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Accretion Rates Using OSL on a Subsiding Salt Marsh Msc Thesis Sjoerd Postma SGL-80436

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Accretion Rates Using OSL on a Subsiding Salt Marsh Msc Thesis Sjoerd Postma SGL-80436 Reconstructing accretion rates using OSL on a subsiding salt marsh MSc Thesis Sjoerd Postma SGL-80436 3/26/2017 Wageningen UR Postma, Sjoerd Wageningen UR: Alterra: Prof. dr. J. Wallinga Ing. P.A. Slim Dr. T. Reimann Dr. A.T. Kuiters Reconstructing accretion rates using OSL on a subsiding salt marsh MSc Thesis, 2017 Figure front page: View from the sampling location at the Neerlands Reid, Ameland. Photograph Nanny Heidema S Postma 89 06 06 668 120 MSc Earth and Environment, specialisation Soil Geography and Landscape Wageningen University Supervisors: Prof. dr. J. Wallinga Ing. P.A. Slim Dr. T. Reimann Dr. A.T. Kuiters Wageningen University Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra) i Abstract To see whether it is possible to reconstruct accretion rates using high resolution OSL dating combined with Bayesian statistics, a subsiding salt marsh on the Dutch Wadden island Ameland was sampled. A secondary goal of the research was to investigate the marsh response on human-caused subsidence mimicking sea-level rise as predicted for the Dutch coast in the coming century. The accretion rate on the salt marsh had already been physically monitored for the last thirty years, but to see whether an acceleration of accretion rate had occurred, accretion rates from before that period had to be reconstructed. It has been possible to date the profile at multiple depths and the reconstructed accretion rate is in agreement with the physically measured accretion rates on the upper part of the salt marsh. However, no indications of an increase in accretion rate were found, as the accretion rate seems to have been very stable for the last 50 years. In the period before 1960 there seems to have been a short period of higher accretion rates and before the 1940’s a long period of lower accretion since the onset of salt marsh formation around 1890. It is not unlikely that factors such as the closing of the nearby Lauwerszee in 1969 have played a role in the accretion rates on the salt marsh and lack of a reaction to the subsidence in the deep subsoil. ii Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ vi 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research objectives ........................................................................................................... 2 2. Study area ............................................................................................................................ 3 3. Accretion on Salt Marshes ........................................................................................................ 5 4. Methods ................................................................................................................................ 7 4.1 OSL-dating ....................................................................................................................... 7 4.1.1 Analysis protocols ......................................................................................................... 7 4.1.2 Bleaching .................................................................................................................... 8 137 4.2 Cs-dating ...................................................................................................................... 8 4.3 Sampling .......................................................................................................................... 9 4.4 Lab procedures ................................................................................................................ 12 4.5 Performance testing ......................................................................................................... 13 4.6 De determination ............................................................................................................. 15 4.6.1 Sequence .................................................................................................................. 15 4.6.2 Grain count ............................................................................................................... 15 4.6.3 Analyst settings ......................................................................................................... 15 4.7 Age Models ..................................................................................................................... 16 4.7.1 Iterative model .......................................................................................................... 16 4.7.2 Central Age model ...................................................................................................... 17 4.7.3 Minimum Age model ................................................................................................... 17 4.8 Dose Rate determination ................................................................................................... 18 4.8.1 Attenuation factors ..................................................................................................... 19 4.8.2 Beta Dose rate ........................................................................................................... 19 4.8.3 Gamma Dose Rate ...................................................................................................... 21 4.9 OxCal model ................................................................................................................... 21 5. Results ............................................................................................................................... 22 5.1 Results of the De measurements ........................................................................................ 22 5.2 Bleaching indicators ......................................................................................................... 24 5.2.1 Skewness .................................................................................................................. 24 5.2.2 Kurtosis .................................................................................................................... 24 5.3 Iterative model outcomes ................................................................................................. 25 5.4 Bootstrap likelihood functions ............................................................................................ 26 5.5 Equivalent Doses according to different age models .............................................................. 28 5.6 Dose Rates ..................................................................................................................... 29 5.7 Ages for the different models ............................................................................................. 30 5.8 Choice of appropriate model .............................................................................................. 31 5.9 OxCal outputs ................................................................................................................. 31 iii 5.10 Final age determination................................................................................................... 35 5.11 137Cs dates .................................................................................................................... 35 5.12 Accretion rates .............................................................................................................. 37 6. Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 38 7. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 40 8. Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 41 9. Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 41 References .............................................................................................................................. 42 Appendix A: Sieving results ....................................................................................................... 46 Appendix B: Porosity and Field capacity per texture class ............................................................... 47 Appendix C: Used formulas for calculations .................................................................................. 48 Appendix D: Oxcal script ........................................................................................................... 48 Appendix E: Map of the research area in 1854 .............................................................................. 49 Appendix F: Map of the research area in 1888 .............................................................................. 50 Appendix G: Map of the research area in 1897, created in 1910 ...................................................... 51 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Location of the study area, with the North Sea on the north side of the map, the Neerlands Reid, Kooioerdstuifdijk and Oerdsloot
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