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Corymorpha Nutans INPN 1 La corymorphe des sables Corymorpha nutans M. Sars, 1835 Citation de cette fiche : Noël P., Chevallier F., 2016. La corymorphe des sables Corymorpha nutans M. Sars, 1835. in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed.], 5 août 2016. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel, pp. 1-6, site web http://inpn.mnhn.fr Contact : Pierre Noël, SPN et DMPA, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Buffon (CP 48), 75005 Paris ; e-mail [email protected] Résumé La corymorphe des sables se présente sous une forme fixée (polype) qui génère une forme libre (méduse). La couleur est blanc ou rose pâle, avec des lignes fines longitudinales sur le pédoncule. Le polype mesure jusqu'à 12 cm. Il est fixé dans le sédiment par des filaments racinaires. Le corps est allongé et forme souvent un angle aigu basal de 60°. Il y a une couronne d'environ 80 petits tentacules autour de la bouche et un panache d'une quarantaine de tentacules longs et fins dirigés vers le bas. Une structure reproductrice particulière, les gonophores, génèrent des méduses libres à un seul tentacule. La méduse est petite (6 mm) et de couleur variable ; elle est en forme de cloche deux fois plus haute que large surmontée d'un cône pointu. Les cellules urticantes sont groupées en anneaux sur le tentacule. Au centre de la cloche, le manubrium mesure environ les 2/3 de la longueur de la cavité en forme. La longévité du polype est de l'ordre de un an et celle de la méduse moins de deux mois. L'espèce est planctonophage. Elle se rencontre sur des fonds sédimentaires entre 0 m et -100 m. On la trouve dans l'Atlantique Nord américain et européen, toute la Méditerranée comprise. Figure 1. Aspect général du stade polype, vue latérale. Île Tatihou, Manche (5-06-2016). Figure 2. Carte de distribution en France Photo © Frédérik Chevallier métropolitaine. © P. Noël INPN-MNHN 2016. Classification : Phylum Cnidaria Hatscheck, 1888 > Classe Hydrozoa Owen, 1843 > Sous- classe Hydroidolina Collins, 2000 > Ordre Anthoathecata Cornelius, 1992 > Sous-ordre Capitata Kühn, 1913 > Famille Corymorphidae Allman, 1872 > Genre Corymorpha M. Sars, 1835. Synonymes (Vervoort 2009 ; GBIF 2016 ; INPN 2016 ; ITIS Noms vernaculaires: 2016 ; WoRMS 2016): La corymorphe des sables, corymorphe oscillant (Noël Corymorpha (Steenstrupia) nutans M. Sars, 1835 & al. 2016). Steenstrupia nutans M. Sars, 1835 Steenstrupia rubra Forbes, 1848 Principaux noms étrangers. Steenstrupia flaveola Forbes, 1848 Anglais : nodding hydroid (EOL 2016). Steenstrupia lineata Leuckart, 1856 Allemand : Steenstrupia-Meduse (EOL 2016). Corymorpha appelloefi Bonnevie, 1901 Steenstrupia galanthus Haeckel, 1879 Corymorpha appellofi Bonnevie, 1901 N° des bases de données: GBIF ID : 2265764 ; INPN Cd_Nom : 7021 ; ITIS : 49453 ; WoRMS AphiaID : 117452. Description. L'hydrante ("polype") est de grande taille. Son pédoncule (hydrocaule) est long de 5 à 12 cm, enfoncé dans le sable par son extrémité inférieure qui est amincie, puis renflé courbé à angle aigu de 60° avant la base du polype, présentant sur toute sa longueur des bandes longitudinales d'où se détachent des papilles, et vers la base de fins filaments "racinaires" qui se régénèrent rapidement quand ils sont détruits. Le périsarc est remplacé par une 2 mince pellicule transparente. L'hypostome est cônique et porte la bouche. Les tentacules aboraux au nombre d'une quarantaine (32 à 50) et de 30 mm de long sont fins et typiquement dirigés vers le bas ; il y a également environ 80 tentacules oraux courts. Les gonozoïdes reproducteurs sont insérés entre ces deux couronnes de tentacules et évoluent en méduses libres à un seul tentacule et 3 courts tentacules rudimentaires (Vervoort 2009 ; Perrier 1936 ; EOL 2016 ; Noël & al. 2016 ; Picton & Morrow 2016). La couleur est blanc ou rose pâle, avec des lignes fines longitudinales sur le pédoncule et une région buccale rouge vif ; les gonophores sont rouge-orangés (Vervoort 2009 ; Noël & al. 2016 ; Picton & Morrow 2016). L'animal vit sur des fonds sableux, en général groupés en nombre. La multiplication asexuée se fait par des fragments tubulaires qui après s'être détachés, se fixent et deviennent un polype (Perrier 1936). Les polypes sont isolés, sans stolons basillaires, l'extrémité inférieure seulement enfoncée dans le sable (Perrier 1936 ; Hayward & al. 1998). Figure 3. Aspect général du stade méduse en vue latérale. Photo © Peter Schuchert in WoRMS 2016. La méduse (autrefois nommée Steenstrupia nutans M. Sars, 1835) a une ombrelle en forme de cloche deux fois plus haute que large coiffée d'un processus apical pointu avec un canal apical. La marge de l'ombrelle est horizontale et son velum est large. La mésoglée est plutôt épaisse. Il y a 4 canaux radiaires et un canal circulaire plutôt large. Il y a un tentacule perradial bien développé et un bulbe tentaculaire sans ocelle. Les nématocystes sont groupés en anneaux. Trois bulbes non tentaculaires forment des éperons umbrellaires. Il y a un pédoncule gastrique court. Le manubrium est bien développé, cylindrique mesurant environ les 2/3 de la longueur de la cavité en forme de cloche. La bouche est circulaire, simple, armée de nématocystes. Les gonades entourent complètement le manubrium, mais laissent libres la bouche et le pédoncule. La hauteur maximale de la méduse est de 6 mm (Marine species identification portal 2016 ; Noël & al. 2016). La couleur est très variable ; le tentacule marginal, les bulbes marginaux et l'estomac sont rose pâle moucheté de carmin, jaune brillant, ou brun-rouge. Il y a parfois des granules bruns à l'apex de l'estomac ; le processus apical est souvent rose ; le dessous de l'ombrelle est parfois couvert de rose. Les canaux radiaux et circulaires sont pigmentés en jaune vif. (Marine species identification portal 2016). Risques de confusion, espèces voisines, variations infra-spécifiques. Dans le genre Corymorpha, il existe 45 espèces au niveau mondial et Corymorpha nutans est la seule espèce présente en Europe (GBIF 2016 ; WoRMS 2016). L'espèce peut être confondue avec une anémone de mer grèle (Hayward & al. 1998). En Europe, dans la famille Corymorphidae, Euphysa aurata Forbes, 1848 est une espèce proche ; une ressemblane existe également avec la petite tubulaire Ectopleura larynx (Ellis & Solander, 1786) et la grande tubulaire Tubularia indivisa Linnaeus, 1758. Voir Noël & al. (2016) pour illustrations et critères de distinction avec ces espèces proches. 3 Biologie. La reproduction a été notée en août à Roscoff (Teissier 1965). La longévité de la phase hydrante est de l'ordre de un an (EOL 2016). La phase méduse se rencontre au printemps et vit peu de temps, probablement moins de deux mois (Marine species identification portal 2016). L'espèce est planctonophage et se nourrit principalement la nuit de copépodes pélagiques et d'Harpacticoïdes (Eleftheriou & Basford 1983; Holohan et al. 1998 ; Wieking & Kröncke 2005), de chétognathes, de larves de poissons etc. (Noël & al. 2016). Le nudibranche Cumanotus beaumonti (Eliot, 1906) est un prédateur de cette espèce (Picton & Morrow 2016). Il y a peu d'informations sur d'éventuels parasites ou maladies. Ecologie. Corymorpha nutans est une espèce avec une forme fixée (polype) benthique qui se rencontre sur des fonds sédimentaires (vase, sable ou gravier (Hayward & al. 1998 ; Vervoort 2009 ; Picton & Morrow 2016) le sable coquillier grossier (Teissier 1965), et une forme libre (méduse) planctonique. Elle se rencontre habituellement du bas de l'étage médiolittoral à l'étage circalittoral entre 0 m et -25 m (Picton & Morrow 2016) de profondeur et jusqu'à -100 m (Vervoort 2009 ; EOL 2016). La méduse est planctonique / néritique (Marine species identification portal 2016). Figure 4. Distribution mondiale de Corymorpha nutans. Carte © GBIF 2016. Distribution. Corymorpha nutans est une espèce boréale présente en Atlantique Nord du Golfe du Mexique au cercle polaire et au Maroc, toute la Méditerranée comprise (Hayward & al. 1998 ; Vervoort 2009 ; Picton & Morrow 2016). En France, l'espèce a été signalée de toutes les côtes : Mer du Nord (Davoult & al. 1993 ; Müller 2004), environs du Havre (Breton 2014), Manche (Arnal & al. 1986), Calvados (Noël & al. 2016), Cotentin (Noël & al. 2016), Golfe normano-breton (Franc 1951 ; Le Mao 2009), Côtes d'Armor (Noël & al. 2016), Bretagne à Roscoff (de Beauchamp 1914 ; Teissier 1965 ; Schuchert 2012), et Provence (Galea 2007 ; Noël & al. 2016), Villefranche- sur-mer (Schuchert 2012). En ce qui concerne l'Europe, l'espèce est connue de la Norvège (Sars M., 1835 [locus typicus] ; Kramp & Damas 1925 ; Schuchert 2012 ; Noël & al. 2016), de l'Islande et Faeroe (Marine species identification portal 2016), du Danemark (Schuchert 2012), des Pays-Bas (Leloup 1933 ; Vervoort 1946), des îles britanniques (Forbes 1848 ; Hincks 1868 ; Russell 1938, 1953 ; PMF 1957 ; Robins 1969 ; Schuchert 2012 ; MarLIN 2016), Irlande (Boyd & al. 1973 ; Schuchert 2012). En Méditerranée elle a été signalée de Rhodes (Holohan & al. 1998) et du Maroc (Furnestin 1959). Elle est également connue en Mer Noire (Marine species identification portal 2016). La limite sud de distribution sur les côtes américaines est aux USA (Burke 1975) et dans le Golfe du Mexique (Phillips 1972 ; Segura-Puertas & al. 2009). 4 Figure 5. Distribution mondiale de Corymorpha nutans. Carte © OBIS 2016. Interactions avec les activités humaines - Menaces et mesures de conservation. L'espèce est parfois observée en plongée. Elle ne semble pas particulièrement menacée. Elle n'est ni protégée, ni réglementée. Listes rouges [Mondiale = M / France métropolitaine = FM] Législation - réglementation - directives M = non évalué / FM = non évalué Aucune disposition réglementaire spécifique Sources documentaires. Allman G. J., 1871. A monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. I et II. London : 1-450. Arnal O., Le Fevre-Lehoerff G., Toularastel F., 1986. Le zooplancton in étude écologique de projet, site de Flamanville, 2e cycle (juin 1977- juin 1978). Volume 1: le domaine pélagique. Fascicule 1. Rapport IFREMER/DERO-86.22/EL : 117-171. Beauchamp (de) P., 1914. Les grèves de Roscoff. Etude sur la répartition des êtres dans la zone des marées.
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