some air pollution standards in cities such as Angren, where the annual mean Increased 5–6 different periods. standards for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia and ozone were exceeded in 2017 and 2018 by factors of 1.1–1.1, High 7–13 1.0–1.3, 2.0–1.3 and 2.0–2.2, respectively. Very High >14 The assessment of the air quality by directly Source: Air Pollution Indexes in the cities of the Republic comparing measured monthly or annual means of In Bekabad, the annual mean air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide and ozone were exceeded in 2018 by factors of 1.3 and 1.1 respectively, while in Tashkent, the annual mean standard for ozone was exceeded in 2017 by a factor of 1.1, while of Uzbekistan 2009–2018.
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