Sustainability Study of the Rural Settlements in Swale
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SUSTAINABILITY STUDY OF THE RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN SWALE Swale Borough Council September 2001 Note for the Swale Borough Local Plan Review This study, which was first produced by the Council in September 2001, was prepared in order to inform early work on the preparation of the Local Plan Review. Its primary purpose was to explore to what degree the sustainability of a given settlement could be explained by the presence of a range of services. The sustainability of a given settlement is influenced by a wider range of socio-economic factors than could be covered by this study and as such the Council considers that the study shown be viewed more as a research document rather than as work that has fundamentally shaped the Local Plan. However, the study has nevertheless been published as a background paper to the Local Plan Review. It should be noted that much of the statistical data used by the study is based from the year 2000 and may, in some instances, be out of date. Local Planning Team, Swale Borough Council March 2004 1 SUSTAINABILITY STUDY OF THE RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN SWALE 3 Introduction 3 Current national planning policy and the role of rural settlements 3 Other studies 4 PART I: AN EXAMINATION OF TRANSPORT LINKS AND LOCAL FACILITIES 6 How the study was undertaken 6 Which settlements were studied? 6 What did the study examine? 6 Defining catchment areas 8 Components of the study 9 How the study used the information collected 12 How the study measured differences between the settlements 13 PART II: STUDY FINDINGS 16 By Category 16 Transport 16 Facilities 24 Education 28 By score of Sustainability 29 Transport Error! Bookmark not defined. Facilities Error! Bookmark not defined. Overall index of sustainability Error! Bookmark not defined. Conclusions 32 2 Sustainability study of the rural settlements in Swale Introduction 1. This study was undertaken to inform a review of the current Swale Borough Local Plan, which was adopted in 2000. With the Government encouraging local authorities to plan and locate development in such a way as to reduce travel by private car and to maximise the use of previously developed land, Swale Borough Council will need to consider the role that rural settlements will need to play in future development patterns, as well as existing urban areas1. 2. To inform this process, the Borough Council considered that a study should seek to provide an answer to the following questions: “How sustainable in their location and access to facilities are the rural settlements of Swale?2” “Which rural settlements should be looked at in more detail to assess their potential for accommodating future development?” 3. The study is in three parts: 4. Part I describes the approach which was used to undertake a survey of transport links and local facilities for each of the settlements and to then provide a relative comparison or index of sustainability across all the settlements studied. 5. Part II presents the study’s findings in respect of the individual components examined and by way of comments on an overall ranking of settlements in a sustainability index. 6. Part III seeks to provide a short-list of those settlements which should be subject to further analysis, together with some overall general conclusions and recommendations. 7. Annexes to the study provide in more detail the information collected on each of the settlements and summaries of the transport and local facilities present in each. 8. The survey, by use of simple techniques, provides an initial analysis and comparison between settlements. It will not be used solely to base policy decisions on whether or where to locate new development at any settlement, but will inform the process. In this way, this study should be seen as a first phase. 9. The completed study may also be useful in informing development control decisions on certain development proposals such the sustainability of smaller rural housing proposals and applications to change the use of existing rural facilities. It may also identify other areas of useful work to inform the preparation of the review of the Swale Borough Local Plan and other work being considered by the Borough Council. 10.Following this study, a second, more rigorous assessment will be carried out of those settlements short-listed by way of an examination of their character so as to assess what contribution, if any, they may make toward providing for further development, primarily from within their built confines. This would also take into account such factors as Government guidance, environmental limitations, and ultimately the views of the public and others. 11.Although not an original objective of the study, it emerged through the survey work on facilities that the decline of village facilities, particularly shops, was apparently commonplace in many settlements and the study therefore has provided some commentary and recommendations on this issue as well. Current national planning policy and the role of rural settlements 12.Planning guidance is issued to local authorities in the form of Planning Policy Guidance Notes, or PPG’s. Currently two such guidance notes, PPG’s 3 and 7, provide broad advice on rural settlements and the policies which should apply to them. 1 Planning Policy Guidance Note Nos.1, 3 and 7, together with DETR good practice guide ‘Tapping the Potential’ December 2000. 2 This is not a study of Parishes but in respect of the confines of built development and their environs. 3 13.PPG7, entitled “The Countryside - Environmental Quality and Economic and Social Development”, published in February 1997, places sustainable development at the cornerstone of rural planning policy. This includes: • meeting the economic and social needs of those who live and work in rural areas; • maintaining and enhancing the character of the countryside; • improving the viability of existing settlements. 14.It suggests (para. 2.10) that development plans should focus new development on existing settlements, including networks of small villages where employment, housing and other facilities can be provided close together. This promotes sustainable development by strengthening villages, protecting the open countryside, sustaining local services and moving toward a better balance between employment and housing in rural communities, thereby reducing the need to travel. 15.When considering new housing, it states (para. 3.18) that the best use should be made of existing housing and land which has already been developed. New housing may be required in rural areas to sustain healthy economic activity and the viability of communities, having regard to the need to reduce travel patterns. New housing in the open countryside, away from established settlements, should be strictly controlled. 16.PPG3, entitled “Housing”, published in March 2000, introduced a new approach to planning for housing. It required local planning authorities to give a general presumption in favour of the development of previously developed land before greenfield sites and to phase the release of sites. In order to maximise the use of urban land, Local Authorities are required to carry out urban capacity assessments to rigorously examine all the opportunities which may be present. For rural settlements, the guidance states that most development will be infill or modest peripheral expansion, although local planning authorities may seek to designate some villages as Local Service Centres where development might be focused, so as to support local services. 17.In the Government’s good practice guide, published in December 2000, entitled ‘Tapping the potential - Assessing urban housing capacity: toward better practice’, guidance is offered on the preparation of the urban capacity studies referred to above. It makes clear that it will not just be towns that will need to be subject to this process. On page 9 it states that: “... in considering the areas in which to search for housing capacity local authorities could assume that ‘urban’ embraces all settlements that can contribute to sustainable patterns of development. Typically these would (or have scope to) contain shops and services, be accessible by public transport and be capable of having a sensible settlement ‘envelope’ drawn around them3. In many instances the envelope would already have been identified in a local plan.” 18.Planning Policy Guidance Note No. 13 ‘Transport’, published in April 2001 also promotes housing, jobs and services in rural service centres. 19.In November 2000, the Government published its Rural White Paper - ‘Our Countryside: The Future’. It sets out its vision under the headings of: a living countryside; a working countryside; a protected countryside; and a vibrant countryside. Of particular relevance to this study is its commitment to supporting vital village services, modernising rural services, providing affordable homes and delivering local transport solutions. Specifically it seeks assistance for village shops, pubs and garages and to retain and renew the rural Post Office network. Other studies 20.In March 2001, Kent County Council published its Kent Countryside 2000 - ‘Understanding Rural Change’ document. It brings together a concise overview of facts and trends about a 3 The good practice guide notes that settlement envelopes should be drawn to avoid significant tracts of open countryside. 4 range of rural economic, social and environmental issues. It notes that many people in rural Kent have access to fewer local services than urban residents. Whilst some settlements still offer a range of services a significant proportion lack key services. For rural transport and traffic, the study notes that dependence upon the car in the County is high with bus and rail services often non-existent at weekends. 5 Part I: An examination of transport links and local facilities How the study was undertaken 1.1.A number of methodologies were explored which would best address the questions raised (see para. 2 in the Introduction).