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Elemental Characteristics of Lacustrine Oil Shale and Its Controlling Factors of Palaeo-Sedimentary Environment on Oil Yield

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Elemental Characteristics of Lacustrine Oil Shale and Its Controlling Factors of Palaeo-Sedimentary Environment on Oil Yield Acta Geochim (2018) 37(2):228–243 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-017-0206-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Elemental characteristics of lacustrine oil shale and its controlling factors of palaeo-sedimentary environment on oil yield: a case from Chang 7 oil layer of Triassic Yanchang Formation in southern Ordos Basin 1 1 2 2 Delu Li • Rongxi Li • Zengwu Zhu • Feng Xu Received: 27 April 2017 / Revised: 4 July 2017 / Accepted: 20 July 2017 / Published online: 27 July 2017 Ó Science Press, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract As an important unconventional resource, oil Paleosalinity and paleohydrodynamics have an inconspic- shale has received widespread attention. The oil shale of uous influence on oil yield. the Chang 7 oil layer from Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin represents the typical lacustrine oil shale in Keywords Elemental geochemistry Á Palaeosedimentary Á China. Based on analyzing trace elements and oil yield Main controlling factors Á Lacustrine oil shale Á Triassic Á from boreholes samples, characteristics and paleo-sedi- Ordos Basin mentary environments of oil shale and relationship between paleo-sedimentary environment and oil yield were studied. With favorable quality, oil yield of oil shale varies 1 Introduction from 1.4% to 9.1%. Geochemical data indicate that the paleo-redox condition of oil shale’s reducing condition Regarded as one of the important unconventional from analyses of V/Cr, V/(V ? Ni), U/Th, dU, and authi- resources, oil shale is a solid organic sedimentary rock genic uranium. Equivalent Boron, Sp, and Sr/Ba illustrate (Liu et al. 2015). After being combusted by low-tem- that paleosalinity of oil shale is dominated by fresh water. perature carbonization, it can produce shale oil (Liu et al. The paleoclimate of oil shale is warm and humid by cal- 2009). The ratio of shale oil to oil shale in unit mass is oil culating the chemical index of alteration and Sr/Cu. Fe/Ti yield. In petroleum reserve assessments, oil yield, as a and (Fe ? Mn)/Ti all explain that there were hot water key evaluation index, has a direct influence on evaluation activities during the sedimentary period of oil shale. In results (Li et al. 2014). Therefore, the research on con- terms of Zr/Rb, paleohydrodynamics of oil shale is weak. trolling factors of oil yield becomes more and more sig- By means of Co abundance and U/Th, paleo-water-depth of nificant, especially in the lack of conventional resources oil shale is from 17.30 to 157.26 m, reflecting sedimentary nowadays. environment which is mainly in semi deep–deep lake There are many factors affecting oil yield of lacustrine facies. Correlation analyses between oil yield and six oil shale, primarily including: the foundation of hydrocar- paleoenvironmental factors show that the oil yield of oil bon generation (Fahmi et al. 2008), the control action of shale is mainly controlled by paleo-redox conditions, palaeosedimentary environment (Han et al. 2014), later paleoclimate, hot water activities, and depth of water. preservation condition (Brumsack 1988; Dean and Arthur 1989), etc. And the degree of effect of different factors are also various. Considering that many factors are hardly & Delu Li quantified, the study on controlling factors of oil yield is [email protected] still in a qualitative stage (Chang et al. 2012). However, & Rongxi Li with the development of elemental geochemistry, the [email protected] abundant palaeosedimentary environment can be well 1 School of Earth Sciences and Resources, Chang’an expressed by some parameters, which can help researchers University, Xi’an 710054, China explore their correlations more accurately (Chermak and 2 Shaanxi Center of Geological Survey, Xi’an 710068, China Schreiber 2014; Mapoma et al. 2014). 123 Acta Geochim (2018) 37(2):228–243 229 With superior oil yield, oil shale from Triassic Yan- regressive cycle and early Chang 7 oil layer is regarded as chang Formation in Ordos Basin has the typical lacustrine the most developmental period of the lake (He 2003). Pre- characteristics in China. Previous studies mainly concen- vious studies indicated that Chang 7 oil layer in the north of trate on organic geochemistry and sedimentary facies Weibei Uplift deposited in semi deep–deep lake facies (Jiang et al. 2013; Yuan et al. 2015), and the research on (Yang et al. 2016) and the lithologies at the bottom are inorganic geochemistry, especially elemental geochem- mainly oil shale and silty mudstone with a deep lake envi- istry, are seldom seen before, leading to incomplete ronment (Fig. 1b). Modified after Qiu et al. (2014). recognition. In addition, the relationships between oil yield and palaeosedimentary environment are still uncertain. So, it is vital to make an investigation on elemental geo- 3 Samples and analysis methods chemistry so as to further make palaeosedimentary envi- ronment clear on one hand, and to find out main controlling Attaching to Weibei Uplift, the studied area is located in factors of palaeosedimentary environment on oil yield on southern Ordos Basin (Fig. 1a). A total of 25 oil shale the other hand. samples from four drillings were collected (Fig. 3). In this paper, the characteristics of oil yield and For oil yield of oil shale analysis, samples are ground till palaeosedimentary environment, including paleo-redox particle size is under 3 mm, then 50 g of them is enclosed condition, paleosalinity, paleoclimate, hydrothermal depo- into aluminum retort with low-temperature carbonization sitional condition, paleo-hydrodynamics, and paleo-water- method. The procedures follow the Chinese standard depth are discussed. Then, main controlling factors of methods SH/T 0508-1992. The analytical error is within palaeosedimentary environment on oil yield are found 5%. The experiment is conducted at Shaanxi Coal Geo- using statistical methods. This contribution fills in gaps of logical Laboratory Co., Ltd. study on main controlling factors of oil yield in lacustrine The samples for element analysis were all crushed and oil shale and has significance in guiding future exploration. ground to less than 200 mesh, using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer with AA-6800 atomic absorption spec- 2 Geological settings troscopy, UV-2600 ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer and Perkin Elmer SciexElan 6000. The analytical proce- Located in central China, Ordos Basin is a Mesozoic dures follow Chinese National Standard GB/ depressed basin on a Paleozoic Craton with a Proterozoic T14506.1*14-2010 and GB/T14506.30-2010. The ana- crystalline basement (Wan et al. 2013; Li et al. 2013) lytical uncertainty is within 5%. The analyses are at Ana- (Fig. 1a). According to tectonic characteristics, the basin is lytical Center, No. 203 Research Institute of Nuclear classified to six first order tectonic units, Yimeng Uplift, Industry. Yishan Slope, Weibei Uplift, Tianhuan Depression, Western Thrusted Zone, and Jinxi Flexure Zone. By Permian-Car- boniferous, Ordos Basin belonged to the marine basin of 4 Results North China Block. After Middle Triassic, the initial appearance of basin gradually formed. During Indosinian 4.1 Oil shale and its oil yield characteristics Orogeny, the whole basin was in stable condition mostly. In Upper Triassic and Early-Middle Jurassic, the basin entered Oil shale from Chang 7 oil layer in the study area is a period of prosperous development. Then, the basin grad- characterized by black and brown color and lamina shape ually uplifted and subducted in Early Cretaceous and Weibei with greasy luster and jagged fracture. The oil shale Uplift deposited mainly in receiving sediments. After that, thickness is generally over 10 meters with fossils of fish tectonic orogenies developed variably and Ordos Basin scale and plant stems. The oil yields of 21 oil shale samples underwent reformation (Li et al. 2011, 2013; Yang et al. from Chang 7 oil layer range from 1.40% to 9.10% with an 2016; Qiu et al. 2014, 2015). Since the Eocene epoch, the average of 5.01% (Table 1). According to National lifting of Weibei Uplift gradually increased until now resource assessment (Zhao et al. 1991), the oil shale quality (Fig. 2) (Wang et al. 2010). The Triassic Upper Yanchang is classified to middle-grade criterion. Formation from the southern basin is dominated by the fluvial-lacustrine depositional system with a thickness of 4.2 Major element geochemistry 1000–1300 m (Qiu et al. 2015) and divided into 10 oil layers (Chang 10- Chang 1 from the bottom to the top in order) Major oxides data show that SiO2 content ranks the most according to the sedimentary cycle. The whole formation abundant content (36.42%–64.70%) in all oxides. Al2O3 represents an integrated lacustrine transgressive-lacustrine (10.69%–20.15%), TFe2O3 (total iron) (3.61%–11.27%) 123 230 Acta Geochim (2018) 37(2):228–243 Fig. 1 The tectonic map of Ordos Basin and stratigraphic column of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation. a The tectonic map of Ordos Basin and location of studied section, b stratigraphic column of Upper Triassic Yanchang formation and K2O (1.49%–4.11%) are the second most abundant abundant bivalve and gastropod fossil remains and low oxides. The rest of the oxides (MgO, Na2O, P2O5, MnO, concentration may refer to fossil remains in oil shale and TiO2) have a concentration of less than 4%. SiO2 (Mukhopadhyay et al. 1998; Fu et al. 2010a, b). The con- mainly occurs in quartz and clay minerals (Fu et al. tent of CaO is relatively low (0.39%–3.59%), elucidating 2010a, b). The Al/Si ratio of shale samples is from 0.25 to that Ca possibly exists in organic matter partially. The 0.42 (Table 1), indicating that SiO2 is primarily related fossils of fish scale in oil shale bedding can also demon- with quartz.
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