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Indian J. Fish., 47(3) : 201-207, Jul.-Aug., 2000 Early development of Cymatium (Monoplex) pileare and C. (Linatella) cutaceum (Ranellidae : Gastropoda : Mollusca) in the laboratory P. MUTHIAH* AND K. SAMPATH Department of Zoology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin-628 008, India ABSTRACT Early development of two species of ranellids, Cymatium (Monoplex) pileare and C. (Linatella) cutaceum were studied in the laboratory. Females incubated the egg mass for 12-25 days till fully developed larvae were hatched out through an apical orifice of the egg capsule. The mean length and height of the released larvae of C.(M.) pileare and C.(L.) cutaceum were 252 and 166 pm and 265 and 191pm respectively. The percentage of hatching and larval development was 95.6 and 100 for CAM.)pileare and 93.7 and 94.6 for C.(L.) cutaceum respectively. The larval development inside the egg capsule of these species are discussed. Introduction cutacea and Cymatium corrugatum. Govan (1995) reported the size of larvae The egg masses of certain species of released by Cymatium spp. This paper ranellids occurring in New Zealand reports on the early development of (Laxton, 1969); Hawaii (Houbrick and larvae from the egg masses, to the Fretter, 1969) and India (Muthiah and juvenile ranellids in the laboratory. Sampath, 1999) were studied earlier. Detailed reports on larval development Material and methods of ranellids are not available. Scheltema (1961) studied the probable veligers of Twenty two C.(M.) pileare, of length cymatiids collected in the plankton range 31.3-93 mm and 17 C.(L.) samples and Bandel (1975) described cutaceum, of length range 48-76 mm the veliger larvae of cymatiids. were collected from rearing cages in an Thangavelu and Muthiah (1983) stud­ experimental pearl culture farm at ied the larval stages of C. cingulatum, Tuticorin (Lat. 8°, 48' N; Long. 78° 11' by rearing the teased out contents of the E). These gastropods were maintained egg capsules. This was not in accor­ separately in FRP tanks of 100 1 dance with normal development taking capacity (size: 75 x 50 x 50* cm). Sand- place in situ the egg capsules. Ramon filtered sea water was used with mild (1991) described the egg mass and aeration. The water was changed daily. development of C. cutaceum, a Mediter­ The animals were fed with meat of ranean - West-African species Cabestana edible oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis. * Present address: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 115, N.K. Chetty Street, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamil Nadu, India. P. Muthiuh unci K. Sampnlh 202 I i Ml,i Ih. i • • i • • ! I ii,' i' • , 4 • in ; , ii, .• i i" in i !n ', i".n ••! i " • ," I I I > ',, ' I'HI !.• If I ; , " .1 I l|i| -r| |<| II 'I, < '.lulll 1 i - : "i Ii i i! n in << , •' •,' ,!• ii.(.i I I in iiuiiih' i •:, r ii 'ii > • urn ,' n l.'i< >li'' |.'"i,l,. ( ,,f ! ,, ,K (,(•• ;, , '•','. in n|. il.-- < :••>, ;j. i , I I l I I 'iH liu !l I I ll' I <l I ",' I, ,• |, ' l.ul ,,,, I I i. I.If ,ll ,1; l..|l n., ,, , it, |l i .,• |l)u , ill ll ilc .'|.i|'. i, i ' it, jn 11 ,i! ill in .ih .nun -I \J ii ii I , I ! in liiu • I. -ill |)| ii i lui i !• rl't ,' 1 ii, I .. ', ch-,1',. -I tlif.xf'h ,ili i i, i • •|,H .,' -,( ;til - <.! S '. 11)111 ill ili.l'li'; III I tl< . /;• • i|i nli ' IV-, ". i < t'.if ot IKO .•;•... i i ,|i nli II' I ii'- i !•(' in.I. ' '• -ii'l l ii if Results (,H , If \ , 203 , 1 , !•;; '• ! ' • ' i I ii,-i rn .pt't . 'line ' ' • •'. ' I" i' n '' II - i ' .i ,-;•,( ,1 , ' • > f I - l i , Cl- i •?' ,- > - .''.,, •' l|(' >;'•<• i' , ,i , i • !' I ' ii", •')',' . • ' i '' FI (ih. i ", ,| »'i ; • i ' ! i • ! i ; i ; ..d'li1,'. i I' < i.' i i, i 11, i < i» i i ' n ' i 'i :, I.|I I. i J. II • •!, • • ,1, ,'.. ' ." ." .',,,>! I,.i 11 •', . ! I 'i • ' - ! i 'i I i' (. \> i s • s • ; ' - ', i ' i i , • -in t,, 11 111 • 11. "ii' >, , i, [ f '',,,•' i ', • t f i : I.-. -.. "!•; i . : ., h , t , fi. Trefoil stage. P. Muthicili ami K Srtmpaili 204 Fig. 9. Velig'or. Fig. 6. F I' 1- I w I i. nl |n i Mill "I ' ' i,' .(•• • i! :i (J. (L.) cutaceum ;:?H~„o, The diameter of an egg was 95.2 um Fig. 8. Trochophore. and it increasecJ to .138.5 mm on Early di'ut'topniciii in iiro gaslrti/ittt) mollimt-s 205 species in the present study is much shorter than other species and this may be attributed to the higher tempera­ ture. The incubation period for C.(L.) cutaceum was 14 clays whereas it took 18 days at 27.2°C for C.(M.) pileare and at 24.8°C, the period extended to 25 days. Govan (1995) reported that the incubation period for C. muricinum, C. ni.cobaricum and C. pileare was 10-2? days. Hatching of C. nicobaricum took place 21 days after spawning (Purtymun, 1974). C. corrugaiurn took 18 days for development at a temperature of 20- 23"C (Ramon, 1991). Similar observa­ tions of decrease in the incubation period with increasing temperature have been made in the oyster drill Otosalpinx cinerea (Ganaros, 1958) and in Eupleura caudata (Mackenzie, 1961). The appearance of the prepodium is considered as a prerequisite for meta­ morphosis (Hadfield, 1978). The pres­ ence of well developed prepodium at a length of 214 pm in C.(M.) pileare and at 239 pm in C.(L.) cutaceum indicated their competence for metamorphosis. The larval length on hatching was 225 pin for C.(M.) pileare and 265 mm for C.(L.) cutaceum. The lengths of hatched out larvae of these ranellids were more close to 280-250 pin as reported by Govan (1995) for Cymatium L.I aquaiiie, C. muricinum, C. nicobaricum and C. pileare. Discussion It was observed that the larval growth in relation to duration was faster The attainment of brown colour in in C.(L.) cutaceum (length of larvae = the egg masses of ranellids indicate the 115.7178 prn x daysO.304) (Fig. 12) com­ development of the larval shell, as pared with C.(M.) pileare (length of lar­ obse rv eci i n E up I e u r a c a u d a t a vae = 129.8302 pin x days 0.2007) (Fig. (Mackenzie, 1961) and in Cymatlum 13). The surface sculpturing or orna­ comigalum (Ramon, 1991). mentation of protoconchs was similar to the observations of Rarnon (1991) and Govan (1995) for the Cymatium species. P. Muthiah and K. Sampath 206 250 360 y"128.32>?a,D' y-HS-ete050" R2- 0.9411 Rz » 0.8304 300 200 i 260 i I I 200 150 150- 100 100 0 12 16 12 Days Dayi Fig. 12. C.(L.) cutaceum Growth of larvae Fig. 13. C.(M.) pileare: Growth of larvae inside inside the egg capsule. the egg capsule. In this study the 'developmental that C.(M.) pileare could drill its prey, period' of 12-15 days and the 'delay eventhough it is usually considered to period' of 30 days are much lower than be a non-boring predatory gastropod the estimated pelagic life of 320 days for while feeding on edible oysters (Muthiah C. nicobaricum and 293 for C. par- et al., 1987) and pearl oysters (Chellam thenopeum (Scheltema, 1971). Probably et al, 1983). with the suitable food and favourable substratum, the 'obligatory develop­ Though large-scale larval mortality mental period' (ODP) (following the occurred, juveniles of C.(M.) pileare up terminology of Scheltema, 1971) will be to a length of 1.5 mm were successfully even much shorter. The growth rate of obtained in the laboratory. Ramon released larvae to juveniles of C.(M.) (1991) attributed absence of suitable pileare ranging from 20.8 um day'1 substratum for the poor survival of (during development inside the egg larvae of C. corrugatum reared for 16 capsule) and 26.3 um day"1 indicates days after their release, similar to that the ODP will be well below 1 Nassarius obsoletus (Scheltema, 1961). month for the larvae of the ranellids, as Govan (1995) stated that due to lack of Govan (1995) envisaged. knowledge on appropriate food required for ranellid larvae, they could not be A bore hole found on the shell of a reared to settlement or even to the dead juvenile (Fig. 10) vouch for the stage of protoconch II. Besides finding cannibalistic behaviour of C.(M.) pileare a suitable substratum, further study is even during juvenile stage, as no other needed to identify ideal food organisms animal was present that could produce for successful rearing of larvae and the drill hole. It also revealed the fact juvenile ranellids. Early development in two gastropod molluscs 207 Acknowledgments Houbrick, J.R. and V. Fretter 1969. Some aspects of the functional anatomy and We thank Dr. Beu, Institute of biology of Cymatium and Bursa. Proc Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Malacol. Soc, London, 38 : 415-429. Zealand for identification and valuable Laxton, J.H. 1969. Reproduction in some New suggestions for improvement of the Zealand Cymatiidae (Gastropoda: manuscript. We also thank Dr. E. Prosobranchia). Zool. J. Linn. Soc, 48 : Vivekanandan, Senior Scientist, Chennai 237-253. Research Centre of CMFRI for construc­ Mackenzie, C.L. 1961. Growth and reproduc­ tive corrections and the Officer-in- tion of the oyster drill, Eupleura caudata charge, CMFRI, Tuticorin for laboratory in the York river, Virginia. Ecology, 42 : facilities provided. 317-338. Muthiah, P. and K. Sampath 1999.
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    Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2017, 180, 732–754. With 5 figures. The varix: evolution, distribution, and phylogenetic clumping of a repeated gastropod innovation NICOLE B. WEBSTER1* and GEERAT J. VERMEIJ2 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Received 27 June 2016; revised 4 October 2016; accepted for publication 25 October 2016 A recurrent theme in evolution is the repeated, independent origin of broadly adaptive, architecturally and function- ally similar traits and structures. One such is the varix, a shell-sculpture innovation in gastropods. This periodic shell thickening functions mainly to defend the animal against shell crushing and peeling predators. Varices can be highly elaborate, forming broad wings or spines, and are often aligned in synchronous patterns. Here we define the different types of varices, explore their function and morphological variation, document the recent and fossil distri- bution of varicate taxa, and discuss emergent patterns of evolution. We conservatively found 41 separate origins of varices, which were concentrated in the more derived gastropod clades and generally arose since the mid-Mesozoic. Varices are more prevalent among marine, warm, and shallow waters, where predation is intense, on high-spired shells and in clades with collabral ribs. Diversification rates were correlated in a few cases with the presence of varices, especially in the Muricidae and Tonnoidea, but more than half of the origins are represented by three or fewer genera. Varices arose many times in many forms, but generally in a phylogenetically clumped manner (more frequently in particular higher taxa), a pattern common to many adaptations.
  • Ranellidae and Personidae

    Ranellidae and Personidae

    RANELLIDAE AND PERSONIDAE: A CLASSIFICATION OF RECENT SPECIES Betty Jean Piech Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15 https://archive.org/details/ranellidaepersonOOunse - 3 - INTRODUCTION, NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In 1972, Dr. Rudolf Kilias authored an excellent monograph on the Family Cymatiidae. The following years have brought many changes; i.e., the family name is now Ranellidae, and distorsios are a separate family called Personidae. Therefore it was felt that a more up-to-date classification was needed as a guide for research and curatorial work. The classification herein presented is based on the examination of specimens in various museums and private collections, literature research, and exchange of information. No anatomical work was done. In the few cases where previously-used placement was changed, the entry is marked < *> indicating the decision was based on the author's unpublished research. New species were evaluated as they were published and added if they were considered to be valid. Those not accepted were placed in synonymy and also marked < *> . In a few cases where it was not possible to obtain specimens of newly-named species for examination and the available information did not seem adequate to make a definitive decision, the name was entered as a species and marked <**> indicating validity had not been verified. The format used is a listing of each subfamily, genus and subgenus, and species and subspecies, followed by synonyms in chronological order. Under each of these categories, the type is placed first followed in alphabetical order by the remainder of those that make up that specific group.